Mene ne alpha lalata da kuma beta lalace? Beta-lalace, alpha lalata: kuma dauki na dabara

Alpha da beta radiation ne kullum kira rediyoaktif lalace. Wannan tsari, wanda ake jefarwa daga tsakiya na subatomic gaɓũɓuwa, da suka samo asali a high gudun. A sakamakon haka, zarra ko isotope za a iya canza kama daga daya sinadari zuwa wani. Alpha da beta lalata na nuclei ne halayyar m abubuwa. Wadannan sun hada da duk sunadaran da cajin da lambar girma fiye da 83 da kuma wani taro da lambar girma fiye da 209.

dauki yanayin auku

Lalace, kamar sauran rediyoaktif rikirkida, shi ne na halitta da kuma wucin gadi. A karshe ne saboda isa da zuciyar wani waje barbashi. Yadda alpha da beta lalata iya sha zarra - dogara ne kawai a kan yadda zã a kai kwari jihar.

Karkashin halitta yanayi na faruwa da kuma Alpha beta-debe lalace.

A vitro ba neutron, positron, proton da sauran mafi m jinsunan ƙãrẽwa, kuma nukiliya canje.

Wadannan sunayen ya Ernest Rutherford, wanda ya yi karatu radiation.

Bambanci tsakanin barga da m tsakiya

A ikon lalata dogara da jihar na zarra. A ake kira "barga" ko maras rediyoaktif core halayyar Nonseparated kwayoyin halitta. A ka'idar, kallo na wadannan abubuwa za su iya kai wa ga rashin iyaka, to a karshe tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali. Yana ake bukata don raba irin wannan m nuclei na wanda da musamman dogon rabin-rai.

By kuskure, wani "rage" zarra za a iya dauka a matsayin barga. Duk da haka karin misali iya zama tellurium, kuma mafi musamman, ta isotope adadi 128, da ciwon rabin rayuwar 2.2 × 10 ^24. Wannan yanayin ba musamman. Lanthanum-138 ne batun da rabin-rai, wanda shi ne wani ajali na 10 shekaru ^11. Wannan lokaci ne talatin da sau fi na yanzu shekaru talikai.

Jigon rediyoaktif lalata

Wannan tsari ya auku a bazuwar. Kowane rubabben radionuclide samu gudun, wanda shi ne m ga kowane hali. A lalata kudi ba za a iya canza a ƙarƙashin rinjayar waje dalilai. Komai da dauki zai faru ne a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da babbar gravitational karfi, a cikakkar sifili, a cikin wutar lantarki da kuma Magnetic filin, a lokacin da wani sinadaran dauki da sauransu. Tasiri da tsari zai iya zama da tasiri kai tsaye a kan ciki na atomic tsakiya, wanda shi ne kusan ba zai yiwu ba. Maras wata-wata dauki da kuma dogara ne kawai a kan zarra, a cikin abin da fitowa, kuma ta ciki jiha.

Kalmar "radionuclide" ne na kowa a lokacin da yake magana zuwa rediyoaktif lalace. Waɗanda suka ba su saba da shi, ya kamata ka san cewa da kalmar ne a rukuni na kwayoyin halitta, wanda da rediyoaktif Properties cewa mallaki taro lambar, atomic lambar da makamashi matsayi.

Daban-daban radionuclides amfani a cikin fasaha, kimiyya da kuma sauran duniyoyin da mutum aiki. Alal misali, likita data abubuwa aka yi amfani a cikin ganewar asali da cututtuka, magani da kwayoyi, kayan aikin da sauran abubuwa. Akwai ma wani yawan warkewa da kuma prognostic Radiopreparat.

Babu kasa muhimmanci shi ne tabbatar da dalilin da isotope. Wannan kalma da aka kira a matsayin wani na musamman irin sunadaran. Suna da wannan atomic lambar a matsayin al'ada kashi, amma wasu fiye da taro lambar. Yana sa ta wannan bambanci adadin neutrons wanda ba zai shafi cajin kamar yadda protons da electrons, amma nauyi canji. Alal misali, mai sau hydrogen yana da su duka 3. Wannan shi ne kawai rabi wanda isotopes sunayen da aka sanya: da deuterium-tritium (kawai rediyoaktif) da kuma con. A wasu lokuta, da sunayen ne daidai da atomic nauyi da kuma babban kashi.

Alpha lalata

Wannan irin rediyoaktif halayen. Halayyar da na halitta abubuwa na shida da na bakwai lokacin da na lokaci-lokaci tebur na sinadaran abubuwa. A musamman domin wucin gadi ko transuranic abubuwa.

Aka gyara abin da na iya zama alpha lalata

Daga cikin karafa ga wanda halayyar lalata hada thorium, uranium da kuma sauran abubuwa na shida da bakwai lokacin da na lokaci-lokaci tebur da sunadarai abubuwa, kirgawa daga bismuth. Har ila yau hõre aiwatar da isotopes da nauyi abubuwa.

Abin da ya faru a lokacin da dauki?

Lokacin da alpha lalata fara da watsi da core gaɓũɓuwa, kunsha na biyu protons da neutrons biyu. Aras aka saki barbashi tsakiya na wani helium zarra, tare da taro raka'a 4 da 2 cajin.

A sakamakon haka, akwai wani sabon kashi, wanda aka located a kan hagu na biyu fara Kwayoyin a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur. Wannan wuri an tsare ta gaskiya cewa asali zarra hasarar 2 protons kuma a lokaci guda - wani na farko cajin. A sakamakon haka, da taro na sakamakon isotope 4 taro raka'a an rage idan aka kwatanta da na asali.

misalai

A wannan daga lalace na uranium, thorium kafa. Thorium, radium bayyana, daga shi - Radon, wadda daga ƙarshe ta bada polonium, kuma a karshen - gubar. A kan aiwatar da akwai isotopes daga wadannan abubuwa, kuma ba su da kansu. Kamar wancan samu uranium-238, thorium-234, Radium-230, Radon-236 da kuma a kan har zuwa bayyanar barga kashi. Da dabara na wannan dauki ne kamar haka:

Th-234 -> Ra-230 -> RN-226 -> Po-222 -> Pb-218

Speed ya zama ruwan dare alpha barbashi watsi a lokacin daga 12 zuwa 20 da dubu. Km / sec. Duk da yake a karkashin injin, irin wannan barbashi zai yi circled duniya domin 2 seconds, motsi tare ekweita.

beta lalata

Bambanci tsakanin wannan barbashi na electron - a wurin da ya faru. A auka daga cikin beta ya auku a tsakiya na zarra, kuma ba electron girgije kewaye da shi. Mafi na kowa daga dukan data kasance rediyoaktif canje. Yana za a iya lura a kusan duk halin yanzu data kasance sinadaran abubuwa. Daga wannan shi ya bi cewa kowane kashi yana da akalla daya yiwuwa ga lalata da isotope. A mafi yawan lokuta, a sakamakon beta lalata akwai beta debe lalace.

da dauki

Lokacin da aiwatar da electron ejection auku kernels tasowa saboda maras wata-wata hira da wani neutron a wani electron da wani proton. Kamar wancan protons saboda mafi taro kasance a tsakiya da kuma electron, kira beta-debe barbashi, da barin zarra. Kuma saboda protons ya karu da daya, da tsakiya da rabi aka canja a cikin wani babban hanya kuma da dama daga cikin na asali a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur.

misalai

Rushewar beta da potassium-40 sabobin tuba da shi a cikin alli isotope, wanda aka located a kan dama. Rediyoaktif alli-scandium-47 zama 47, wanda zai iya juya a cikin wani barga titanium-47. Yana kama wani beta lalace? dabara:

Ca-47 -> Sc-47 -> Ti-47

watsi kudi na beta-barbashi katako ne 0.9 sau da kudi na 270 da dubu. km / sec.

A yanayi, da beta-emitting nuclides ba da yawa. Muhimmanci da su ne quite kananan. An misali ne potassium-40, wanda a cikin halitta cakuda dauke kawai 119/10000. Har ila yau, na halitta beta-debe-aiki radionuclides daga wani adadin gagarumin kayayyakin ne alpha da beta lalata na uranium da kuma thorium.

Lalacewar beta wani misali: da thorium-234, wanda shi ne alpha lalace ne tuba zuwa cikin protactinium-234, sa'an nan a cikin hanya zama uranium, amma da sauran isotope karkashin lamba 234. Wannan uranium-234 sake saboda alpha lalata zama thorium amma shi yana da daban-daban irin. Sa'an nan, wannan ya zama thorium-230 Radium-226, wanda aka tuba zuwa Radon. Kuma a cikin wannan jerin, har zuwa thallium, kawai tare da daban-daban beta a mulki baya. Ƙare wannan rediyoaktif beta lalata na zargin barga gubar-206. Wannan canji yana da wadannan dabara:

Th-234 -> Pa-234 -> U-234 -> Th-230 -> Ra-226 -> RN-222 -> At-218 -> Po-214 -> Bi-210 -> Pb-206

Halitta da kuma gagarumin beta-aiki radionuclides ne K-40 da kuma abubuwa na thallium zuwa uranium.

A auka daga cikin beta-da

Akwai kuma beta-da canji. Haka kuma an kira positron beta lalace. An jefarwa daga tsakiya na barbashi kira positrons. A sakamakon haka ne canji na farawa kashi tsaye hagu, wanda yana da wani karami lambar.

misali

Lokacin da wani lantarki beta lalace, magnesium-sodium 23 zama barga isotope. Rediyoaktif europium-samarium-150 zama 150.

A sakamakon dauki beta lalata iya ƙirƙirar + beta da beta watsi. A kudi na barbashi watsi a lokuta biyu daidai to 0.9 sau gudun haske.

Sauran rediyoaktif ƙãrẽwa

Baya daga irin halayen kamar yadda bazuwar da kuma alpha-beta-lalace, da dabara na wanda sananne ne, akwai wasu, ƙasa da na kowa, kuma hali na wucin gadi radionuclides tafiyar matakai.

Neutron lalace. Da watsi da tsaka tsaki barbashi ne 1 taro naúrar. A lokacin da ya daya isotope ne tuba zuwa cikin wani tare da m taro lambar. An misali zai zama hira da 9-lithium a lithium-8-5 helium a helium-4.

Bayan sakawa a iska mai guba na gamma-haskoki na aidin-127 isotope ne a barga isotope zama adadi 126, kuma ta samu radioactivity.

Proton lalace. Musamman rare. Duk da yake da shi ya auku proton watsi da ciwon cajin na +1, da kuma 1 naúrar na taro. Atomic nauyi zama karami zuwa guda darajar.

Duk wani rediyoaktif canji, musamman, rediyoaktif lalata, tare da sakin makamashi a nau'i na gamma haskoki. Shi ne ake kira da gamma-haskoki. A wasu lokuta, akwai X-ray radiation ciwon ƙananan makamashi.

Gamma lalace. Yana wakiltar gamma-ray juyi. Electromagnetic radiation ne mafi m fiye da X-ray da cewa an yi amfani da magani. A sakamakon haka ne gamma haskoki ko da makamashi fluxes na atomic tsakiya. X-haskoki ne ma a solenoid, amma ya taso ne daga electron bawo na zarra.

Mileage alpha barbashi

Alpha barbashi tare da wani taro na atomic raka'a 4 da 2 cajin matsawa rectilinearly. Saboda wannan, za mu iya magana game da nisan miloli na alpha barbashi.

The darajar dogara da farko hanya da kuma samar da makamashi daga jeri 3 zuwa 7 (wani lokacin 13) cm a cikin iska. The m matsakaici ne daga daya bisa ɗari na wani millimeter. Irin wannan radiation ba zai iya shiga wata takardar da takarda, da kuma 'yan Adam fata.

Saboda da kansa nauyi da kuma lura da alpha barbashi yana cikin mafi girma da ionizing ikon da Tanã darkake kõwane abu a cikin hanyar. A wannan batun, alpha-radionuclides ne mai hatsari ga mutane da dabbobi a lokacin da fallasa su da kwayoyin.

A iya shiga ikon da beta barbashi

Saboda da kananan taro lambar, wanda shi ne 1836 sau karami fiye da proton, da kuma aunawa da korau cajin, beta radiation yana da kadan sakamako a kan abu, ta hanyar abin da yake tashi, amma haka ma, ya fi tsayi jirgin. Har ila yau, da barbashi hanya ba madaidaiciya. A wannan batun, shi yayi Magana game da shiga ikon, wanda ya dogara a kan samu makamashi.

A iya shiga ikon da beta barbashi daga abin da ke faruwa a lokacin rediyoaktif lalace a iska ya kai 2.3 m a taya ake kidaya a inci, kuma a daskararru - a kasarun adadi na wani santimita. mutum nama radiation wucewa 1.2 cm a cikin zurfin. Don kare da beta radiation iya zama mai sauki ruwa Layer zuwa 10 cm barbashi rafi a isasshe high makamashi na lalata a 10 MeV kusan duk tunawa da irin wannan yadudduka: iska - 4 m. aluminum - 2.2 cm. baƙin ƙarfe - 7,55 mm; kai - 5.2 mm.

Ganin kananan size daga cikin barbashi daga beta radiation da low ionizing ikon idan aka kwatanta da alpha barbashi. Duk da haka, a lokacin da ingested, suna da yawa fi hatsari fiye da waje daukan hotuna.

A mafi shigar azzakari cikin farji rates tsakanin iri daban-daban radiation a halin yanzu yana da wani neutron, kuma gamma. Gudu da wadannan radiations a cikin iska, wani lokacin kai dubun ko daruruwan mita, amma tare da kasa ionizing Manuniya.

Mai gamma-ray makamashi isotopes bai wuce darajar 1.3 MeV. Lokaci-lokaci isa dabi'u na 6.7 MeV. A wannan batun, domin neman kariya daga irin wannan radiation amfani da yadudduka na karfe, kankare da kai ga attenuation rabo.

Alal misali, a sassauta tenfold na cobalt gamma radiation bukatar gubar da tsare kauri of about 5 cm, zuwa 100-Musulunci attenuation bukata 9.5 cm Kankare Kariya zama 33 da kuma 55 cm, da kuma ruwa -. 70 da 115 cm.

Ionizing neutron lambobi dogara ne a kan su makamashi yi.

A wani halin da ake ciki, da mafi kyau Hanyar kare da radiation zama iyakar distancing daga tushen kamar yadda zai yiwu da kuma kadan abin shagala kawai a high radiation yankin.

Rarraba atoms nuclei

By rarraba nuclei na sunadaran da ake nufi spontaneously ko a ƙarƙashin rinjayar neutrons division core a sassa biyu kamar daidaita a size.

Wadannan sassa biyu ne rediyoaktif isotopes na abubuwa daga babban ɓangare na tebur da sunadarai abubuwa. Fara daga jan zuwa lanthanoids.

A lokacin rabuwa karya 'yan karin neutrons kuma akwai haddi makamashi a cikin nau'i na gamma haskoki, wanda shi ne da yawa fiye da na rediyoaktif lalace. Saboda haka, a lokacin da daya aukuwa ta auku daya rediyoaktif lalata gamma ray, kuma a lokacin aiki na rarraban bayyana 8,10 gamma kamfani mai suna Quanta. Har ila yau kaisu baya da guda da mafi sanadin motsi makamashi canjawa wuri zuwa thermal yi.

A saki neutrons ne iya sa rabuwa da analogous nau'i-nau'i daga tsakiya idan an dake kusa da neutrons cikinta buga.

A wannan dangane akwai alama na sashe, sarkar dauki accelerating rabuwa na atomic nuclei da kuma samar da wani babban adadin kuzari.

Lokacin da irin wannan sarkar dauki ake sarrafawa, shi za a iya amfani da takamaiman dalilai. Alal misali, don dumama ko lantarki. Irin wannan matakai suna da za'ayi a nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke da kuma nukiliya.

Idan ka rasa iko da dauki, da atomic fashewa da zai faru. Kamar amfani da makaman nukiliya.

akwai daya kashi a vivo - uranium da ciwon daya kawai fissile isotope adadi 235. Yana da wani makami.

A wani talakawa nukiliya reactor uranium daga uranium-238 ƙarƙashin rinjayar neutron form sabon isotope No.239, kuma daga gare ta - plutonium, wanda shi ne wucin gadi da kuma ba a samu a vivo. Kamar haka ya tashi da plutonium-239 da ake amfani da makamai da dalilai. Wannan tsari na nukiliya fission shine jigon duk makaman nukiliya da kuma samar da makamashi.

Mamaki kamar alpha lalata da kuma beta lalata, da dabara na wanda aka sanar a makarantu, wanda suke tartsatsi a cikin lokaci. Saboda wadannan halayen, akwai makaman nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke, da kuma da yawa wasu samar dangane da makaman nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi. Amma kar ka manta game da radioactivity na da yawa daga cikin wadannan abubuwa. A lokacin da ka yi aiki tare da su bukatar musamman kariya, da kuma yarda da duk aminci matakan. In ba haka ba, za ta iya kai wa ga wani irreparable bala'i.