Kowane rabi ne iya kafa wani sauki abu kasancewa a cikin free jihar. A wannan jiha, da motsi na atoms ne guda, su ne tsakaitã. A cikin hadaddun abubuwa da halin da ake ciki shi ne da yawa mafi rikitarwa. A sunadarai shaidu a cikin wannan harka, asymmetric, hadaddun kwayoyin a cikin hadaddun mahadi kafa covalent shaidu.
Me ake nufi da hadawan abu da iskar shaka
Akwai irin wannan mahadi a cikin abin da electrons suna unevenly rarraba kamar yadda zai yiwu, Ina nufin a lokacin da samuwar hadaddun abubuwa valence electrons matsawa daga zarra zuwa zarra. Yana da wannan m rarraba hadaddun abubuwa kira hadawan abu da iskar shaka ko hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Kafa tare da cajin zarra a cikin kwayoyin da ake kira mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga cikin abubuwa. Dangane da yanayin da electron canja wurin daga daya zarra rarrabe tsakanin wani korau ko tabbatacce digiri. A ko dai hali da dawowar yanke shawara kashi zarra dama electrons generated daidai da kyau da kuma mummunan hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar sinadaran abubuwa (E E + ko -). Alal misali, daya rikodin K nufi da potassium zarra aika daya electron. A wani kwayoyin fili tsakiyar zauna carbon atoms. A valency na kashi yayi dace 4-m, a wani fili, amma a daban-daban carbon mahadi da hadawan abu da iskar shaka mataki zai zama daban-daban, shi zai zama daidai da -2, +2, ± 4. Wannan yanayi na daban-daban valence dabi'u da kuma digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka da aka lura a kusan duk wani hadin gwiwa.
Kayyade mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka
Don sanin mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka, shi wajibi ne don sani da muhimman hakkokin postulates. Metals ba su iya samun debe digiri, amma akwai m ware lokacin da karfe Forms fili tare da karfe. A lokaci-lokaci tsarin kungiyar yawan kwayoyin halitta yayi dace da mafi girma zai yiwu hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, da kuma wani memba. Electronegative zarra tare da kawar da wa juna zarra electron sami wani cajin na -1, -2, da dai sauransu biyu electrons Wannan mulki ne ba m ga wannan kwayoyin halitta. Alal misali, sadarwa HH shi zai zama daidai da 0. Sadarwa C-H = -1. A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na carbon a cikin C-D = + 2. Wanda kuma wannan darajar da karafa ne na farko da na biyu kungiyoyin na lokaci-lokaci tsarin da fluoro (-1). A wannan matakin na hydrogen a kusan duk mahadi ne +1 fãce hydrides a cikinsa yana -1. Ga abubuwa da ciwon da ba-akai har, yana yiwuwa yin lissafi, sanin dabara fili. Ainihin mulki, wanda ya furta cewa, Naira Miliyan Xari da digiri a wani kwayoyin ne 0.
Wani misali na kirga mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka
La'akari da wani lissafi na digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka zuwa carbon a Example CH3CL fili. Dauki baseline data: mataki na hydrogen ne +1, y -1 chlorine. Domin saukaka, za mu zaton x kirga mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na carbon. Sa'an nan, ga CH3CL zai auku lissafi x + 3 * (+ 1) + (- 1) = 0. Yin sauki ilmin lissafi gudanar, shi za a iya ƙaddara cewa mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na carbon za +2. Wannan hanya za ka iya yin lissafin ga kowane kashi a cikin hadaddun fili.