Konstantin Ushinsky: ɗan gajeren lokaci

Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich ya zama sanannen farko a matsayin jagorar rukunin Pedagogy Rasha, sannan a matsayin marubuci. Duk da haka, rayuwar wannan mutumin basirar ba ta dadewa ba, rashin lafiya ya dauke dukkan ƙarfinsa daga gare shi, yana cikin hanzari ya yi aiki kuma yayi iyakacin aiki ga wasu. A shekara ta 1867, ya koma ƙasarsa daga ƙasar Turai da kuma 'yan shekaru baya, a 1871 (bisa ga sabon salon), ya mutu, yana da shekaru 47 kawai.

Konstantin Ushinsky ya yi yawa ga Rasha. Mafarkinsa mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya rubuta a cikin ɗan littafinsa na zamani tun yana matashi, ya zama da amfani ga mahaifinsa. Ilimi mai kyau da kuma haskakawa ga ƙananan matasan kuma mutumin nan ya ba da ransa.

Konstantin Ushinsky: ɗan gajeren lokaci

An haifi Kostya ne a Tula ranar 19 ga Fabrairu a shekara ta 1823 a cikin dangin dan kadan - wani jami'in ritaya, wani mayaƙan yaki na 1812. Tarihin Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich ya nuna cewa ya yi amfani da yarinyarsa a cikin garin Novgorod-Seversky, wanda ke cikin lardin Chernigov, a cikin karamin iyaye, inda aka aiko ubansa don aiki a matsayin mai hukunci. Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu sosai da wuri, a wannan lokacin yana da shekaru 12.

Bayan ya kammala karatu daga gymnasium na gida, Konstantin ya zama dalibi a Jami'ar Law Law of Moscow. Ya sauke karatu da daraja. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya zama malamin Farfesa na ilimin kimiyya a cikin makarantar Yaroslavl.

Duk da haka, aikinsa mai ban mamaki ya katse - a 1849. An kori Ushinsky saboda "tarzomar" a tsakanin matasa dalibai, wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da karfafa shi.

Da farko daga aikin pedagogical

Konstantin Ushinsky ya tilasta yin aiki a wani matsayi mai kyau a cikin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Hoto. Wadannan ayyukan ba su gamshe shi ba har ma ya jawo wulakanci (ya rubuta game da wannan cikin rubutunsa).

Marubucin ya sami farin ciki mafi girma daga aikinsa a cikin mujallu "Library for Reading" da "Contemporary", inda ya sanya takardunsa, fassarorinsa daga Turanci da kuma nazarin abubuwan da aka buga a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na waje.

A 1854, Konstantin Ushinsky ya fara aiki a matsayin malami, sa'an nan kuma wani masanin a Gatchina Orphan Institute, inda ya nuna kansa a matsayin malami mai kyau, masanin kimiyya a kan tushen tushen da ilimi.

Ayyuka

A karkashin rinjayar cigaba da cigaba da ilimin zamantakewar al'umma a 1857-1858. Ushinsky ya rubuta littattafan da dama a cikin "Journal for Education", wanda ya zama abin juyi a sakamakonsa, nan da nan ya zo da iko da daraja.

A shekarar 1859, ya aka nada Sufeto na Smolny Institute for Noble akwai mãtã. A cikin wannan shahararrun ma'aikata, wanda yake da alaƙa da dangi na sarauta, a wannan lokacin yanayin yanayi da yin amfani da ita ya ci gaba. Dukkan horar da aka gudanar a cikin ruhun kiristancin kiristanci, wanda hakan ya haifar da halayyar dabi'un al'amuran mutane, bauta wa tsarism da mafi yawan ilimi.

Gyarawa

Ushinsky nan da nan ya sake gyara tsarin: duk da juriya na malamai, ya gabatar da sabon shirin horaswa. Yanzu ainihin batun shine harshe da wallafe-wallafen Rasha, har ma kimiyya na halitta. A cikin darussa na ilimin lissafi da ilmin sunadarai, ya gabatar da gwaje-gwaje, tun da waɗannan ka'idodin koyarwa na gani sun ba da gudummawar ingantaccen fahimta game da batutuwa. A wannan lokacin an gayyaci malamai mafi kyau - masu ilimin lissafi a kan wallafe-wallafen, muhalli, tarihi, da dai sauransu, kuma wannan shine Vodovozov VI, Semenov DD, Semevsky MI.

Wani bayani mai ban sha'awa shi ne gabatar da wani nau'in ilmin lissafi na shekaru biyu wanda ya wuce nauyin karatun ilimi na bakwai, don haka yaran da ke da kyau sun shirya don aiki mai amfani. Ya kuma gabatar da shi a cikin aikin koyarwa na pedagogical da tarurruka don malamai. Almajiran sun sami dama su huta hutu da kuma ranar hutu tare da iyayensu.

Konstantin Ushinsky ya yi farin ciki da dukan waɗannan abubuwan. Rayuwa ga yara zai kasance mai ban sha'awa kuma saboda su ne ya rubuta abubuwan ban mamaki da labaru.

Karafin Karatu

A daidai wannan lokacin, a 1861, Ushinsky ya kirkiro wani ɗan littafin "yara yara" a cikin harshen Rasha don ƙananan yara a sassa biyu, wanda ya hada da littattafai akan ilimin kimiyya.

A cikin shekarun 1860-1861. Yana gyara "Jaridar Ma'aikatar Ilimi na Ilimi", ya canza canjin da ba a yarda da shi ba a can kuma ya juya shi a cikin mujallar kimiyya da ilmin lissafi.

Duk lokacin da yake da wannan aikin, Mr. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Bayanan ɗan gajeren lokaci ya nuna cewa ayyukansa sun kawo amfanoni masu yawa ga al'umma. Ya rubuta da kuma sanya a cikin mujallu quite matukar articles. Domin irin wannan son kai, marubucin ba zai kasa biya ba. An tsananta masa, abokan aikinsa sun zarge shi da rashin amincewa da siyasa da kuma tunani maras kyau.

Ƙwarewa a Turai

A 1862, an kore shi daga Cibiyar Smolny. Daga bisani gwamnati ta Tsar ta aika da shi a kasashen waje don tafiya mai tsawo don nazarin ilimin mata na Turai. Ushinsky daukan wannan tafiya a matsayin hanyar haɗi.

Duk da haka, ya shiga kasuwancin, yana nazarin duk abin da yake da sha'awa kuma ya ziyarci kasashen Turai. A cikin Suwitzilan, ya yi nazari sosai game da kafa makarantar firamare. Konstantin Ushinsky ya gabatar da maƙasudinsa da ƙayyadewa a cikin littafin littafi don karatun karatun "Maganar Kalma" da kuma hanyoyi zuwa gare shi. Sa'an nan kuma ya shirya nau'i biyu na "Man a matsayin abin ilimi" kuma ya tattara dukan kayan don na uku.

Cututtuka da rashin tausayi

A karshe shekaru, ya yi kamar wata jama'a adadi. Ya wallafa littattafai masu yawa a makarantun Lahadi da makarantu na yara masu sana'a, shi ma ya halarci majalisa a cikin Crimea. A shekara ta 1870 ya ziyarci ɗakunan ilimi a Simferopol kuma yana son saduwa da malamai da dalibai.

Daya daga cikin malamai, IP Derkachev ya tuna cewa a lokacin rani na 1870 Ushinsky, lokacin da ya dawo gida daga Crimea zuwa Bogdanka Gluhovsky uyezd (Chernigov yankin), ya so ya kira abokinsa NA Corfu a Yekaterinoslav, amma bai iya yin ba. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilai shi ne sanyi, sa'an nan kuma mummunar mutuwar ɗansa ɗansa Bulus. Bayan wannan Ushinsky tare da iyalinsa suka koma garin Kiev kuma sun sayi gida akan Tarasovskaya. Kuma nan da nan tare da 'ya'yansa maza ya tafi Crimea don magani. A kan hanya, Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich ya yi sanyi kuma ya tsaya a Odessa don magani, amma nan da nan ya mutu, yana cikin Janairu 1871 (bisa ga sabon salon). Aka binne shi a Kiev Vydubychi sufi.

Mata masu sha'awar Ushinsky

Matar KD Ushinsky ita ce Nadezhda Semyonovna Doroshenko. Ya sadu da ita a Novgorod-Seversky. Ta kasance daga dangin Cossack na d ¯ a. Ushinsky ya aure ta a lokacin rani na 1851 lokacin tafiyar kasuwanci a wannan gari. Suna da 'ya'ya biyar.

Daughter Faith (ga mijinta Poto) a Kiev a kan kuɗin kansu ya buɗe wani Kwalejin Kasuwancin maza, wanda ake kira bayan mahaifinsa. Ƙarin 'yar mata na biyu na Fata don kudi daga aikin mahaifinta ya gina makarantar sakandare a kauyen Bogdanka, inda Ushinsky ya zauna.