Faransa King Francis II da Maryamu Stuart

A nan gaba King Francis II aka haife shi a iyali na Henry II (1519-1559) da kuma Ekateriny Medichi (1519-1589). Haka ya faru a cikin goma sha ɗaya shekara aure lashe biyu, Janairu 19, 1544. The yaro da aka mai suna bayan kaka, Francis I. Saboda gaskiya cewa Catherine ya ba su iya ba da haihuwa zuwa wani mataimaki, shi da aka cire daga sarki, wanda yake zaune tare da ya fi so Diane de Poitiers.

babyhood

Francis II girma a Saint-Germain Palace. Da shi shi ne mazaunar a manyan mukaman unguwar a kan bankunan na Seine. The yaro da aka yi masa baftisma Fabrairu 10, 1544 a Fontainebleau. King-kakan a wannan knighted shi. Godparents ya zama Paparoma Paul III kuma inna Margarita Navarrskaya.

A 1546 ƙaramar, jariri ya zama gwamnan Languedoc, da kuma a shekara daga baya samu title of Dauphin, bayan rasuwar kakansa da mahaifinsa, Henry II ya zama sarki. The yaro yana da yawa iyayen-giji, ciki har da wani Greek masanin kimiyya daga Naples. A ƙaramin magaji karatu dance kuma shinge (shi ne wata ãyã daga mai kyau hali a lokacin).

aure kungiyar

Muhimmanci shi ne tambaya na alkawari da kuma ci gaba na daular Qing. Henry II yanke shawarar cewa dansa zai sami matarsa Mary Stuart - Queen of Scotland. Ta aka haife kan Disamba 8, 1542 da kuma daga sosai farko kwanaki samu lakabinsa, saboda sa'an nan da rasuwar mahaifinta, James V. A gaskiya, domin shi mulki da kusa dangi na Dzheyms Gamilton (Earl na Arran).

Duk da yake cikin addini tambaya ya tsanani. Faransa da kuma Scotland sun Katolika kasashe. Ingila ta lashe su Protestant coci. Saboda haka, hukumomin kasashen uku ne ba yawa na sauri a kammala shawararta. Lokacin da Scotland karshe lashe "Faransanci" jam'iyyar, manya yanke shawarar ba da kadan sarauniya na Dauphin daga Paris. A Mafarin wannan jam'iyya ya zama Cardinal Devid Biton, wanda sallami Hamilton.

A daidai wannan lokaci da kasar ba zato ba tsammani mamaye da Birtaniya sojojin. Katolika majami'u sun hallaka, da kuma baƙauye ƙasar da aka lalace. Masu zanga-zanga halshen mutum tsõro da Scottish manya, wanda ba ya so za su yarda da su ta kudancin makwabcin. A karshe mãsu maye wa junã Maria juya ga taimako zuwa Faransa. Akwai sojoji a musanya ga wa'adin aure. A watan Agusta 1548 Maria, wanda kawai ya juya shekaru biyar da haihuwa, ya zauna a kan jirgin ruwan da ya tafi zuwa ga gaba miji.

Bikin aure na Maria Stuart

Yarinya, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya kuma jikanyar Claude de sunan - tsara na Faransa da kuma daya daga cikin mafi m manya a kasar nan. Ya dauki kula da ita da kuma taimako a kotu har mutuwarsa, riskuwa da daraja bafadan a 1550. A amarya ya unusually tsayi ga shekaru, yayin da François II, a maimakon haka, suna da halin low girma. Duk da wannan, nan gaba Henry II a-dokar so, kuma ya ce tare da gamsuwa, da cewa yara samu amfani da juna a kan lokaci.

A bikin aure ya faru Afrilu 24, 1558. A sabon aure nufi ne cewa a nan gaba cikin zuriyar biyu za su iya hada karagu of Scotland da kuma Faransa a karkashin daya sandan. Bugu da ƙari, Mary shi ne babban-jikanyar Sarkin Henry VII. Wannan al'amari zai ba ta yara a istinbadi dalilin da ya bukaci a kursiyinsa a London. Kafin rasuwarsa, Francis II zauna sarki consort na Scotland. Wannan lakabi bai ba da real ikon, amma kulla da matsayi na shugaban mata. Amma ma'auratan ba da 'ya'ya na su short aure. Wannan ne saboda da matasa shekaru da Dauphin kuma zai yiwu cututtuka.

mayẽwa a kan karaga

Kawai a shekara bayan bikin aure (10 Yuli 1559) Francis II na Valois ya zama sarki saboda rasuwar mahaifinsa. Henry II bikin da bikin aure na daya daga 'ya'yansa mata da kuma al'ada shirya joust. Sarki ya yi yaƙi da daya daga cikin baƙi - Gabriel de Montgomery. Count mashi m a kan harsashi na Henry da tsage ya Gwamnan a cikin ido. The rauni ya tabbatar da m kamar hanyar kumburi. Sarki Ahab ya mutu, duk da cewa da taimako ya bayar da mafi kyau likitoci a Turai, ciki har da Andreas Vezaly (kafa na zamani haltta koyarwa). An yi imani da cewa mutuwa na Henry aka annabta da Nostradamus, wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, yana da rai a lokacin.

21 ga watan Satumba, 1559 Francis II na Valois aka lashe a Reims. A al'ada na kwanciya da kambi danƙa Cardinal Charles de sunan. A kambi ya haka nauyi da cewa kotun ya taimaka masa. Charles ya kasance daya daga cikin mãsu maye wa junã a kan wani par tare da mahaifi da Maryamu sunan irin. Shi ne kuma wani babban tasiri a kan mahaifiyar jaririn bayar, Ekaterina Medichi. The matasa monarch ciyar duk da kayayyakin lokaci a kan liyãfa: farauta, shirya gasa da kuma tafiya m cikin manyan gidãje.

Ya nawa don shiga cikin harkokin jihar har ma fiye da ƙara rura wutar ƙiyayya tsakanin daban-daban iyalan kotu, ya yi marmarin gida manifestations na real iko. Giza, wanda a zahiri ya zama doka na kasar suna fuskantar matsaloli ciki zuwa teku, kowanne daga wanda aka superimposed a kan sauran.

Matsaloli tare da baitul

Na farko shi wani kudi batun. Francis II da Maryamu Stuart samu kursiyin bayan da dama m wars da Habsburgs, fara baya Valois. A jihar aro kudi daga bankuna, wanda a cikin sa bashi na miliyan 48 francs, yayin da baitulmali na gidan sarki don shekara samu milyan 12 ne kawai samun kudin shiga.

Saboda wannan, Giza fara bi manufar kudi tanadi, wanda shi ne daya daga cikin dalilan da su unpopularity a cikin al'umma. Bugu da kari, da 'yan'uwa ajiye biya soja. The sojojin da aka kullum rage, da kuma da yawa da sojoji suka rasa aikinsu, sa'an nan ciyar a cikin 'yan fashi ko halarci addini yaƙe-yaƙe, cin gajiyar daga adawa da duk kan duk. Na yi m da tsakar gida, tun rasa su alatu.

kasashen waje da manufofin

A kasashen waje da manufofin, Francis II da barorinsa kokarin ci gaba da kokarinsu wajen inganta da kuma kula da zaman lafiya da cewa ya bi ƙarshen Italian Wars. Yana da aka jerin m rikice-rikice, mikewa a cikin tazara daga 1494 zuwa 1559. Henry II jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa kammala Kato Kambreziysky duniya. A yarjejeniyar kunshi biyu takardunku.

A farko yarjejeniyar da aka sanya hannu tare da Sarauniyar Ingila Elizabeth I. A cewar shi, ga Faransa da aka gyarawa kama Calais seaside, amma a musayar, Paris ya biya 500,000 rawanin. Duk da haka, Giza, da fuskantar da wani taro na bashi a kasar, ya yanke shawarar ba ya ba da kudi ga sansanin soja. Lokaci ya nuna cewa 500 000 ECU zauna kawai a kan takarda, yayin da tumbi tabbatar da dũkiyõyinsu a Faransa. Babu wanda aka yi tsayayya, ciki har da Francis II. Biography of matasa monarch yana magana game da abin da bai so a dauki himma a hannuwansu.

yankin asasshe

Na biyu yarjejeniya, ya sa hannu a Cateau-Cambrésis, sulhu Faransa da kuma Spain. Ya kasance yafi mai raɗaɗi. Faransa ya rasa manyan yankunan. Ta ba da Habsburgs Thionville, Marienburg, Luxembourg, kazalika da wasu wurare a cikin Charolais da Artois. Duke na Savoy (Spain ally) samu daga Paris, Savoy, Piedmont. Jamhuriyar Genoa tafi Corsica.

Francis yana da wani zabi, amma don cika da kwangila sheɗara, kõma sama da ubansa, saboda abin da Spain karshe ya dauki manyan matsayi a cikin Old World, yayin da Faransa sun shagaltar da ciki jayayya, da ba zai iya yi wani abu don dakatar da wannan.

Wani mai ban sha'awa batu na yarjejeniya da aka cewa Emmanuel Philibert (Duke na Savoy) aure inna Francis, Margaret. Wannan aure an riga an cika a zamanin mulkin matasa monarch. Wani bikin aure ya faru tsakanin Philip na Spain da kuma 'yar'uwar Francis - Elizabeth.

Har ila yau, a zamanin mulkin Francis ci gaba doguwar tattaunawar da Spanish kambi a kan mayar da garkuwa a garesu daga kan iyaka. Wasu daga cikin su sun kasance a gidajen yarin shekaru da dama.

A lokaci guda a Scotland fara tunzurin Iyayengiji Furotesta da Faransa mãsu maye wa junã. The na aikin addini da aka canza, to, duk da manyan mukaman manajoji gaggauta bar kasar.

addini yaki

Brothers Giza sun tsattsauran ra'ayi Katolika. Sun bullo da wani sabon kalaman na danniya a kan masu zanga-zanga, wanda ya rayu a Faransa. Wannan gwargwado yarda sarki François II, ya ba da tafi-gaba a kan 'yancin mataki mahaifi na matarsa. Huguenot biyã har da kisan kare-dangi. Wuraren taro da kafa kungiyoyi aka hallaka, kamar dai shi ne annoba barikin.

Katolika sun yi tsayayya da ayyuka na Protestant jam'iyyar, wanda kuma ya shugabanninsu a fādar sarki. Sun kasance sũ ne m dangi na m Antuana De Bourbon (Sarkin Navarre, karamin dutse) da kuma Lyudovika Konde. Suna kuma kira "Blood Prince" (watau sũ, sun kasance mambobi na Capetian daular, wanda sun hada da mulki Valois).

Ambauzsky mãkirci

A watan Maris 1560 da Huguenots a mayar da martani ga irin wannan aiki na Katolika halshen Ambauzsky hadin kai. Yana da aka yi wani yunkurin kama Francis fursuna da kuma tilasta shi ya nesanta kansa daga sunan 'yan'uwa. Duk da haka, a gaba daga cikin tsare-tsaren da ya zama sananne ga fādar sarki da kuma tattara a Ambauze - A birnin a kan Loire, kuma shi ne da zuciya na Faransa. Duk da haka, 'yan maƙarƙashiya yanke shawarar daukar wani sa'a. Ƙoƙari kasa, da invaders da aka kashe a lokacin da ake tsare.

Wannan ya kai ga wani kalaman na zalunci na Furotesta. Sun kashe kusan ba tare da fitina. Antuan De Bourbon da kuma Lyudovik Konde da aka kama da laifin yi hadin kai. Sun sami ceto ne kawai da cewa da suka tsayu, gama sarki ya uwa Ekaterina Medichi. Ta, kamar mutane da yawa aristocrats baya mata, ya tsakaita a al'amuran addini, da kuma kokarin isa wani jayayya tsakanin Katolika da kuma Huguenots. Sai ya zama a Disamba 1560.

sulhu Policy

Bayan da irin wannan sha'awa addini manufofin zama softer, wanda ƙulla Francis 2. mulkinsa aka alama da cewa duk da fursunoni aka saki da addini. Tun lokacin Henry II shi ne na farko da taimako. A May 1560 ya bayar da wani doka, da suka sanya hannu Francis II. Duke na Brittany (ɗaya daga cikin sunayen sarauta masu yawa) na farko ya yi magana game da 'yancin tunani.

A watan Afrilu, Sarauniya Uwar Faransa ta sanar Chancellor Michel de l'Hôpital. Ya kasance wani shahararren farar hula, mawãƙi da humanist zamanin. Marubuci da aka buga waqoqi a Latin, a cikin abin da kamantuwa da tsoho Horace. Mahaifinsa bauta kafin Charles de Bourbon. M Michelle fara bi manufar haƙuri. Domin tattaunawa tsakanin takaddama ikirari da aka gudanar da Amurka General (a karon farko a shekaru 67 da). Ba da da ewa bayan umurnin da aka wuce, wanda ya yi de L'Hôpital. Ya soke hukuncin kisa ga wani laifi a kan addini. Sauran ayyukan da manufofin wanzuwa cikin jirgin, wanda fuskarsa Francis II. Yara a kan kursiyin ya fara ci juna kamar yadda m coquette canza safar hannu.

Francis kuma al'adar mutuwa Maryama

Francis II - King na France - ba zai iya ci gaba da lura da wadannan abubuwan. A kunne nan da nan suka kafa fitsari da ya sa aka m gangrene. Disamba 5, 1560 16-shekara monarch shige daga cikin Orleans. Ya hau zuwa kursiyin wadannan dan Henry II - Charles X.

Francis Mary Stuart matar kõma zuwa ga gida kasashe, inda a lokacin da 'yan Protestants, jinainai. Su ƙungiya bukaci matasa sarauniya ta fashe da Roman Katolika. A yarinya gudanar da rawar daji tsakanin jam'iyyun biyu da rikici har sai da aka hana kursiyin a 1567, sa'an nan ya gudu zuwa Ingila. Akwai ta da aka tsare a cikin Elizabeth Tudor. Plaid an lura a m rubutu da wani Katolika wakili da wanda ta hadewa da yunkurin da Sarauniyar Ingila. A sakamakon haka, Maryamu da aka kashe a 1587 yana da shekaru 44 da shekaru.