Materials kimiyya da fasaha na kayan. Technology na yi kayan

Fanni "Materials Kimiyya da Fasaha na Materials" shi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci tarbiyya domin kusan duk dalibai na aikin injiniya. Halittar sabon aukuwa da zai iya gasa a kasuwar kasa da kasa, da kuma ba shi yiwuwa a gudanar da wani ba tare da cikakken ilimi na magana.

Nazarin cikin kewayon daban-daban raw kayan da kaddarorin kayan da hannu a cikin shakka. Daban-daban Properties daga cikin kayayyakin amfani sanin ko kewayon su amfani a cikin art. A ciki tsarin da karfe ko kumshin gami yana da tasiri kai tsaye a kan samfurin quality.

key Properties

Materials kimiyya da fasaha na yi kayan ce da hudu mafi muhimmanci halaye na wani karfe ko gami. Na farko shi ne ta jiki da kuma inji halaye da cewa hango ko hasashen aiki da fasaha ingancin gaba kayayyakin. Basic inji Properties nan ne ƙarfi - shi kai tsaye rinjayar da indestructibility na ƙãre samfurin ƙarƙashin rinjayar workloads. Rukunan halaka da kuma karfin ne daya daga cikin manyan aka gyara na asali hanya "Materials Kimiyya da Materials Technology". Wannan kimiyya ne msar tambayar dalilin gano dacewa tsarin gami da aka gyara domin yi daga sassa da ake bukata ƙarfi halaye. Fasaha da kuma na sarrafawa siffofin damar hango ko hasashen da hali na ƙãre samfurin a cikin aiki da kuma matsananci lodi, lissafi da matuƙar ƙarfi, domin tantance karko na dukan inji.

kai tsaye kayan

A karshe ƙarni, ainihin abu don samar da kayan aiki ne karfe. Saboda haka horo "Materials" yana biya mai girma da hankali ga ƙarfe kimiyya - da kimiyya da karafa da kuma su gami. A babban taimako ga ci gaban ta sanya ta Soviet masana kimiyya: Anosov P. P., Kurnakov NS, Chernov D. K. da sauransu.

Materials Manufofi

Muhimmai daga Materials da ake bukata domin nazarin nan gaba injiniyoyi. Bayan duk, babban manufar hada da wannan horo a cikin horo ba ne don horar da aikin injiniya da dalibai don yin da hakkin zabi na kayan for kayayyakin tsara don mika lokacin da suka aiki.

Cimma wannan burin zai taimaka nan gaba injiniyoyi don warware wadannan matsaloli:

• Yadda ya kamata kimanta da fasaha Properties na wani abu, ta hanyar bincika cikin yanayi na yi na samfurin da sabis rayuwa.
• Shin, da-kafa kimiyya fahimtar hakikanin yiwuwa na inganta wani karfe ko gami da kaddarorin ta canza tsarinta.
• Don sani game da duk hanyoyi na karfafa kayayyakin da za a tabbatar da tsawon rai da kuma kwaikwayon na kida da kayayyakin.
• Sun ci gaba da ilmi na key kungiyoyin na kayayyakin amfani, da halaye na wadannan kungiyoyi da kuma na aikace-aikace.

ake bukata ilimi

A hanya "Materials Kimiyya da Fasaha na yi kayan" da aka tsara don wadanda daliban da suka riga fahimta da kuma iya bayyana muhimmancin halaye kamar irin ƙarfin lantarki, aza, roba da kuma na roba nakasawa Jihar al'amari, sunadaran da crystal tsarin karafa, tattare da sunadarai shaidu, da asali jiki Properties karafa. A lokacin binciken, dalibai sami asali horo cewa za su bukatar nasara da profile tarbiyya. Mazan Hakika nazarin daban-daban samarwa matakai da fasahar, a cikin abin da muhimmanci rawa da kayan kimiyya da kuma kayan fasaha.

Wanda ya yi aiki?

Ilimi na tsarin halaye da kuma bayani dalla-dalla da karafa da kuma gami da amfani masu gyara, injiniyoyi ko designers aiki a fagen aiki na zamani da injuna. Masana a fannin sabon kayan fasahar iya samun su wurin aiki a cikin aikin injiniya, na mota, Aerospace, makamashi, sarari masana'antu. Kwanan nan, akwai wani karancin kwararru da diploma na "kayan kimiyya da fasaha na kayan" a cikin tsaro masana'antu da kuma a ci gaba da hanyar sadarwa.

ci gaban Materials

A matsayin horo, abu ne wani misali na wani hali aiyuka kimiyya, wanda ya bayyana da abun da ke ciki, tsarin da kaddarorin daban-daban karafa da kuma gami gare karkashin yanayi daban-daban.

Da ikon samar da karafa da kuma gami, don samar da daban-daban da mutum ya samu a lokacin da fadada m al'umma. Amma a matsayin mai raba kimiyya kayan kimiyya da fasaha na kayan fara da za a yi karatu kadan fiye da 200 da suka wuce. A farkon 18th karni - da lokaci na binciken na Faransa masanin kimiyya-masanin kimiyya Reaumur, wanda da farko kokarin nazarin ciki tsarin da karfe. Similar nazarin harshen Turanci manufacturer Grignon, a 1775, don rubuta wani gajeren sako zuwa su saukar da wani columnar tsarin, wanda aka kafa ta solidification na baƙin ƙarfe.

A cikin Rasha Empire, da farko kimiyya ayyukansu a fagen daga karfe mallakar M. V. Lomonosovu, wanda, a cikin jagora kokarin taƙaice bayyana yanayin daban-daban metallurgical tafiyar matakai.

A babban tsalle gaba metallurgy sanya a farkon karni na 19th, a lokacin da sabon bincike hanyoyin daban-daban da kayayyakin da aka ɓullo da. A 1831, ayyukan P. P. Anosova nuna yiwuwar gano da karafa a karkashin hange. Bayan nan, da dama daga masana kimiyya kasashe da dama tsarin canje da aka tabbatar ta hanyar kimiya zuwa karafa a lokacin da m sanyaya.

A bayan shekara ɗari da zamanin Tantancewar microscopes ya daina wanzuwa. Technology na yi kayan ba zai iya yin sabon binciken, ta amfani da m hanyoyin. A wuri na kayan lantarki shi ne kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta. Jiki metallurgy ya ƙarasa da lantarki da hanyoyin da kallo, musamman, neutron diffraction da electron diffraction. Tare da wadannan sababbin hanyoyin fasaha na iya kara sassan da karafa da kuma gami har zuwa 1000 sau, wanda ke nufin cewa filaye don kimiyya karshe zama yafi.

Irfanin bayanai game da tsarin da kayan

A kan aiwatar da nazari da horo, dalibai sama msar tambayar ilmi game da ciki tsarin da karafa da kuma gami. Bayan kammala wannan hanya dalibai da wadannan dabarun da ya kamata a samu:

• na ciki crystalline tsarin da karafa .
• da anisotropy da isotropy. Abin da ya sa wadannan kaddarorin, da kuma yadda suka za a iya shafa;
• tsarin lahani na daban-daban karafa da kuma gami.
• da hanyoyin gudanar da bincike na ciki tsarin da kayan.

Darussa masu amfani a kan horo Materials

Materials kujera yana samuwa a cikin kowane fasaha kwaleji. A lokacin da nassi daga wani ba shakka, da dalibi ne karatu da wadannan dabaru:

• Muhimmai daga Metallurgy - tarihi da hanyoyin zamani na samar da karfe gami. A samar da karfe, da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin zamani tsãwa Tanderu. Jefo karfe, da baƙin ƙarfe, da hanyoyin da inganta ingancin karfe kayayyakin. Rarrabuwa da kuma lakabtawa karfe, ta fasaha da kuma ta jiki halaye. Smelting ferrous karafa da su gami, aluminum, jan, titanium, da kuma sauran nonferrous karafa. Aiwatar da wannan kayan aiki.

• Materials sansanonin hada da nazarin foundry samarwa, ta zamani, ta yanayin, janar flowsheets samu simintin gyaran kafa.
• A ka'idar roba nakasawa, da bambance-bambance tsakanin sanyi da zafi nakasawa, da aka hardening, jigon zafi Forging, sanyi Forging hanyoyin, aikace-aikace da kewayon stamping kayan.
• Forging: yanayin aiwatar da ainihin yadda ake gudanar. Mene ne samar da mirgina Mills, da kuma inda aka yi amfani da, abin da kayan aiki da ake bukata domin haya da zane. Yadda za a samu ƙãre kayayyakin a kan wadannan fasahar, da kuma inda aka yi amfani da.
• Waldi samar, ta janar halaye da kuma al'amurra na ci gaba, rarrabuwa na waldi daban-daban kayan. Physico-sunadarai matakai domin samar da welds.
• Hadedde kayan. Robobi. Hanyar domin samun na kowa Properties. Hanyar aiki tare da kumshin kayan. Outlook aikace-aikace.

Modern ci gaba na kayan

A cikin 'yan shekaru, kayan kimiyya ya samu wani iko da samar da kuzari ga ci gaba. Bukatar sababbin kayan da ya tilasta masana kimiyya yi tunani game da samun wani tsantsa da matsananci-m karafa, suna aiki a kan halittar daban-daban raw kayan for farko dabara yi. Modern yi kayan fasahar offers da yin amfani da sabon kayan maye gurbin al'ada karfe. More hankali ne ya biya zuwa yin amfani da robobi, tukwane, kumshin kayan, wanda suke da sigogi na ƙarfina, da jituwa tare da hardware, amma babu wani daga cikin drawbacks.