Faransa Art: general halaye, tarihi

History of Faransa art maida hankali ne akan wata babbar tsawon tarihi tun tsufa har zuwa zamaninmu.

France - mai ban mamaki kasa, wanda shi ne halayyar asiri, kuma sophistication, kyau da kuma sophistication, tadawa da kuma musamman craving domin duk abin da kyau. Kuma tarihin samuwar ta musamman, wadda ta zama wani nasa tarihin da bambance bambancen da kuma musamman art ba kasa mamaki fiye da jihar kanta.

Fage kafa Frankish mulki

Don gane da fasali na fitowan da kuma ci gaban Faransa art, shi wajibi ne don yin digression cikin tarihin mafi tsoho lokaci, a lokacin da ƙasa na zamani Faransa jihar na daga Mai Tsarki Roman Empire. A IV karni fara aiki motsi jahili kabilan Rhine ga iyakoki da Empire. Su kai hare-hare da kuma lokaci-lokaci incursions cikin Roman ƙasashen da aka fallasa su halakarwa, karfi da gurgunta jihar latin. Kuma a 395, Roman Empire kanta da aka raba tsakanin 'ya'ya maza na yanzu Sarkin sarakuna suka shiga kashi biyu: Theodosius umarci arziki gabashin ɓangare na da karkararta babban dan Arkady da yamma ba ƙaramin ɗan - Honorius. Da rabo daga cikin Roman Empire a kan wani ɓangare raunana riga m Roman jihar da kuma sanya shi mafi m zuwa waje makiya.

A ƙasa na zamani Faransa na daga cikin tsohon yammacin ɓangare na Roman Empire. A karfi duka a cikin shekara 410 da sojoji yi azãbar Roma Visigoths, wanda gangarawa Allar. A karshe Roman sarki rauni jihar ɓuya a Ravenna, barin madawwami Roma. A wannan wuri ne ya fyauce da sojojin da Odoacer - daya daga cikin manyan kwamandojin Visigoth kabilar. Shi ne daga wannan taron da cewa ya faru a 476, da kuma haɗa da karshe fall na Roman Empire. A gano ƙasashe a da fashewa daga cikin Great Hijira fara bayyana dabbanci jihar. A V karni a sassa na Gaul fito da jihar francs.

Frankish jihar da kuma ci gaban Faransa art

Franks - wani rukuni na kabilan haihuwa, ya daidaita a kan bankunan na Rhine a cikin ƙananan ya kai, da kuma kashe bakin tekun na Baltic Sea. Founder na farko Frankish mulki a Turai kuwa, shugaban matasa na Franks Hlodvig Meroving, wanda ya ci da sojojin gwamnan Romawa a Gaul a Battle of Soissons da kuma kama shi biyaya ga ƙasa. A sabon yankuna ya Hijira sahabbansa - francs, ba su filaye, aka gudanar da wani jerin gwamnati sake fasalin a cikin jama'a gwamnati da kuma a cikin shari'a-doka Sphere, a enacting na musamman da daftarin aiki - "Salic dokar", bisa wani Generic domin kabilar Salian Franks. Bugu da kari, musamman da hankali da aka biya zuwa zabi na Clovis bangaskiya. A tallafi na Kristanci ba kawai don ƙarfafa sabon jihar, amma kuma ya rinjayi da samuwar da Frankish art.

Bayan da Merovingian daular zama m don sarrafa da harkokin rayuwa a cikin mulkin zama ƙara tsanani. San kama sarauta ƙasar. Wadãta permissiveness a gudanar da suke yi na mãkirci na nobility da kuma manoma. Kara impoverishment na yawan jama'a. A Sabunta karni looms da waje barazana daga nomadic Larabawa kabilu. Ikon a hannuwansu dauki daya daga cikin manajojin karshe Merovingian sarki Karl Martell. Ya gudanar da wani yawan sake fasalin, wanda sun taimaka wajen karfafa jihar da kuma kayar da Larabawa. Kuma dan Karla Martella, Pippin Short aka zabe ta a kwamitin sabon Sarkin nobility francs. Wannan zabi aka tabbatar da shugaban Kirista. A farko Frankish sarki ta dan Pippin da Short Carl, bayan wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Great a tarihi. Wannan Charles Frankish Empire binta bashin na musamman mataki na flowering al'adu da fasaha, da ake kira da Carolingian Renaissance.

The Art of "asali" Franks

Idan muka fahimci peculiarities na halitta da kuma kafa Frankish jihar, ya bayyana, da kuma al'adar al'adu, dake a cikin zamanin da na Frankish yankuna. Wannan ya yafi ci gaban zamanin da wayewar: gadoji, na zama da kuma haikali gine-gine, sassaka, adabi, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma zane-zane da kuma sana'o'i. Duk da haka, da Kirista limaman ba su yi la'akari da shi wajibi ne a kiyaye wadannan al'adu arziki, amma ya yi amfani da wannan ɓangare daga gare su wanda za a iya saba da addini da salla kuma su mutumin a cikin titi rayuwa. Saboda haka, bauta a Kirista majami'u da aka gudanar a Latin, a cikin wannan harshe, kuma addini littattafai da aka rubuta.

Yi amfani da gine-gine da Finds na tsufa ya fara gina majami'u da kuma gidajen lama, da yin amfani da ilimi na taurari taimake coci kalandar yin lissafi da kwanan wata, wanda a tsakiyar zamanai ayyana da rai na dukan mulkin. Franks kuma saba da bukatun su da ilimi tsarin na marigayi Roman Empire. Abin lura shi ne cewa hadaddun batutuwa, karatu a cikin Frankish makarantu, da ake kira "The Bakwai Liberal Arts". Game da abin da zane-zane a tambaya? A cikin abin da ake kira trivium kunsa da kimiyya na kalmar: nahawu, rhetoric da gabban. A quadrivium hada da kimiyya na lambobin: ilmin lissafi, lissafi, music, m jinkiri kamar yadda sarrafa kwamfuta da ilmin taurari.

A cikin zane-zane da kuma crafts hadisin rinjaye dabbanci aiki, wanda aka halin da yin amfani da matsayin babban muradi na shuka da dabbobi ado da kuma hotunan da dodanni ko halittun da basu wanzu a zahirin gaskiya, kuma sau da yawa suna wajen tsoratarwa bayyanar. Wannan irin art da kuma kira Terratological ko girma.

Art da Al'adu na Carolingian Tarurrukan

A zamanin mulkin Karla Velikogo shi ne halin da wani mataki mai Yunƙurin na al'ada. Daya dalilin wannan ne da hali na sarki - mai kyau-ilimi da kuma sosai ladabi mutum. Ya yi magana da yardar kaina da kuma karanta a cikin Latin, san Greek, m da tauhidin da kuma falsafa. Daya daga cikin na musamman gine-gine ginen wannan lokaci ne mai ban mamaki a cikin ado da fadar coci a Aachen.

Da kuma ci gaba ma'adanin na yin rubuce-rubucen: suka rubuta kusan calligraphic rubutun hannu da kuma ado da kyau miniatures. Daga cikin littattafan da suka biyu tauhidin rubuce-rubucen da kuma tarihin - lokaci-tushen bayanan shigarwa na events cewa ya faru a cikin Frankish Empire.

The Empire bude makarantu mayar da hankali a kan firamare da kuma Elite horo. Mahalicci na farko shi ne majibincinsu Karla Alkuin. Kuma Elite makaranta, ya bude a Aachen, kawo tare da masana kimiyya, da iyali na da Sarkin sarakuna, da dukan kotu Karla Velikogo. A makaranta da ake kira "Academy of Kotun", sun falsafa tattaunawa, nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma al'adu na tsufa, cinta misali da hada shayari. Kuma daya daga cikin mambobi na Academy rubuta na farko wadanda mutane biography "The Life Karla Velikogo".

Sai ya zama a wannan zamanin na cikin Carolingian Renaissance aza harsashin ginin da adana da kuma Tarurrukan na hadisai na zamanin d al'adu da kuma dalilin da kara ci gaba da al'adu francs.

Formation na Faransa a matsayin wata al'umma

A zamanin mulkin zuriyar Karla Velikogo daular ya halitta more kuma mafi raunana. Lokacin da daular aka raba tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza Charles, The yammacin tafi zuwa ga babban dan Lothar. Zuriyarsa ci gaba weakening na fragmented jihar. Empire fadi. A karshe na Carolingian karshe rasa tasiri da kuma aka hambarar. Ya ba su ikon sani da jirgin yayin da iko Count of Paris Gugo Kapetu. Shi ne da gabashin ɓangare na tsohon Frankish Empire zama da aka sani Faransa. Godiya zuwa wani sabon jihar mulkin Capetian ba kawai farfado, amma kuma samun sabuwar dama ga su ci gaba, gami da al'adu.

Folk art na na da Faransa

A cikin wasan kwaikwayo, music da kuma na da lokaci ga wata yawan canje-canje a kwatanta da zamanin d. Kirista coci dauke da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma raka shaidan karfi biyã m fraternity. A sakamakon haka, da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin wani taro sabon abu ya daina wanzuwa, sinimomi kuma filayen wasa da gine-gine a hankali fadi a cikin wani Jihar hargitsi, da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ya fara samar da wata roving nagartattu da taka leda a cikin mutane a tsaka-tsaki, adalci da kuma square. Mobile kungiyar na m actor - gistrionov sun kasa dace manufa domin zalunci da hukumomi da kuma coci, ta yi biyayya da bi su a raga a lokaci guda dangane da yanayin halittar shugabanci gistrionov da troubadours - tafiya kida. A musamman kungiyar na Vagant - tsohon dalibai ko sufaye wanda ya mallakar da kuma prosody kayan yau da kullum na m art cewa yawonta da hanyoyi da kuma Kadaitaccen a cikin ayyukansu, ko ya rera game da jiki soyayya, ko tone rubabben coci da kuma na banza a jihar.

Uku duniyoyin da na da art

9/10 da jama'ar na na da Faransa sun manoma. Saboda asali jihar al'adu za a iya bayyana a matsayin wani baƙauye. Mafi yawa daga cikin rana ya ciyar a cikin na da baƙauye aiki a cikin ƙasa na mulkin gargajiya ubangijina. Amma wannan ba ya nufin cewa bai da bukatar da lokaci domin tattaunawa tare da al'ada da kuma art. Mafi yawansu sun kasance waƙa, da rawa aikin, a cikin gasar ƙarfi da kalmomin sirri. A wuri na musamman a cikin art na tafiyad da shagaltar da ra'ayoyi gistrionov views. Suka ci gaba da almara. Hikimar mutane da aka nuna a labarin baki: tãtsũniyõyin mutãnen, songs, karin magana, da faxin. Babban batu shine kunya bayar da labarun wawayen arziki mutumin matalauci, amma matalauci mai irin wannan ya faru, kamar yadda mai mulkin, daga wani baƙauye iyali. Tatsuniyoyin sun ostrosotsialnymi: bude Mũnãnan ayyuka da jama'a a cikin Sphere na dangantakar da tsada da kuma peasantry, kazalika da yi magana game da nauyi rabo na manoma. Created da Legends, ballads sunã tasbĩhi game da exploits na kasa heroes suka yi yaƙi domin daraja da girma na kowa mutum kuma da mulkin gargajiya danniya.

Na biyu gefen na da al'ada da kuma art ya gari rai, da girma da kuma yawan na wanda aka lura tun da IX karni. Ana zargin da irin wannan aji, da bourgeois, shi ne farkon da ci gaban bourgeois al'adu. Da sauri kammalã da fasaha na sana'a. Mun gyara ka'idojin aikinsu da kuma ingancin samar da kayayyakin, da yawa daga abin da a halin yanzu suna da wani babban darajar a matsayin Masterpieces na ado art. Shi ne daga wannan lokacin ya zo a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum ne da irin wannan kalma a matsayin "mai fitacciyar". Kowane maigida, shigowa guild fraternity ya nuna su da basira da kuma yin cikakken samfurin. Shi ne mai fitacciyar. A hankali kafa wani tsarin na hulda da kuma gasar sassan cewa asali ne motivator a cikin ci gaban da handicrafts. Amma a kan lokaci, da shagon fara tsoma baki tare crafts ci gaba, kamar yadda fafatawa a gasa ba ya so da za a kare mafi talented sana'a, da kuma wani lokacin ba ya so asirin masana'antu na wani samfurin ko aiwatar da kayan fadi a hannun fafatawa a gasa, ga shi. Sau da yawa mambobi ne na guild 'yan'uwantaka ko halakar da sabuwar dabara, da kuma wani lokacin tsananta su halittawa.

Ɓangare na uku na da al'ada da kuma art ya wanzuwar wani raba duniya na aristocracy - mulkin gargajiya. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, duk da mulkin gargajiya soja sabis za'ayi a gaban sarki, a matsayin sirri vassals. Karami iyayengiji sun vassals daga ma'abotansu - .. Barons, earls, da dai sauransu dauke wasannin soja sabis, sun kasance sabon abu na na da al'umma kamar yadda Musulunci. Knight ta al'ada aka halin da ta musamman art. Wadannan sun hada da ma'adanin na jarumtan gashi na makamai - ƙarfi markings knightly iyali ko guda jarumi. Mutuwar Yesu sanya na tsada kayan - zinariya da azurfa, enamel da kuma Jawo marten ko sunadarai. Kowane gashi na makamai, wani muhimmin tarihi tushen da kuma mai muhimmanci da aiki na gwaninta.

Bugu da kari, a cikin tsarin na chivalric al'ada boys - nan gaba Knights - da kuma sanar da zane-zane kamar tsarkakewa da kuma dancing, wasa kida. Su aka horar daga yara zuwa mai kyau hali, mun san da yawa daga shayari, kuma da yawa daga cikin Knights kansu rubuta waqoqi, da sadaukarwan su lovely lady. Kuma ba shakka, dole ne ka tuna da musamman abin tunawa daga na da gine - da jarumi ta castle, gina a cikin Romanesque style, kazalika da ban mamaki temples da aka gina a cikin dukan biranen Faransa, da farko a cikin Romanesque, kuma daga baya - a cikin Gothic style. Mafi shahara haikali ne dauke da Cathedral of Notre Dame a Paris da kuma Reims Cathedral - da wuri na sa kambi na Faransa sarakuna.

Faransa Art yakan

Renaissance, hade da wani sabon zagaye na sha'awa a cikin zamanin da al'adu da kuma fasaha, an haife shi a rana Italiya a cikin XIV karni. A Faransa, da Renaissance trends ake nuna a cikin al'adu da kuma na gani zane-zane har ƙarshen XV karni. Amma wannan lokaci dade ƙara a Faransa fiye da a Italiya, ba don XVI, kuma ga XVII karni. Yunƙurin a fagen al'adu da fasaha a Faransa State an hade da cikar daidaituwa na kasar karkashin Louis XI.

Disengagement daga Gothic hadisin a cikin art na Faransa ya faru a dangane da m kamfen na sarakuna a Italiya, inda suka gana da ban mamaki Italian art na Renaissance. Duk da haka, sabanin Italiya, ma'adanin na wannan lokaci a Faransa ya fi kotu fiye da} asa.

Game da kasa na Faransa art, da haske wakilin ya adabi shi ne ƙwarai mawãƙi Fransua Rable, haifar da m, witty da kuma na gaisuwa shayari.

Idan muka magana game da na gani zane-zane na wannan lokaci, ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin miniatures na Tauhidi, kuma wadanda mutane adabi aiwatuwa idon basira nufi. The sosai farko artist na Faransa art na lokacin da aka Zhan Fuke, bar zuwa ga zuriyarsa wata babbar wasiyya a cikin nau'i na hotuna na aristocrats da Royals, miniatures, shimfidar, diptych depicting Madonna.

Margarita Navarrskaya gayyace zuwa Faransa da Italiyanci Masters na Renaissance: Rosso da Primaticcio, wanda ya zama cikin wadanda suka kafa na makaranta na Fontainebleau - shugabanci na Faransa art na zanen cewa ka fito a cikin estate na Fontainebleau. Wannan Trend da aka bisa ga ka'idojin Mannerism, wadanda wakilansu suke da farko wadanda suka kafa na makaranta, kuma aka halin da yin amfani da mythological jigogi da kuma rikitarwa allegories. Kiyaye kafofin, kiran sunayen da sauran artists suka halarci a cikin zane na castle na Fontainebleau: Italiya Pellegrino da Zhyust De Juste, Faransa Simon Lerua, Claude Baduen Charles Dorin Fleming Tirey Leonard et al.

A XVI karni a Faransa rayayye ci gaba da salo na hoto, na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma fensir. Na musamman sha'awa ne ƙwarai da Jean Clouet, fentin wani hoto na mafi yawan Faransa kotu.

A sassaka wannan lokaci a Faransa da alaka da sunan Michel Colombe, da bitar yi ciki har da taimako images da kuma falsafa fassarar da tombstones. Kuma sha'awar a cikin aikin Zhana Guzhona, cike da musamman musicality kuma poetic hasashe da kuma style of yi.

Counterweight ga jitu da kuma m, a da kyau da kuma ladabi da art Goujon fara aikin wani sculptor wannan lokaci - Germain Pilon. Su kama a cikin magana da kuma hypertrophy na ji da motsin zuciyarmu daukar kwayar cutar expressionist ayyukan XIX karni. Duk da haruffa ne warai idon basira, ko da naturalistic, ban mamaki da kuma ciki.

Faransa Art: 17th karni

XVI karni da aka zamanin yaki da hargitsi a Faransa jihar. A farkon kwata na XVII karni, ikon ya zama karfi a Faransa. Musamman m aiwatar da karkashin shugabancin tsakiya ikon ya tafi a karkashin Louis XIII, a lokacin da kowa da kowa a kasar gudu da Cardinal Richelieu. A mutane groaned karkiyar da aristocracy da kuma zunuban kullum aiki. Duk da haka, da absolutist daular mulkinsu ya bayar da gudunmawar ba kawai don karfafa da kuma kara da ikon France, amma kuma gaskiyar cewa a cikin wannan lokaci da kasar ta zama daya daga cikin manyan, a tsakanin sauran kasashen Turai. Wannan babu shakka yana da wani tasiri a kan ci gaba da kuma babban trends al'adu da fasaha a kasar.

Faransa 17th karni art za a iya wajen ayyana a matsayin hukuma kotu, wanda aka bayyana da pompous kuma kowanne kofa Baroque style.

Ya bambanta da ƙawa da karin gishiri Baroque ado art Faransa ya kasaftawa biyu yankunan: hakikanci da classicism. Na farko shi ne, wani roko ga tunani na real rayuwa irin yadda yake, ba tare da ƙawa. Cikin wannan tsarin, tasowa Genre da kuma hoto, Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma mythological nau'o'i.

Classicism a Faransa art nuna da farko da topic na jama'a wajibi, nasarar al'umma a kan mutum, dalilin akida. Suna armashi, kamar yadda tsayayya da imperfections na real duniya, manufa domin wanda ya yi jihãdi, ko da hadaya sirri bukatun. All shi m ya yi da kudin art na Faransa. Dalili na gargajiya art ya zama al'ada na zamanin d art. Kuma wannan da aka nuna a cikin mafi classic gine. Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi ne gine-gine da aka fi dogara a kan m moriyar jihar da kuma aka gaba daya subordinated zuwa absolutism.

A lokacin da XVII karni Faransa jihar ne halin da erection na babban adadin core gine-gine was, da gidan da gine-gine. A wannan lokacin, shi ne wadanda mutane gine zo da fore.

Idan muka magana game da tunani na aforesaid nufi a cikin na gani zane-zane, ya kamata mu ambaci aikin Nikolya Pussena - ban mamaki wakilin zamanin art wanda embodies wannan lokaci da jimlace ji na duniya, da kuma Indomitable makamashi na rayuwa na zamanin d art.

Faransa Art: 18th Century

Game da Faransa art na XVIII karni, wannan shi ne mai raba topic na dogon hira. A takaice, Faransa art na wannan lokaci ya da zanga-zanga na korau mamaki cikin rayuwar al'umma: da absolutism fara decompose, da aristocracy ya jagoranci wata gagarumar salon, parasitizing a kan wasu sassa na al'umma. The discontent tashi a tsakaninsu da talakawa, sa a cikin bourgeois juyin juya halin, wanda ke haifar a cikin Jamhuriyar aka kafa a Faransa. Duka wannan yana nuna a cikin art na 18th karni Faransa.

A sabon Yunƙurin na al'ada aka hade da wani babban tasiri a kan aikin na kasa manufa, wanda aka musamman pronounced a music. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo, babban rawar da ya aiwatar da wani comedy, rayayye tasowa adalci masque, wasar kwaikwayo ta waka art. M halittawa ya juya zuwa ga addini batutuwa, suna ƙara tasowa wadanda mutane art. Faransa al'adu na wannan lokaci ya sosai bambance bambancen da kuma cike da saba. hakikanci art kira ga watsuwar duniya mutane na daban-daban na zamantakewa azuzuwan: ya ji da kuma abubuwan, yau da kullum gefe na rayuwa, m analysis.

Faransa karni na 19th art

Motsi a kan. Bari mu magana a takaicce game da Faransa art na XIX karni. A rayuwa na wannan lokaci jihar ne halin da wani zagaye na girma na rare damunsu da kuma bayyana neman sauyi sentiments bayan sabuntawa na Faransa daular mulkinsu. Taken gwagwarmaya da heroism ya zama daya daga cikin manyan na gani zane-zane. An kuma nuna a cikin sabon hanyoyi na zanen - historicism da romanticism. Amma tare da academicism a gani zane-zane na wannan lokaci akwai wani gwagwarmaya.

Nazarin launi factor a cikin zanen take kaiwa zuwa aiki ci gaban da wuri mai faɗi da Genre, kuma za a duba duk tsarin na Faransa zanen.

Special cin na'am da a wannan lokaci Arts and Crafts kamar yadda mafi daidai da bukatun mutane. Popular ne karan ɗori, kyale a wani sauki dabara ta amfani da satirical images bayyanãwa lahani kuma matsaloli na cikin al'umma.

A gaskiya ma, cikin shirin zama tarihi tushen zamanin etching. A cewar etchings iya karatu da tarihi na XIX karni Faransa.

Faransa art, kamar yadda muka gani, a manya-manyan kuma bambancin, da kuma aka kakkarfan dangankata da peculiarities na Faransa jihar. Kowane zamanin - wata babbar block cewa bukatar musamman tonawa cewa ba shi yiwuwa a yi a daya labarin.