Mene ne Chartism? Definition, Yanã, da darajar Chartism

Chartism fito a Ingila da kuma dandana heyday a cikin 30s da 40s na XIX karni. Shi ne mai motsi na zamantakewa da siyasa yanayi.

dalilan Chartism

Kalmar "Chartism" fito bayan 1839 lokacin da jama'ar kasar Yarjejeniya da aka sallama a Birtaniya majalisar. Modern masana tarihi ma sun yarda da cewa wannan yunkuri wani da ake bukata kafun ga fitowan na zamantakewa-demokra] iyya ra'ayoyin. Its main core sun yawa proletarian aji, wanda ya samo asali a Ingila bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu.

Dalilan Chartism da za a samu a cikin sa'an nan wuya halin da ake ciki. A cikin 20s da 30s na Birtaniya, da kalaman na rikicen tattalin arziki. Kamfanoni tafi fatara da kuma rufe, da kuma ma'aikatan sun ba tare da aiki da kuma hanyar zama. Saboda haka abin da Chartism? Wannan ya dauki na proletariat ga tattalin arziki yanayi, don samun wani aiki a lokacin da shi ya kusan ba zai yiwu. Musamman tsanani shi ne halin da ake ciki a cikin arzikin masana'antu yankuna, misali a Lancashire (County a arewa maso yammacin Ingila). Blue halitta shirya tarzoma cewa ƙare cuta, tarzoma da kuma sace a rumfarsa ta saida Stores.

Yunwar da kuma yanke ƙauna sun haifar da wani janar na motsi discontented, kuma a karshen, shi ya faru. Shi ne mai kyau misali ga ma'aikata. A 1832, da bourgeoisie ya sanya yin gyare-gyare na majalisar, wadda dauke ta amfane shi. Wannan shi ne cimma da kuma sauran ba tare da aiki workaholic masana'antu.

Mutane ta Yarjejeniya

Babban daftarin aiki na Chartists - Mutane na Yarjejeniya dauke da dama da maki. A da bukatar ke wahala ga maza karkashin shekaru 21 da haihuwa, da yarjejeniyoyin da dukiya, cancantar ga waɗanda ke son zama yan, kazalika da m takardar za ~ en. Bugu da kari, da ma'aikata zai rage majalisar lokaci har na tsawon shekara guda da kuma bayyanar daidai zaben gundumomi. Wasu daga cikin wadannan maki na shirin samu magoya baya daga cikin bourgeoisie. Alal misali, irin wannan shi ne bukatar da daidai da m wahala. Sanin duk wadannan bukatu, shi ne sauƙin fahimtar abin da Chartism.

A impoverishment na aiki aji

Babban Sanadin Chartism - -conflict tsakanin majalisa da matalauta. A 1934, 'yan majalisar dokokin sun tsaurara dokokin bisa aiki na workhouses. Wadannan cibiyoyin kasance wani ɓangare na sadaka ko kurkuku tsarin. Da aka halicce su domin karfafa matalauta da laifi aiki domin amfanin al'umma. Kuma da workhouses ma fadi da mutane suka ba zai iya fita daga cikin taro rashin aikin yi da cewa ka fito bayan da masana'antu rikicin.

Tabarbarewar yanayin aiki ga duk wadannan mutane ya haddasa zanga-zangar da majalisar dokokin kasar da kuma ta yanke shawararta. Wani dalili na zargin Chartism - sabon Poor Law, kafa a 1834. Babban nau'i na rashin amincewa da ma'aikata a taro da zanga-zanga, wanda yawanci ƙare a petitioning wakilai,. dubban daruruwan disgruntled dauki bangare a cikin irin wannan ayyuka.

A gwagwarmayar da proletarians domin su 'yancin

Farko da zanga-zanga tashi spontaneously. A tsawon lokaci, suka tsaya daga cikin proletarians na gwagwarmaya da suka fara ƙirƙirar Karkasa kungiyar. A farko wannan tsarin shi ne London Working Men ta Association, abin da ya bayyana a cikin 1836.

Mene ne Chartism da kuma yadda shi ya bambanta daga baya boren, disgruntled matalauta? Wannan shi ne abin da abokan adawar na siyasa na majalisar sun iya shirya kansu da kuma haifar da nasu jama'a, yadda ya kamata kare maslahar su. Bayan London, irin Tsarin bayyana a sauran birane, zama sananne ne a ko'ina Ingila.

Yana Metropolitan Association ya tsara cikin abubuwa da kafa da dalilin da ya shahara Mutane ta Yarjejeniya. Tare da lokaci, ma'aikatan sun lashe goyon baya a yawa jaridu da sauran kafofin watsa labaru, wanda kuma ya fara inganta Chartist bukatar. A mafi m ji dadin duniya wahala, da tunani na wanda ya sami amsa kuwwar a da dama sanannun mujallu daban-daban na siyasa da fuskantarwa. Ko da yake, haƙĩƙa kiyaye yafi aiki bar.

Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma moderates

Don mafi bayyana abin da Chartism, shi wajibi ne in ambaci cewa wannan yunkuri ya ba ta kasance monolithic. Yana kunshi fikafikai biyu. Magoya bayan da ƙungiyar da bourgeoisie so don yin yaki domin 'yancinsu ta hanyar lumana zanga-zanga: rallies, koke-koke da kuma processions. Suka yi tsayayya da radicals, wanda ya yi ĩmãni da cewa kawai ta hanyar m matakan yiwu don cimma burin na motsi. Wannan hanya da ake nufi da yin amfani da tashin hankali a kan hukumomi. Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka ragu.

dama-reshe da reshe kuma yana biya na musamman da hankali ga tambaya na Masara Hakoki. Suka soma da majalisar dokokin kasar a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata kafin Birtaniya kare manoma daga kasashen waje gasar. Wannan ya yi ta hanyar gabatar a cikin kasar a kan shigo da hatsi aikinsu. Wadannan matakan da kuma ya karu da farashin burodi, wanda ba kamar aiki.

al'ada Chartists

Chartist motsi ya sa a gaskiyar cewa taron da aka gudanar a Glasgow grand sikelin in spring 1838. A da shi, bisa ga daban-daban kimomi, shi ya samu halartar game da 200 mutane dubu. Waɗannan su ne a bayyane sakamakon Chartism. Yanzu kowane galihu da ma'aikata a kasar na da hannu a cikin zanga-zangar da motsi.

A watan Fabrairu 1839, a birnin London bakuncin farko janar al'ada na magoya bayan na Chartists. Yana da aka ɗauki cikinsa a matsayin madadin zuwa wani dokar da majalisar dokokin kasar, kuma ya kamata ya zama wani Kakaki, ga m damunsu. Wannan shatan da aka amince a kan shi. Bayan da ya fara wani m yaƙin neman zaɓe a fadin kasar. A takarda tattara murya daga cikin ma'aikata.

A karshe, a lokacin rani na 1839, da daftarin aiki da aka yi, a cikin Haikalin Commons. By wannan lokaci shi aka sanya hannu da fiye da mutane miliyan. Duk da haka, majalisar juya Toshe kunnenka da bukatar da Chartists. A takarda da aka ƙi da rinjaye na majalisar wakilai.

m juriya

'Yan majalisar dokokin ba su so su gane cewa Chartist motsi - wani yunkuri domin hakkokin da babban yawan mazaunan ƙasar. Nan da nan bayan da suka ƙi su shigar da koke a kasar Birtaniya ta fara yaki da ma'aikata da kuma 'yan sanda. Harbe-harbe da kuma titi yãƙi sun zama al'ada.

Mutane da yawa shugabannin Chartist motsi sun baya sanduna. Wannan ya kai ga cewa a 1839, 10 mutane dubu farmaki da kurkuku, wanda ya sa da yawa shafa. A jihar aka ƙara dukufa kan matsa lamba a kan m ɓangare na motsi. Bayan duk da tashin hankali da aka mur.

Duk da haka, da Sanadin Chartism bai bace. Kamar yadda a baya, halin da ake ciki na da yawa ma'aikata bar yawa da za a so. Saboda haka, dama reshe na Chartists zuwa rabuwa tashin hankali da kuma sake kokarin zana majalisar ta da hankali ga 'yan koke-koke. New Yarjejeniya ƙaddamar a 1842 da kuma 1848.

Last Yarjejeniya Chartists

The latest ƙoƙari ya zo daidai da dama muhimmanci events. Da fari dai, a 1847 shi ya fara wani sabon masana'antu rikicin, wanda ya jẽfa titi ma dubban ma'aikatan a Birtaniya. Abu na biyu, a lokaci guda a duk faɗin Turai fara juyin juya halin. Na farko shi ne a birnin Paris, inda discontented bourgeoisie hambarar Louis-Philip na, wanda infringed ta 'yancinta.

Wannan misali ya zama m, ko da yake da ƙarfin da Turanci Chartists sun kasance da yawa kasa da cewa na Faransa arzikin masu arziki. Mutane da yawa shugabannin rashin amincewa motsi aka har yanzu a warwatse a cikin shekarun baya. Saboda haka, duk a kan gaba Yarjejeniya, wanda sake janyo hankalin miliyoyin sa hannu. A 1848 majalisar ƙaryata takarda sake, ko da yake, da kuma tafi da wasu asasshe kamar wuccin sokewa hatsi aikinsu da kuma tsara aiki sa'o'i a masana'antu.

Bayan 'yan shekaru da Birtaniya tattalin arzikin sake haura tudu. Disgruntled mu rasa himma da da ewa ba zirga-zirga Chartists sun ɓãci. Hakika, da matsaloli na ma'aikatan sun ba da bãya. Ma'aikata na ci gaba da yaki domin 'yancinsu, amma a wasu hanyoyi da aka ba alaka Chartism.

motsi darajar

Mene ne sakamakon gwagwarmayar da Chartists domin su 'yancin for shekaru goma? A 1842, majalisar ya gabatar da kudin shiga da haraji, da kuma daga baya soke aikinsu a waje hatsi, wanda rage farashin burodi. Babban nasarar da zanga-zanga za a iya gani a factory dokar. Yana da aka soma a 1847 da kuma gabatar da 10-hour workday ga mata da yara, wanda wani karamin, amma sauƙaƙewa ga proletariat.

Mutane da yawa masu bincike sun yi kokarin kirkiro abin da Chartism. A definition na wannan yunkuri sau da yawa ya bayyana shi a matsayin wani harbinger na kwadago, da wanda ya fara zuwa ya bayyana en sun mayar da biyu da rabi na XIX karni.

The darajar Chartism a gaskiyar cewa shi ya kasance wani alheri kwarewa ga proletariat a Ingila. Tun daga nan, da ma'aikatan san for tabbata game da hakkokin da suka koya don tsara kansu don kiyaye maslahar su.

Chartism da kuma Tarayyar Soviet

Musamman rare Chartism samu a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, wanda ya haifar da wani akidar magabaci daga cikin proletarian aji. Wurare da dama a litattafan na cikin gida da malamai da kuma tattalin arziki ya bayyana abin da Chartism. A definition wannan sabon abu a cikin Soviet kimiyya a layi tare da akidar Karl Marx hanya. Chartism aka dauke a matsayin irin prologue ga Tada proletarian aji.

Wannan Ingila shi ne na farko da kasar inda ma'aikatan suka fara don yin yaki domin 'yancinsu ta hanyar yanzu da hanyoyin. An misali ne m buga da kuma buga. Ma'aikata tsaya samar, da kuma wani lokacin ya zo ɓarna da gangan da hali da kuma lokacin da masana'antu kayan aiki purposefully hallaka.