Dam - wani dam a kan kogin .... maginin dam

Dam - wani tsarin da cewa taimaka wajen toshe Yunƙurin na ruwa ko ya kwarara a cikin wadanda ko wasu dalilai. A farkon gine-gine na da irin wannan da aka samu a Misira, inda ya yi amfani da su haifar da ruwa ajiya. Irin wannan abu, archaeologists daga Jamus samu a ɗari biyu kilomita daga birnin Alkahira. Shi ne mai dam da sunan kansa "Aljanna al-Carafa", wanda ya bayyana a cikin littafin tarihin Herodotus. Tare da girmamawa ga ta shekaru masana saba. Wasu yi imani da cewa shi da aka gina a 3200 BC, wasu - cewa tsakanin 2950-2750 shekaru. BC.

Abin da mafi tsufa dam aka yi na?

Yadda babban shi ne mafi dam? Wannan tsawwala tsarin ne biyu bulo bango, tsakanin wanda bangarorin sun bugu da žari sketched dutse, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa. A tsawon Dam dagi ne a fiye da mita 100, da tsawo ya kai har zuwa 12 mita. A irin wannan aikin da aka yarda su tara zuwa miliyan biyu da cubic mita ruwa a Wadi el-Gharavi.

The Sin sun gina wani babban sikelin da kuma ga dukan zamanai

Wasu masana tarihi yi imani da cewa dam a cikin Bronze Age aka gina a ko'ina cikin maki wannan, ko da gida wayewa. Alal misali, a Mesafotamiya samu wani dutse gini dating dawo cikin ƙarni na bakwai kafin haihuwar Yesu. A zamanin d Syria kuma gina irin wannan Tsarin for goma sha biyar da ɗari shekaru kafin Almasihu. (Nahr el Assi). Manyan-sikelin gina dams aka lura a zamanin d Sin. Ga sanannen master, kuma daga baya Sarkin sarakuna Yu, wanda a 2283 BC mukaddashin shugaban umarci dukan ruwa management a yi na daular. A karkashin shugabanci na Great Yu (kamar yadda aka har yanzu styled), ba kawai daya dam da aka gina. Shi ne mai manyan sikelin-gine da ƙarni da millennia, wanda a yarda da shekara 250 BC zuwa ruwa, misali, 50,000 murabba'in kilomita a cikin hamada saboda Sichuan Minjiang River. Kuma a kasar Sin, da yi ta taso wa gina waterworks amfani da wani kashi kamar wani baka.

Sun tsara Vinci kansa

A Turai, inda ban ruwa matsalar da aka ba kamar yadda m kamar yadda a Asia da Afrika, da dam bayyana da yawa daga baya - a cikin 16th karni. Arched zažužžukan, musamman, suna da aka ambata a cikin tarihin Spanish a 1586, amma injiniyoyi yi imani da cewa na'urorin kansu za a iya gina ƙarni a baya. Wannan dogara ne a kan gaskiyar cewa halarci da zane yan baiwa na lokaci - Leonado Vinci, Malatesta, Mechin, kazalika da tara kwarewa, cewa ya zo Turai bayan da lambobi tare da kasashen Larabawa. Alal misali, mun san cewa ko da irin wannan alama ba sosai karfi yi kamar kasko cike dam, sarrafa for a karni kafin rushewarta (aka gina shi a Faransa a 1196).

A amfani da dams a Rasha

Domin Rasha tare da m albarkatun ruwa da kuma, da farko duba, ba yawa da ake bukata dam. Amma a nan da suka wanzu tun 14th karni BC da aka yi amfani da tsarin na ruwa Mills. A farko ambaci dams da aka ambata a cikin wasiya Dmitriya Donskogo, danganawa 1389. Na musamman sha'awa a cikin wadannan Tsarin nuna Peter girma, don haka a cikin 18th karni, da Rasha Empire ya riga fiye da 200 abubuwa, tsakanin wanda babban kasko cike dam - Zmeinogorsky. Albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar irin wannan na'urorin da aka canjawa wuri don amfani a cikin yadi, ma'adinai da kuma sauran Enterprises daga cikin lokaci.

Dam - wani na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa tsarin, wanda na iya shafar wani irin abu dangane da rarrabuwa. Yau ware ta tafki na'urorin vodoopuskayuschie da dagawa. Storage dams yawanci sosai high kuma suna da ikon tsara sallama na ruwa. Low guda Tsarin (msl, da na'urar for tafkunan) Photo ba kullum da. Wani muhimmin abu rarrabuwa naúrar ne, dangane da zurfin ruwa kafin zaplotom. Akwai ware kanana, matsakaici- kuma high-matsa lamba dam (15, 50, da kuma 50 bi da bi mita).

Dams ga koguna da ravines

Dams a kan waɗansu kõguna za a iya gina a matsayin gicciye (tada ruwa matakin, duk abin da da dama, da ikon wanda zai iya ko ta yaya amfani; don yin m ɓangare na kogin passable jiragen ruwa), da kuma tare da (ambaliyar kariya). A wasu lokuta, dams barsu a qarqashinsu, ravines, hollows - kiyaye su thawed snow ruwa, wanda aka yi amfani das hi don bayi ko zuwa recharge da navigable canals.

Basic abubuwa na hydroelectric

A abun da ke ciki na waterworks yawanci hada da wani dam, tafki kafin ko bayan shi, ruwa dagawa shigarwa na hadaddun hydroelectric gangara ga nassi na kifi, ruwa draining (idan tsarin Culvert), Tsarin for karfafa gaba da tsarkakewa tsarin daga laka. Manyan abubuwa suna sanya na karfafa kankare, kananan kyau za a iya gina daga ƙasa, karfe, kankare, itace, ko masana'anta. An sani cewa a lokacin da Ruwan Tsufana Komsomolsk-na-m dam kunshi sojoji MES rike da wani fim yanar gizo kanta, wanda bai da damar da ruwa perehlestnut ta hanyar vertices data kasance m Tsarin.

Kamar yadda dam iya dauka da kaya?

Wani rarrabuwa na dams nuna yadda wadannan abubuwa tsayayya lodi. Gravitational yi sansancẽwa lashe duk da nauyi da kuma tsayayya saboda mannewa na dam da tushe daga cikin tafin kafa, a kan wanda shi tsaye. Irin wannan zabin ne yawanci sosai m. Alal misali, a hydroelectric dam a kan kogin Indus (Tarbela Dam) yana mai tsawo na game da 143 mita, da kuma tsawon - fiye da 2.7 km, abin da ya sa jimlar na 130 da miliyan cubic mita. mita. Arched abubuwa aika da matsa lamba a kan bankuna. Idan baka ne da fadi da kuma matsin lamba da yawa, sa'an nan tambaya baka-nauyi model ko arches da buttresses a tushe. Buttress matsayin bambance-bambancen karatu da thinner bango na dam, amma a kudi na kara tushe podporochnyh abubuwa. Erecting dams yau ko alluvial girma hanya, da kuma Hanyar directed fashewa.

A sakamakon hatsarori

Hatsarori a dams kawo tare da su gwaji kudi asarar da, tun lokacin shi halaka ba kawai na musamman kayan aiki, amma kuma dakatar da harkokin kasuwanci da gudu a kan wutar lantarki da kuma samar da ruwa ga wannan dam. Ruwa gudana wani lokacin wanke tafi duka kauyuka, flooded acreage amfanin gona da aka rasa. Amma da mafi mũnin abu da zai iya kusan nan take ya kashe mutane da dama, daruruwan har ma dubban mutane.

Saboda haka, a cikin watan Maris 1928 a kanyon na San Frantsiskito akwai wani halakar da dam na St. Francis, sa'an nan rasa game da mutum ɗari shida, da kuma Multi-mita guda daga cikin dam aka located game da wani kilometer daga hutun shafin. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin Great Patriotic War (1941) da aka yanke shawarar da ganganci haifar da dam Dnieper dangane da mamaye da Nazi sojojin Zaporizhzhya. The m yi na kankare aka partially lalace tare da 20 ton ammonal. Yaya mutane da yawa suka mutu nan, har yanzu ba daidai a tsare. Kiran lambobi daga ashirin zuwa dubu ɗari mutane, ciki har da sojoji, 'yan gudun hijira da kuma yawan jama'a, wanda zai iya zama a kan hagu banki na Dnieper, wanda ya dauki brunt na ruwa kashi.

A total number of wadanda - game da 230 mutane dubu

Postwar hatsari a manyan samar da wutar lantarki dams sun sa ko da girma azabtar. A watan Agusta 1975, amma aka nutsar juya daga 26,000 mutane, da kuma shan la'akari da balagagge annoba da yunwa mutu ya kai dubu 170-230 mutane a cikin breakout Banqiao Dam. Sai aka halaka game da wani uku na miliyan shugaban dabbõbi da hallaka kusan miliyan 6 gidaje da gine-gine. Goma sha takwas kwanaki da aka rufe babbar hanya daga Guangzhou zuwa Beijing. Kuma duk wannan ya faru saboda Dam, tsara don matsakaicin yawan ruwan sama, bai tsira da mãsu alãma daga ruwa da talakawa da aka kawo ta Typhoon "Nina". Agusta 8, 1975 shi ne mafi karami na rushe dam, haddasa ruwa sallama cikin Bantsao, inda na wani dan gajeren lokaci aka karya dam 62. A sakamakon kalaman yana da nisa daga 10 km da wani tsawo na uku zuwa bakwai mita. Wasu Sin kauyuka aka gaba daya wanke bãya, tare da mazauna cikinsu.

Don hana mai nasara Dam, a yau dauka a yawan matakan, daga gare su - da kiyaye Dam zane sigogi, da dubawa for yarda a cikin shakka daga aiki, dubawa a lokacin aiki, tattara na gani da nazarin bayanai, da dai sauransu Domin Dam ne biyu inconsistencies aikin da bukatun da kuma bayani dalla-dalla :. "K1 "- da abu ne mai yiwuwar hatsari yanayin da bukatar gaggawa hanyoyin magance ta haddasawa, da kuma" K2 "- pre-gaggawa jihar iya halaka ta, bukatar ceto da kuma fitarwa aiki.