Famous masana kimiyyar da su binciken

Biology - da kimiyya da janar Properties na dukan abubuwa masu rai. Don aiki a matsayin kai-horo ta fara gwada da kwanan nan, a cikin marigayi 19th karni. Ya bayyanar da cewa kimiyya binta bashin da matsaloli da cewa wanzu tsakanin definition of Concepts na rai, kuma ba mai rai halitta jikinsu. A duk da irin wannan marigayi zargin ilmin halitta, wannan tambaya yana da dogon firgita mutum. Ya tashi a zamanin da, da tsakiyar zamanai da Renaissance.

Saboda gaskiya cewa kalmar "nazarin halittun" da aka yi amfani da kawai a cikin marigayi 19th karni, masana kimiyya kamar ilmin halitta a baya bai wanzu ba. Tek, wanda ya yi karatu da kuma ci gaba da horo na yanayi, a lokacin da yake rayuwa kira naturalists, likitoci da kuma masana a cikin kimiyyar yanayin halitta.

Da suke a yau haka yadu da aka sani ilmin halitta?

Ga misali:

- Gregor Mendel - wani m.
- Karl Linney - likita.
- Charles Darwin - wani m mutum.
- Louis Pasteur - da sunadarai.

tsufa

Basic ilmi game da shuke-shuke da dabbobi asali dage farawa a cikin rubuce-rubucen, Aristotle. A cikin babban rawa wajen ci gaban ilmin halitta da kuma buga wa almajiri Teofast.

Daidai da muhimmanci wajen samun ilmi game da halittu da rubuce-rubucen da Dioscorides. Wannan bayanin da aka sanya tsoho zurfin tunani iri-iri da kwayoyi, kusan ɗari shida na su shuke-shuke. A daidai wannan lokacin, da kuma halitta Pliny, da tattara bayanai game da halitta a jikinsu.

Duk da cewa da isa yabo na duk Thinkers na da taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban ilmin halitta, mafi ban sha'awa alama a cikin tarihin wannan horo Aristotle bar. Ya rubuta mai girma yawan ayyukan da aka kishin dabbobi. A cikin rubuce-rubucen, Aristotle dauke da tambayoyi na ilimi na mutane, wakiltar terrestrial fauna. Zurfin tunani ɓullo da ka'idojinta na rarrabuwa kungiyoyin dabbobi. Yana da aka sanya a kan tushen da muhimmi Properties daga cikin jinsunan. Aristotle kuma dauke da ci gaba da kuma haifuwa dabbobi.

Middle Ages

Likitoci da suka rayu a wannan tarihi lokaci, hada a yi babban adadin tsoho nasarori. Duk da haka, Roman Empire, da Larabawa kama, suka shiga ƙi. Kuma nasara fassara ayyukan Aristotle da sauran tsoho gabascin cikin da kansa harshen. Amma wannan ilimi ba za a rasa.

Arab magani na tsakiyar zamanai da gudummawar da ci gaban da horo na rayuwa. Duk wannan ya faru a cikin 8-13 ƙarni a lokacin da ake kira Musulunci zinariya shekaru. Alal misali, al-Jahiz, da suka rayu a 781-869 shekaru, ya bayyana tunani na abinci sarkar da kuma wanzuwar juyin halitta. Amma wanda ya kafa Larabci o har yanzu yi imani da Kurdish marubucin Al Dinavari (828-896 gg.). Su da aka bayyana fiye da 637 jinsunan shuke-shuke, kazalika da sanya su tattauna lokaci na ci gaba da kuma ci gaba.

A littafin Jagora ga duk Turai likitoci har da 17th karni shi ne aikin daga cikin shahararrun likita Avicenna, inda Concepts pharmacology da kuma na asibiti karatu da aka farko da ya gabatar. Har ila yau, lura nazari Spanish Arab Ibn Zuhr. By autopsy, ya tabbatar da cewa scabies ne ya sa ta gaban subcutaneous parasites. Ya kuma gabatar da wani gwaji tiyata da kuma ciyar da farko binciken kiwon lafiya a kan dabbobi.

A tsakiyar zamanai da shi ya zama shahararren kuma wasu Turai masana kimiyya. Sun hada da Albert Veliky, Hildegard na Bingen, kuma Frederick II, wanda ya kasance mai Canon na Natural History aka yi. Wannan aiki da aka yi amfani da ko'ina karatu a farkon Turai jami'o'i, inda magani ya biyu kawai ga tauhidin da kuma falsafa.

abu akan sake haihuwa

Kawai a lokacin da Turai ta miƙa mulki ga zamanin inganci sanya yiwu Tarurrukan ban sha'awa a cikin Physiology da na halitta tarihi. Masana kimiyyar halitta a lokacin yadu karatu shuka rayuwa. Saboda haka, Fuchs, Otto Brunfels da kuma wasu sauran marubucin yawa wallafe da aka bayar a kan wannan topic. A cikin wadannan ayyuka farkon cikakken bayanin irin shuka rayuwa.

A Renaissance shi ne farkon zamani haltta - horo, wanda dogara ne a kan dissection na jikin mutane. Impetus ga wannan shugabanci bai wa littafi na Vesalius.

Taimakawa wajen raya ilmin halitta da kuma samun irin wannan sanannun artists kamar Leonardo Vinci da Albrecht Dürer. Sau da yawa suka yi aiki tare da naturalists da kuma sha'awar a daidai tsarin da dabba, kuma da jikin mutum, da nuna su cikakken ilimin Halittar Jiki tsarin.

Ya bayar da gudunmawar da nazarin yanayi da aka kara da alchemists. Saboda haka, Paracelsus gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da nazarin halittu da kuma pharmacological kafofin samar da magunguna.

goma sha bakwai karni

A mafi muhimmanci tsawon wannan karni ne zargin Natural History, wanda ya zama tushen da:

- rarrabuwa na shuke-shuke da dabbobi.
- kara ci gaba da na Anatomy.
- bude na biyu wurare dabam dabam.
- farkon microscopic nazarin.
- gano kwayoyin.
- na farko bayanin ja jini Kwayoyin da maniyyi na dabbobi, kazalika da shuka Kwayoyin.

A daidai wannan lokacin, da Turanci likita William Harvey a dabbobi da sa idanu da wurare dabam dabam za'ayi autopsy gwaje-gwaje sun kasance a dama da muhimmanci binciken. The bincike kai da wadannan:

- gano kasancewar wani venous bawul, ba da damar jini gudãna daga cikin wani kuma baya da shugabanci.
- Na gano cewa jini wurare dabam dabam da aka za'ayi a Bugu da kari ga manyan kuma har yanzu a cikin wani karamin da'irar.
- ya nuna gaban kadaici da hagu da kuma dama ventricles.

A 17th karni fara dauki siffar da kuma gaba daya sabon yanki na gudanar da bincike. Yana da aka hade tare da zuwan da hange.

The kirkiro wannan na'urar, mai sana'a daga Holland Antoni Van Levenguk, za su gudanar da wani zaman kanta kallo, da kuma sakamakon da ya aiko zuwa ga Royal Society of London. Leeuwenhoek bayyana, kuma suka yi niyya manyan yawan kankanin-halittun (kwayoyin cuta, ciliates da t. D.), Kuma maniyyi da kuma adam ja jini Kwayoyin.

karni na sha takwas

A wannan karni, mu ci gaba wajen samar da Physiology, Anatomy da na halitta tarihi. Duk wannan halitta preconditions ga zargin ilmin halitta. Muhimmanci events ga horo na da yanayin rai da jikin su ne nazari Kaspara Fridriha Folfa da Albrecht von Haller. A sakamakon wadannan ayyuka ƙwarai fadada sanin ci gaban da shuke-shuke da dabbobi Embryology.

Asalin Biology

Wannan lokaci, kuma har cikin karni na 19th za a iya samu a cikin ayyukansu na wasu masana kimiyya. Duk da haka, yayin da ma'anarta aka gaba ɗaya daban-daban. Shi ne kawai a nuna na 18th kuma 19th ƙarni ta uku mawallafa da kansa ya fara amfani da Kalmar "nazarin halittun" a ji a cikin abin da shi ne saba mana a yanzu. Masana kimiyya Lamarck, Trevinarus Bourdieu gano da kalmar kimiyya, ta kwatanta janar halaye na zaune a jikinsu.

karni na sha tara

A mafi muhimmanci abubuwan da suka faru ga ilmin halitta a cikin wannan lokaci su ne:
- da kafa binciken burbushin halittu;
- da ya faru na da nazarin halittu Dalili na stratigraphy.
- fitowan da cell ka'idar:
- samuwar embryology da kuma ilmin jikin mutum.

Masana kimiyyar halitta na karni na 19th fara yaƙi da cututtuka. Alal misali, wani Turanci likita Jenner ƙirƙira maganin, amma sakamakon nazarin Roberta Koha ya gano Mycobacterium da tarin fuka, da kuma halittar da yawa iri kwayoyi.

mai neman sauyi samu

A tsakiyar taron a ilmin halitta da cewa ya faru a lokacin da biyu da rabi na karni na 19th, ya littafin na Charles Darwin ta littafin "A cikin Origin of Species." Wannan tambaya masana kimiyya suna tasowa domin ashirin da daya da shekaru, da kuma kawai bayan shi ya gamsu da daidaitar da binciken, ya yanke shawarar buga aikinsa. A littafin wata babbar nasara. Amma a lokaci guda, shi m zukatan mutane kamar yadda sabawa mas'ala ta rayuwa a duniya, wanda ake saita fito a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Saboda haka, masanin kimiyyar halitta Darwin jãyayya da cewa ci gaba da juyin halitta na jinsin a duniya tamu miliyoyin shekaru. Kuma da Littafi Mai Tsarki ikirarin don ƙirƙirar duniya kwanaki shida isar.

Wani gano Charles Darwin a ilmin halitta kunshi a cikin tabbatarwa cewa duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta suna fada da juna don mazauninsu da abinci. The masanin kimiyya lura da cewa ko da a cikin wannan jinsin akwai wasu mutane da ke na musamman ãyõyi. Wadannan rarrabe siffofin da damar da dabbobi su ƙãra chances na rayuwa. Bugu da ari, musamman siffofin ake daukar kwayar cutar zuwa zuriya, kuma sannu a hankali zama na kowa ga dukkan jinsunan. Weaker da kuma m dabbobi kamar haka mutu fita. Irin wannan tsari Darwin kira zabin yanayi.

A mafi girma girmansa wannan masanin kimiyya ne da cewa ya zabi mafi muhimmanci nazarin halittu matsalar asalin da kuma ci gaban da kwayoyin duniya. Yau, dukan tarihin wannan horo ne zuwa kashi biyu lokaci. Na farko shi ne zuwa Darwin. An halin da tulin so ga definition daga cikin akidar juyin halitta. A mataki na biyu a ci gaba da ilmin halitta ya fara bayan Darwin buga mafi girma da aiki. Daga wannan lokacin, masana kimiyya sun ci gaba wajen samar da akidar juyin halitta yana sane.

The ayyuka na Rasha bincike

Mutane da yawa muhimmanci binciken a fagen tarbiyya da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta sanya m masana kimiyyar. Saboda haka, a shekarar 1820 P. Wisniewski aka farko da shawarar da kasancewar wani musamman dũkiyõyinsu a cikin antiscorbutic kayayyakin. Wancan ne, bisa ga masanin kimiyya, na inganta dace rayuwa da kwayoyin.

Wani Rasha masanin kimiyya - N. Lunin - bude a 1880 bitamin. Ya tabbatar da cewa a cikin abun da ke ciki na abinci ne wasu abubuwa da suke da muhimmanci ga kiwon lafiya na dukan kwayoyin. Kalmar "bitamin" ya bayyana a jamsin na biyu Latin asalinsu. A farko daga cikin wadannan - "Vita" - yana nufin "rayuwa", da kuma na biyu - "Amine" - yana nufin "nitrogen fili".

Abu mai muhimmanci ya karu sha'awa cikin halitta kimiyya tsakanin Rasha da masana kimiyya a 50-60 shekaru na 19th karni. Ya aka kirã su zuwa ga gabatarwa na duniya sauyi shiryayye Democrats. Wani muhimmin factor ya ci gaba da duniya da kimiyyar yanayin halitta. A wannan lokaci ne suka fara aikinsu irin wannan m masana kimiyyar kamar KA Timiryazev da P. Sechenov, Mechnikov da Botkin, Ivan Pavlov da kuma wasu likitoci da masana kimiyya.

babban physiologist

Fame Pavlov - halitta - samu bayan nazarin da tsakiya m tsarin. Wadannan ayyuka mai girma physiologist ya zama masomin kara nazarin daban-daban shafi tunanin mutum mamaki.

Babban abin yabo na Pavlov ya ci gaban da sabon tafarki ga lokaci, karatu jiki ta ayyukan a kusa dangane da yanayi. Irin wannan fuskanta shi ne dalilin da ci gaban ba kawai ilmin halitta amma kuma magani, Psychology, kuma pedagogy. Aikace-aikace sun girma physiologist tushen neurophysiology - rukunan mafi girma m aiki.

karni na ashirin

A farkon karni na 20th, masana kimiyyar ci gaba da yi da wani invaluable taimako ga tarihin ci gaban rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da'a. Saboda haka, a cikin 1903, a karo na farko akwai irin wannan lokaci kamar yadda hormones. A ilmin halitta, shi aka gabatar da Ernest Starling da kuma William Bayliss. manufar "yanayin kasa" ya bayyana a cikin 1935. An gabatar a cikin horo na J. Arthur. Arthur Tansley. Kalmar tana nufin wani hadadden muhalli naúrar. Kamar yadda masana kimiyyar ci gaba da yin aiki a kan ma'anar duk bulan na jihar kwayar halitta mai rai.

A yawa na binciken aikin da a cikin kasar. Masana kimiyyar halitta Rasha ya yi babban taimako ga ci gaban da horo na zaune a jikinsu. Daga cikin su akwai wadannan:

- MS Color, da farko kafa da wanzuwar iri biyu na chlorophyll.
- NV Timofeev-Resovsky, wanda shi ne daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa radiobiology, wanda ya kafa dogara da radiation kashi tsanani na mutational matakai.
- VF Kuprevich wanda ya gano extracellular enzymes secreted a endings na tushen tsarin na mafi girma shuke-shuke.
- N. K. Koltsov - kafa gwaji ilmin halitta a Rasha.

A cikin tarihi na horo na rayuwa jikuna ma sanya da yawa daga cikin sunayen masana kimiyyar yammacin Turai. Saboda haka, a farkon karni na aka alama ta samu na yadda chromosomes cell Tsarin cewa kawo kwayoyin m. Wannan ƙarshe da aka yi da kansa da yawa masu bincike.

A cikin shekaru 1910-1915 san ilmin halitta jagorancin Thomas Hunt Morgan ci gaba da chromosome ka'idar gadar hali. A cikin 20s - 30s na karni na ashirin, aka haife yawan itatuwa aure. A cikin rabi na biyu na karni binciken masana kimiyya ya kai ga ci gaban da sociobiology da kuma juyin tunani. A gagarumin taimako ga wannan dalili, kuma Ya sanya Soviet masana kimiyyar.

Great matafiyi da halittu

A babbar rawa wajen ci gaban na horo na zaune jikin taka halitta Vavilov. An dauke da shuka shayarwa da kuma jinsi, shayarwa da kuma aiyuka o, geographer kuma matafiyi. Duk da haka, babban mayar da hankali ransa ya yi karatu da kuma ci gaban ilmin halitta.

Vavilov shi ne mai bincike ya gano kasar ne ba sabon. Ya gabatar da duniya da a baya ba a sani ba shuke-shuke da ya buge Sahaban bambancin da siffofin. Mutane da yawa Rasha ilmin halitta sun lura da cewa, shi ne mai gaskiya hangen nesa, a cikin kasuwanci. Bugu da kari, Vavilov ya na ƙwarai Oganeza, jihar da kuma jama'a adadi. Wannan masanin kimiyya ya gano a matsayin muhimman hakkokin dokar ilmin halitta, abin da sunadarai ne Mendeleev ta lokaci-lokaci tsarin.

Mene ne babban abin yabo daga cikin Vavilov? A samu na dokar kama da layuka a cikin sanarwar na zama alamu a cikin sararin duniya da fauna, wanda a yarda a hango ko hasashen fitowan da sabon nau'in.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky

Daga cikin manhaja lafiya a san sunaye kamar Newton da Galileo, Einstein da Darwin. Sun kasance sũ ne duk m visionaries, mutane buɗe sama sabon dandanawa a cikin ilmi al'umma da kuma yanayi. A yawa na wadannan 'yan baiwa kuma ya a cikin karni na 20th. Daga cikin su - da halitta Vernadsky. Yana za a iya amince dangana ga yawan masu bincike wanda ba kawai ganin, amma kuma ya yi wani sabon, a baya ba a sani ba sabon abu.

Vernadsky ayyukan rufe wani fairly fadi da kewayon al'amurran da suka shafi na halitta kimiyya. Wannan fanni na da janar geochemistry, da kuma shekaru tabbatar da dalilin da wani dutse samuwar, da kuma rawar da suke zaune jiki a cikin geochemical yanayin da tsari. Vernadsky samarwa da ka'idar da ake kira kayyade mineralogy, kazalika da ci gaba da tambaya na isomorphism. Har ila yau, masanin kimiyya dauke da kafa biogeochemistry. Bisa ga ideas, da totality of duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a Muciya kullum ya shafi inorganic al'amari a ci gaba da sake zagayowar. Wannan tsari facilitates canji na hasken rana radiation.

Vernadsky nazari da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, kazalika da na ruwan dare na shuka da dabbobi kwayoyin. Similar aikin da aka za'ayi a nazarin da hijirarsa daga sinadaran abubuwa a cikin kauri daga cikin ɓawon burodi. Daga cikin Vernadskii binciken da kuma shi ne mai nuni da wanzuwar kwayoyin da suke concentrators alli, silicon, da baƙin ƙarfe, da misãlinsa. D.