Fice Rasha mutane. Historical mutane na Rasha

Rasha ta taba dandana kasawa da gaske talented mutane wanda, ko da idan ba a kan kursiyin, yana da wani banbanci a kan ci gaban jihar. Daga cikin su - da masana kimiyya da kuma marubuta, talented injiniyoyi da kuma babban matafiya, intrepid explorers da nasara, na Siberia, da soja baiwa ... Kuma, ba shakka, mafi girma shugabanni. Amma su suna dukan sõyayya da abu daya - da soyayya na cikin ƙasar da suka zauna, sanya su girma binciken da ya yi fice a feats.

Wa kuke tuna a lõkacin da kuke gani da furcin nan "girma Rasha mutane"? List sau da yawa duk da wannan:

• Daga cikin generals tuno Zhukov, Kutuzov da Suvorov.
• Idan muka magana game da masana kimiyya da ake kira Lomonosov, Mendeleev, Pavlov.
• Daga cikin marubuta daga gasar Pushkin, Lermontov da Chekhov.

Hakika, dukan manyan Rasha mutane, har ma idan ka kawai lissafa su da sunan, kawai ba "shige" a cikin wannan labarin, don haka za mu mayar da hankali kawai a kan wasu daga cikinsu. Bugu da kari, "tsakanin Lines" a cikin wannan abu ne da aka ambata da yawa wasu mutane, wanda dole ne ya san kowane ilimi mutum.

Mihail Vasilevich Lomonosov

Wanda bai san wannan abun lura mutum, da wanda m kimiyya a lokacin sanya wani real nasara ga sabon sãsanni?! Abin baƙin ciki, ba duka tuna, a abin da yanayi ya aiki da kuma karatu gaba luminary. Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin manyan mutanen a cikin tarihi na Rasha ba mabiya alatu: wani m soja shugaban Suvorov kullum fĩfĩta barci a kan alluna da ci kawai mai sauki soja ta ci abinci.

Misha aka haife shi a iyali Vasiliya Dorofeevicha da Helena, 8 (19) Nuwamba 1711. Sabanin da yawa na tarihi litattafan, da iyali da aka ba matalauta. Kamar yadda daga baya ya tuno da Mikhail da kansa, da uwa tasa, ya kusan bai tuna gama ta mutu da wuri, kuma ya yi magana da mahaifinsa, "mutum na da kyau da kuma kyau a cikin kowane hanya, amma da suka fito a duka jãhilci." Duk da haka, wannan wasan kwaikwayon na tushen tsarin kula da mutane da yawa na cewa zamanin.

Michael zauna kadan quite da farin ciki da kuma amince, amma mahaifinsa ya aure a karo na uku. Zabi shi Irina Semenovna Korelskaya. Boy mace nan da nan ya bayyana "mugunta, m da m uwar rana." Oddly isa, shi ne ta ke taka babbar rawa a cikin rayuwarsa. "Zlobstvuya da sautin fushi", daga sha'awar ga littattafai, uwar rana yanke shawarar kokarin a tabbatar hanya zuwa auri m matashi. Lomonosov, da zaran ji game da wannan niyyar, nan da nan ya gudu zuwa Moscow.

Saint Petersburg

A 1731, nan gaba masanin kimiyya zo ga tsohon sarki babban birnin kasar, inda sabon rayuwa ta fara da laifi aukuwa: domin a rubuta a cikin so jami'a, yaron yana zuwa da kaina ƙirƙira takardun, inda kodayaushe kamar yadda ɗan wani bafada. Ko a yau irin wannan aiki ya yi barazanar babban matsala, kuma ko da a wancan lokacin shi ne fraught tare da wani hukuncin kisa, don haka da cewa matasa Michael sãɓã wa jũna nadiri ƙarfin hali da kuma sha'awar ilimi!

Duk da haka, kusan duk na fice mutane na Rasha taba wuce kima timidity ba su sha wahala. Saboda haka, Mikoyan jirgin sama ya yiwuwa kawai wanda ya iya jayayya a kan daidaita da Stalin.

kasashen waje Nazarin

Shekaru hudu fitina dade Mikhail Vasilyevich a gida makarantu, amma a 1735 sai aka aika zuwa St. Petersburg, a daya daga cikin cibiyoyin karkashin reshe na Rasha Academy of Sciences. Akwai ya zarar ya tabbatar da kansa a matsayin wani fitaccen likita yi, dabam-dabam "unbridled sha'awar ga m gwaje-gwajen." Ganin da basira, da shugabancin kawai a shekara ta aika da matasa da kuma alamar malamin ya yi nazarin kasashen waje a Freiburg. Abin baƙin ciki, kusan duk celebrities Rasha a lokacin da aka tilasta samu ilimi kasashen waje, kamar yadda wa Bitrus a kasar mu akwai ma 'yan kyau sosai malamai.

Kamar yadda a Rasha, da dalibai da yin aiki tuƙuru: su kullum ba su da kudi ko ga wani al'ada ci abinci, ba a ma maganar littattafai, takarda da tufafi. Mun ya fita, yin menial aiki. Barci rashi da kuma tamowa, guda biyu tare da wuce kima shafi tunanin mutum danniya, ƙwarai tottered kiwon lafiya na duk dalibai.

Koma zuwa Rasha

A 1740 da masanin kimiyyar koma zuwa Rasha. Akwai dalilai biyu: unwillingness zuwa institute ko ta yaya dauke da su dalibai da kuma m bambance-bambance da Jamus malamai. A gida ya fara hadu da kyau, kuma a 1745, Mikhail Lomonosov ya zama farfesa a fannin sunadarai. Just 34 years old, wanda ga waɗanda sau ne kawai kafiri! Kamar dukan manyan mutanen Rasha, bai kasance girman kai, ci gaba da aiki ba tare da hutu, kada ka manta ware lokaci domin kowane su dalibai.

Shahararren domin da ciwon to kullum tafiyar da m yaƙi da gardama ce kawai muhawara tare da G. F. Millerom da sauran "Jamusawa", tunzura su a zargi "m wulãkanci na Rasha mutane, wani unwillingness zuwa gane da tarihi nasarori." Ba abin mamaki ba cewa da yawa daga cikin abokan adawar sun zama mafi munin qiyayya da matasa farfesa. Duk da haka, da karshen da aka ba karai: Michael ne kullum tsunduma a kimiyya, biya musamman haraji ga sunadarai. Ko da yake yana da sauki to suna da yankin na ilimi a cikin abin da ya ba zai alama fiye da daya aiki! Lomonosov cike take da kare ba kawai 'yan wasan, amma kuma ga sauran masana kimiyya, cikinsu su ne nan gaba shahararren mutane na Rasha.

Duk da Jamusanci asalin G. V. Rihmana, wanda ya mutu takaici, a lokacin da gwaje-gwajen da wutar lantarki, amma yana aiki game da iyalinsa a mai kyau kari kuma m kansu wanda muryarsa ta duƙushe jayayya da bureaucrats wanda ba sa so su gane gudunmawar da marigayin a gaban kimiyya.

Abokai da kuma makiya

A duk shekara na tsaya a St. Petersburg, a Jami'ar akwai babban adadin abokai har ma fiye da makiya, suke cike take da kishi na kyau da shi da na sarki kotu. A lokacin da a 1765, ya mutu daga tsananin ciwon huhu, m a wancan lokacin, da mawãƙi Sumarokov ce wannan bakin ciki aukuwa: "Kwantar da hankali wawa za su ƙara zama amo" sa'a, da University yabo sun kasance haka mai girma, da kuma sosai shi ne ya tsarkake devotees abokai da kuma dalibai da cewa ba m da su cewa abin zargi yi wanka a cikin daukaka.

Abin baƙin ciki, mutane da yawa tarihi Figures na Rasha ba su kubuta wannan rabo. Great, Pushkin, "mu kome", an hõre ga da aristocratic da'irori daga cikin mafi tsanani. A mawãƙi ba son ya directness da rashin so ya zama kamar majalisarsa. Kuma abin da suka fice mutane na Rasha na karni na 19th? Period, a lokacin da makomar duniya domin shekaru masu zuwa?

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky

Ko da a cikin West, inda akwai ba ma m na gane da isa yabo na mu compatriots, Tsiolkovsky gaske girmama. Duk da mafi m cewa da yawa da suka shahara na Rasha kamar yadda a lokacin, kuma a cikin lokaci, shi bai sani ba. Na dogon lokaci shi aka yi imani da cewa Konstantin E. - kawai sosai eccentric masanin kimiyya tare da wani "matukar mamaki da kuma na kimiyya ideas."

An haife shi a 1857. Kamar yadda wani yaro, Na yi matukar aiki da kuma m yaro da cewa zai yi wasa tare da shi bad wargi: birgima kusan dukan yini sledding, gaji da flushed, ya kasance mai sanyi. A cuta kusan kashe shi. Bayan dawo, ya juya waje cewa Kostya ko ta yaya ya ji wata murya mai ƙara.

Sakamakon, farkon horo na

Ji hasara, duk da haka, ya kai ga cewa yaron da aka hana daga cikin saba fun daga takwarorina, ya aka fara nuna sha'awa a cikin fice zanen, Manufacturing kowane irin m da kuma fun sana'o'i. Tana farkawa ya unquenchable kishin ilmi.

Kusan duk mai girma Rasha mutane da ainihin wannan hali: a wani lokaci m gunsmith Fedorov karanta daruruwan litattafai a kan makanikai da manyan bindigogi, da ya gudanar dubban gwaje-gwajen da kuma gina wani m yawan hanyoyin inganta ka'idojin.

A 1869 Kostya ke zuwa makaranta. ya tuna cewa "mai binciken da aka ba tare da wahala, kamar yadda malami, na kusan ba ji, kawai ya ji wani m yare." A 1870, ya wana ya mutu, kuma kusan nan da nan ke zuwa cikin kabari, da kuma mahaifiyarsa, iya kai wannan mummunan labari. Constantine ya zama da wuya sosai.

Moscow

Uba, gani na ƙwarai damar iya yin komai ɗa, yanke shawarar da ya aika shi zuwa Moscow (1873), don kudin shiga ga School of Engineering. Hakika, saboda ji hasara bai yi aiki ba. Amma nan gaba na sarari bincike star yanke shawarar da ya zauna a cikin Moscow, tsunduma a kai-ilimi. Uba dan gabãtar 10-15 rubles da watan. Sai ya zama mai kyau kudi a cikin waɗancan kwanaki, amma Kostya ci kawai black burodi da kuma shayi ruwa.

Amsar mai sauki ce: a cikin wata daya ne kawai 90 aninai da aka kashe a kan abinci, da kuma duk abin da kuma aka faruwa saya littattafai, kayayyakin aiki, da kuma sauran abubuwa da ake bukata domin gwaje-gwajen. A kawai shekaru uku, daga 1973 zuwa 1876-th, rashin Tsiolkovsky lokaci zuwa Master kusan biyu motsa jiki a shirin gaba daya a kan nasu, a zaune, daga gare kwana a dakunan karatu a Moscow cibiyoyi na bayar. A 1876, uban ya ruwaito cewa ya kiwon lafiya ya rincabewa, kuma Yanã dansa baya ga Kaluga.

Educational aiki

Constantine koma gida ba kawai rabin-kurãme, amma kuma tsanani rage hangen nesa. Abin farin, mahaifinsa yana da wani m da kyau-da alaka, yin shi da sauki, ka dauki yaron ga wata koyarwa matsayi a wani gida makarantar sakandare. Akwai ya bambanta kansa sosai da felled shi a garkunan. Murfin dalibai.

A 1878 da iyali koma Ryazan. Akwai ci gaba da koyarwa aiki, Tsiolkovsky ya dauki cikakken jarrabawa. Duk da cewa ya kasance ba da sha'awar a tauhidin da kuma sauran bukatun ga wannan kimiyya, ya ya iya a cikin guntu yiwu lokacin da za a koyi abin da kuke bukatar da da haske da za a jarraba. A gaskiya ma, wani m kishin ilmi duk daban-daban tarihi Figures a cikin kasar. Saboda haka, babban sarki Peter mai girma, wanda ya karbi mai kyau ilimi, iya a cikin 'yan sa'o'i don koyi da dama rikitarwa ilmin lissafi dabarbari, to nan da nan amfani da su a cikin mafi wuya lissafin a gina jiragen ruwa.

kimiyya da ayyukan

Bayan kawai shekaru uku da yake rubuta rubutun "Ka'idar gas" (rubutum kafin mu lokaci ba kai). A kadaici na masanin kimiyya daga bincike al'umma ya taka leda tare da shi a bad wargi a lokacin da ya aiko da rubutu aikinsa Mendeleev, sai ya amsa da cewa duk da karshe saita fito a cikin rubutu, shi ne gaskiya ... shi ke kawai da bincike ba ta da daraja, tun lokacin da aka gano fiye da 25 shekaru da suka wuce.

Duk da haka, da gazawar da "Rasha Space uba" Bai dame, ko quncin rai. Kamar da yawa na tarihi Figures a Rasha, ya yi matukar karfi da hali. A wannan ya kasance mai kama da mutumin da ya dauki amfani da daga baya ayyukan: Yuri Gagarin ya daya daga masu yawa aikace-aikace na farko jirgin cikin sarari, amma saboda da tenacity da kuma juriyarsu da Jura ne sunan da aka sani a duk faɗin duniya.

Miƙa mulki ga aeronautics

A 1885, lokacin da ya tsufa, kawai shekaru 28 da haihuwa, ya riga ya Tsiolkovsky da wasu kyau kwarai aiki a filin na aeronautics. A batutuwa shi ne mai ban sha'awa, amma saboda tun da ya yanke shawarar magance musamman tare da gudanar da bincike a wannan yanki.

Up zuwa 1917 da masanin kimiyyar kusan shekara aika zayyana na rubuce-rubucen a daban-daban kimiyya cibiyoyin a kasar, ya yi kokarin goyon su ci gaba industrialists. Shi ne duk don ba wadãtar, to shi ba daya saurãro. Daga cikin 'yan ƙasa Tsiolkovsky ada m eccentric, kuma kawai maimaita cẽto daga m, a-dokar tsĩrar da shi daga sallama da kuma zalunci.

A gaskiya, da yawa fice mutane na Rasha, da kuma sauran kasashe a lokacin da yake rayuwa bai ji daga Sahaban babu kyau, da kuma da yawa daga cikinsu ko da ya mutu a talauci da sanya ƙazanta.

fitarwa

Bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci, cikin rãyuwar masanin kimiyyar ya zama sauƙin. Tuni a shekarar 1918 da ta ƙarshe wajaba an zabe girmamawa memba na Academy of Sciences, an fara biya mai kyau izni. Duk da haka, ba duka ne Rosy: a shekara ta 1919 a cikin gidan na masanin kimiyya da'awar da yawa kamar yadda biyar mutane cikin fararen kaya, bayan da Tsiolkovsky kwanaki biyar ana yi masa tambayoyi a cikin cellars na Lubyanka.

Kiyaye shaidar da shaidu cewa shi ya sake sakamakon denunciation, amma wata mu'ujiza ya faru: wani daga cikin mafi girman da'ira na sabuwar Soviet gwamnatin masanin kimiyyar aikin da jũna muhimmanci, amma saboda an saki nan da nan, ba tare da cajin. A 1935 Tsiolkovsky, kasancewa riga tsufa, sai ya rubuta wata wasika zuwa ga Stalin, a cikin abin da ya bayyana a m bege cewa binciken zai kimanta akalla Soviet da iko, kamar yadda a duk shekarun da suka gabata, "ya gaji da banging your shugaban a cikin jãhilci daga abokan aiki." Oddly isa, amma Stalin har yanzu fitarda wannan wasika daga wani iri-iri na rubutu, aika da masanin kimiyyar amsa.

A da shi ya gode Tsiolkovsky ga wani gagarumin taimako ga ci gaban kimiyya da ilmi, ko yin horo ci gaba da gudanar da bincike. Abin ba in ciki, nan da nan bayan wannan masanin kimiyya ke mutuwa na ciki da ciwon daji. Bayan mutuwarsa, da yawa daga cikin ayyukan da fice mutane da aka gaba daya bita: kwararru na jiragen sama da makami mai linzami-ginin masana'antu da baya gano cewa, a cikin wannan karnin kafin da m bincike a cikin wadannan yankunan, tsohon codger daga Kaluga riga nisa ci gaba a wannan batun.

Tsiolkovsky ka'idar game da ci gaban da zurfin sarari, da gina jiragen ruwa a Duniya ta kewayewa, da bukatar kafa dogon lokacin da ƙauyuka a kan Moon da kuma Mars ... All wannan kuma a yau ya sami tabbaci a cikin ayyukansu na zamani malamai. Ambatar sunayen mai girma Rasha mutane ba za su manta Tsiolkovsky!

Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky

Jagoranci Rasha enumeration na shahararren Figures, ba za mu iya manta game da soja shugabannin, wanda ayyuka ba kawai ajiye kasar daga mamayewa. Saboda haka ya Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky. Haife gaba dabarun a 1896, a lokacin da Rasha Empire. Ya Malaman tarihi sun ce cewa a gaskiya ya da aka haife shi a farkon 1894. Amma ko ta yaya dan kadan ya rage shekaru domin shiga zuwa sabis a cikin Soviet Army. Daga wani wuri shekaru da ya nuna ikon da sha'awar aikin soja.

A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, ya shiga soja a kan wani son rai-akai. Tuni a 1915, an gabatar da Cross na St. George da uku mataki, amma mai kyau cancanta lambar yabo saboda komai haqqinsa rikice da kuma bai samu. A ka'ida, ba da hali daga Soviets to wannan umarni, shi ba haka ba dadi ba.

A 1917, ya ciyar da su ba izini jami'in, amma kawai wani shekara daga baya ya rajimanti aka wargaza rundunar gaba ɗaya, da kuma Rokossovsky ya ci gaba da sabis don talakawa Red Army. Duk da haka, domin ya ayyuka Konstantin Konstantinovich da sauri canjawa wuri zuwa ga rundujar soja masu dawaki kwamandan. A lokacin yakin basasa, a 1919, ya hacked zuwa mutuwa a wata matsananciyar yaƙi saber daya daga Kolchak ta wakilai,.

A shekara daga baya ya zama kwamandan wani sojan doki rajimanti. Ya halarci kusan dukan manyan fadace-fadace na cewa lokaci, aka karanta ayyukan Tukhachevsky, wanda da yawa na amfani podcherpnul. Duk da wannan, kazalika da abota da wasu repressed baya kwamandojin da kuma wadanda ba izini jami'in a cikin sabis na mallaka Army suka kai ga kama a 1937. A gaskiya ma, ta hanyar wannan "damuwa" da yawa tarihi Figures na lokaci: wannan Korolyov, uban na Soviet sarari shirin, ya ciyar da wani babban bangare na rayuwarsa a baya sanduna.

a gidan yari,

Har 1940 a kurkuku. A Wauta na ƙarshe shi ne cewa ya aka "kama a kan denunciation Adolfa Yushkevicha," wanda shi ne wani aboki a cikin Civil Rokossovskogo. Ga kawai Konstantin san cewa abokinsa ya mutu dogon da suka wuce, amma saboda jiki iya ba wata shaida gāba da shi. Shi ne gaskiya a ce shi ne ba ko da yaushe danniya ta wajaba.

Saboda haka, a cikin tarihinsa daga Rokossovsky da shi shi ne episode idan ya dauke ya rabo a musamman mummunan yanayi (shi ne a cikin Trans-Baikal yankin). Mutãne sun kasance ba al'ada dumi tufafi, da dawakai da aka ƙãre dogon nassi. A sakamakon haka, wani babba ɓangare na ma'aikata samu frostbite, da yawa ya mutu daga ciwon huhu daga baya. Mutane da yawa dawakai warware kafafu. Future marshal ne kawai sa'a cewa ayyukansa sun zama kwararren "sakaci", ko da yake a lokacin da aka gudanar a karkashin irin wannan "ɓarna da gangan" kuma ya yanke hukuncin kisa a karkashin dokokin yaki.

The Great Patriotic War kuma postwar lokaci

Daidai ya bambanta kansa a yakin Kursk, a lokacin da kwata 'yanci na Belarus. Abokan aiki da kuma ko da makiya yi bikin undoubted soja iyawa. Bayan da yaki, da ya yi yawa a mayar da Rasha (Soviet) tasiri a ƙasarsa ta Poland. Kamar dukan mai tarihi Figures, ya yi aiki ba tare da sunã rãyar da kansa. Kamar yadda wani m soja shugaban Zhukov, wanda ya jagoranci Soviet Army, Rokossovsky iya barci ba ga kwana a lokacin da yanayi ya bukaci da shi. Ya kamata a lura cewa Marshall ya ko da yaushe professed ya daya tofin: "The sojojin dole ne ko da yaushe a sama siyasa, da soja kamata ba a tsoma baki a cikin shi." Sun fi mayar saboda wannan, ya aka mutunta ko da "majalisarsa" na Soviet lokaci.

Mutane da yawa denunciations rubuta a kan Rokossovsky, bai wuce daidai saboda izgili. Kowa ya sani cewa Konstantin ba kawai sha'awar perturbations a cikin mafi girma echelons da iko, amma kuma yamar sa baki a cikin harkokin siyasa.

Wannan mutum ya mutu a 1968. A Rokossovskogo memory an rubuta littattafai masu yawa da kuma litattafan, ya fasa da Monuments za a iya samu a cikin dukan tsohon Tarayyar Soviet. Koyawa for soja hali, da kuma dabara cewa rubuta Konstantin har yanzu karatu a soja da kwalejojin na Rasha Federation.

A cikin wannan labarin mai girma na tarihi Figures - kamar yadda ka fahimta, ba kawai abin da ba za mu iya zama girman kai na. A cikakken jerin dukan shahararrun mutane da cewa kasar mu gare ta sosai zama, shi ne sosai dogon. Kuma don suna kowane kuma akalla a takaicce ambaci ya ayyuka da Fatherland, ba ta isa a sosai m littafin.

Da suke cikin mafi girma da mutane a Rasha? Yana zai zama daidai ba ne mu haskaka kawai wasu daga cikinsu. Bari mu kawai ce abin da suka kasance real mutane tare da babban birnin kasar wasika. Ba su suke ilmantuwa daraja, amma kawai kokarin matsayin mafi kyau kamar yadda zai yiwu a gudanar da wani aikin da ya ayyana kasar a gare su. Lalle ne, da zarar litattafan za ta buga, wanda za a canjawa wuri zuwa fice mutane na Rasha na 21st karni. Za mu iya kawai fatan cewa tunanin su Sahaban da damar da zai ce game da su kamar yadda kyau.