Mene ne wani X-ray diffraction?

Wannan labarin ya bayyana irin wannan abu a matsayin X-ray diffraction. Ya yi bayani game da zahirin tushen wannan sabon abu da kuma ta aikace-aikace.

Technology cin gaban sabuwar kayan

Innovation, nanotechnology - Trend na zamani a duniya. News cike da rahotanni game da neman sauyi sabon kayan. Amma 'yan mutane gane abin da mai babbar bincike inji masana kimiyya bukatar haifar da akalla karamin kyautata a cikin data kasance fasahar. Daya daga cikin muhimman hakkokin mamaki da taimakawa mutane a cikinsa, - X-ray diffraction.

electromagnetic radiation

Don fara, ya kamata a bayyana cewa wannan electromagnetic radiation. Duk wani motsi cajin jikin halitta a kusa da kansa wani electromagnetic filin. Wadannan filayen pervade kewaye, har ma da injin na zurfin sarari ne ba free daga gare su. Idan a cikin irin wannan filin, lokaci-lokaci disturbances suke iya yada a sarari, suna kira electromagnetic radiation. Amfani da su bayyana Concepts kamar zango, mita da kuma samar da makamashi. Abin da makamashi lamirinsu bayyanannu, kuma da zango - nesa tsakanin m bulan (msl, tsakanin biyu m kololuwa). A mafi girma zango (kuma inganta mita), da ƙasa da makamashi. Ka tuna, wadannan Concepts bukatar bayyana abin da X-ray diffraction a takaice kuma a fili.

electromagnetic bakan

All iri-iri na electromagnetic haskoki daidai a kan wani musamman sikelin. Dangane da zango, rarrabe (daga mafi tsawo to guntu):

• igiyoyin rediyo.
• terahertz kalaman.
• infrared tãguwar ruwa.
• bayyane zango.
• ultraviolet zango.
• X-ray zango.
• gamma radiation.

Saboda haka, muna da sha'awar a cikin radiation yana da matukar kananan zango da kuma mafi girman makamashi (haka shi ne, wani lokacin kira wuya). Saboda haka, da muka zo da bayanin abin da X-ray diffraction.

Asalin da X-ray

A mafi girma da radiation makamashi, da wuya shi ne don samun shi artificially. Yada wuta, mutumin da ya karbi mai yawa infrared radiation, domin shi ne shi Canza wurin zafi. Amma cewa akwai wani X-ray diffraction a sarari tsarin, shi wajibi ne mai yawa aiki. Saboda haka, irin wannan electromagnetic radiation aka saki, idan da buga fitar da wani electron daga harsashi zarra, wanda ke da kusanci da core. Electrons suna located sama, neman su cika rami, su miƙa mulki da kuma samar da X-ray photons. Har ila yau a karkashin nauyi braking na cajin barbashi da ciwon nauyi (msl, electrons) samar da wadannan high makamashi haskoki. Saboda haka, X-ray diffraction a kan crystal raga yana tare da kashe kudi na wani babban isa adadin kuzari.

A wani masana'antu sikelin, wannan radiation ne kamar haka:

1. A cathode fitarda electrons da high makamashi.
2. Lantarki fuskantar da anode abu.
3. Electron da cika fuska slows saukar (emits x-haskoki).
4. A wani yanayin, da electron darkãke retarding barbashi tare da wani low sarari suKe na zarra na anode abu, wanda kuma ya haifar da X-haskoki.

Shi ne kuma dole mu fahimci cewa, kamar wani electromagnetic radiation a X-ray na da iyaka. Ba sai an fada wannan radiation da ake amfani da yadu isa. Kowa ya sani cewa mai karye kashi ko samuwar a cikin huhu ake neman da taimakon X-haskoki.

Crystal tsarin

Yanzu mun zo kusa da abin da yake a hanya na X-ray diffraction. Don yin wannan, bayyana tsarin da m. A kimiyya, wani m jiki da aka kira wani abu a cikin wani crystalline jihar. Wood, lãka ko gilashi m, amma sun rasa babban abu: wani lokaci-lokaci tsarin. Amma lu'ulu'u da wannan ban mamaki dukiya. A sosai sunan wannan sabon abu ya ƙunshi ta ainihi. Da farko kana bukatar ka fahimci cewa a cikin crystal kwayoyin halitta suna kafe. Contact tsakanin su da wasu mataki na elasticity, amma su sun fi ƙarfina, don haka da cewa kwayoyin halitta iya matsar a cikin raga. Irin wannan aukuwa ne zai yiwu, amma da wani karfi waje tasiri. Alal misali, idan da karfe crystal tanƙwara, an kafa a aya lahani daban-daban: a wasu wuraren zarra ya fita daga wurin zama, forming matsayi, a cikin wasu - shi ne ya koma a daidai wuri, kafa wani aibi gabatarwar. A cikin Musulunci crystal hasarar da siriri crystal tsarin, shi ne sosai m, sako-sako da. Saboda haka, clip, wanda da zarar unbent, shi ne mafi alhẽri ba don amfani, kamar yadda da karfe rasa dũkiyõyinsu.

Idan kwayoyin halitta suna rigidly gyarawa, su ba za a iya positioned zumunta ga juna a bazuwar kamar yadda a taya. Dole ne su shirya kansu ta yadda za a rage girman da makamashi na hulda. Saboda haka, kwayoyin halitta aka shirya a raga. A kowane daga cikin iri-iri gabatar da wani m sa na atoms shirya a wani musamman hanya a cikin sarari, - a naúrar cell na ƙarau. Idan duk shi watsa shirye-shirye, wato, mu hada baki da juna da motsi a cikin wani shugabanci, da muka samu dukan crystal. Duk da haka, yana da daraja tuna cewa wannan shi ne - a model. Duk wani real crystal yana da lahani, da kuma gaba daya m translation ne kusan ba zai yiwu a cimma. Modern silicon memory abubuwa ne kusa da manufa lu'ulu'u. Duk da haka, su samar da bukatar babban yawa na makamashi da kuma sauran albarkatu. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, da masana kimiyya suna aikata Tsarin daban-daban, amma a matsayin mai mulkin, da kudin na samar da su shi ne ma mai girma. Amma bari mu ɗauka cewa dukan da lu'ulu'u ne manufa: in wani shugabanci guda kwayoyin halitta za a located a wannan nisa daga juna. Irin wannan tsarin da aka kira a raga.

Bincike na tsarin lu'ulu'u

Shi ne saboda wannan al'amari na iya zama X-ray diffraction a kan lu'ulu'u. A lokaci-lokaci tsarin lu'ulu'u sanya musu wasu daga cikin jirgin sama, a cikinsa mafi kwayoyin halitta, fiye da sauran kwatance. Wani lokaci wadannan da aka bã raga jirgin fasali, wani lokacin - da juna tsari na kwayoyin halitta. Kowane jirgin sama da ake sa ta nadi. Distance tsakanin jirage ne sosai kananan: na domin na dama angstroms (yi tunani angstroms - shi ne 10 ^-10 m ko 0.1 nanometer).

Duk da haka, da jirage a daya shugabanci a wani real crystal, ko da wani sosai kananan yawa. X-ray diffraction a matsayin hanyar amfani da wannan al'amari: duk da taguwar ruwa da canza shugabanci na jirage a daya shugabanci, an taƙaice, ba da fitarwa sigina ne bayyananne isa. Saboda haka masana kimiyya iya gane abin da yankunan da ake located a cikin crystal wadannan jirage, kuma aka yi hukunci a kan ciki tsarin da crystal tsarin. Duk da haka, kawai data bai isa ba. Bugu da kari ga kwana na son, bukatar sani da nisa tsakanin jirage. Ba tare da shi, za ka iya samun dubban daban-daban model na tsari, amma ba ya san ainihin amsar. A yadda masana kimiyya koyi game da nisa tsakanin jirage da za a tattauna a kasa.

diffraction sabon abu

Mun riga ya ba da jiki bisa abin da da X-ray diffraction a sarari raga na lu'ulu'u ne. Duk da haka, mun ba tukuna bayyana jigon da sabon abu na diffraction. Saboda haka, diffraction - a lankwasawa na taguwar ruwa (ciki har da electromagnetic) cikas. Wannan sabon abu ya zama alama a take hakkin da dokokin na mikakke kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, amma shi ba. An kakkarfan dangankata da tsangwama da kuma kalaman Properties, kamar photons. Idan hasken hanyar da daraja wani cikas, saboda diffraction na photons iya "gani" a kusa da kusurwar. Yadda nisa to karkacewa daga shugabanci na haske yaduwa mike ya dogara da girman da obstructions. Karamin da cikas, da karami ya zama da tsawon da electromagnetic kalaman. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa X-ray diffraction a kan guda lu'ulu'u da yin amfani da irin wannan gajeren wavelengths: nesa tsakanin jirage ne kadan, Tantancewar photons ne kawai ba "a samu ta hanyar" tsakanin su, da kuma kawai nuna daga cikin farfajiya.

Irin wannan ra'ayi ne gaskiya, amma an dauke ma kunkuntar a kimiyyar zamani. Don mika ta definition, kazalika da general ilmi ba hanyoyin bayyananen diffraction tãguwar ruwa.

1. Canje-canje a cikin sarari kalaman tsarin. Alal misali, kwana na da kalaman fadada daga cikin katako baza ko karkacewa daga kalaman yawan taguwar ruwa a wasu fi so shugabanci. Shi ne wannan aji na mamaki da alaka lankwasawa na raƙuman ruwa na cikas.
2. Fadada taguwar ruwa a bakan.
3. Canza rabuwa na raƙuman ruwa.
4. Chanza kalaman lokaci tsarin.

The sabon abu na diffraction, tare da tsangwama alhakin da cewa shugabanci na haske katako a kunkuntar rata a baya shi mu gani ba daya, amma da dama haske highs. The m mafi daga tsakiyar rata, da hakan da oda. Har ila yau, a lokacin da daidai halitta gwaji inuwar al'ada dinki allura (ta halitta bakin ciki) ne zuwa kashi da dama makada, cikinsa da allura daidai lura matsakaicin haske, ba m.

formula Bragg

Mun riga mun ambata cewa karshe siginar da aka kara da cewa daga dukkan x-ray photons cewa suna nuna daga cikin jirage da wannan gangare a cikin ƙarau. Amma daidai lasafta tsarin damar wani muhimmanci rabo. Ba tare da shi zai zama mara amfani X-ray diffraction. Bragg dabara kama da wannan: 2dsinƟ = nλ. A nan, d - da nisa tsakanin jirage da guda kwana na son, θ - zamewa kwana (Bragg kwana), ko kwana na abin da ya faru da jirgin saman, n - da oda na diffraction ganiya, λ - zango. Tun da an san daidai da yadda da X-ray bakan amfani ga bayanan saye da kwana a wadda haske da dama ne, wannan dabara ba ka damar yin lissafi da darajar d. Dan kadan sama mu ce cewa ba tare da wannan bayanai daidai samu tsarin da al'amari ne ba zai yiwu ba.

Modern amfani da X-ray diffraction

The tambaya: a cikin abin da lokuta bukatar wannan bincike, masana kimiyya sun ba da gaske an bincika duk duniya tsarin, da kuma watakila principally a samar da sabon abubuwa ba su unsa mutane, abin da irin sakamakon da suke so? Hudu martani.

1. Eh, za mu san wannan duniya tamu ne mai kyau isa. Amma a kowace shekara akwai sabon ma'adanai. Wani lokaci su ko da bayar da shawarar da tsarin zai yi aiki ba tare da X-haskoki.
2. Masana kimiyya da dama na kokarin inganta Properties na data kasance kayan. Wadannan abubuwa suna hõre daban-daban na magani (matsa lamba, zazzabi, lasers da kuma kama. D.). Wani lokaci a cikin tsarin don ƙara ko cire abubuwa daga gare ta. Fahimci abin ciki sake fasalin kudin a lokaci guda ya faru, za X-ray diffraction a kan lu'ulu'u.
3. Ga wasu aikace-aikace (msl, domin Laser aiki kafofin watsa labarai, memory cards, Tantancewar abubuwa na kallo tsarin) lu'ulu'u dole ne daidai tabbatar. Saboda haka, su ne tsarin gwada yin amfani da wannan hanya.
4. X-ray diffraction - wannan ne kawai hanyar da gano yadda da yawa kuma abin da ya faru a cikin kira bulan a multicomponent tsarin. Misalai na irin wannan tsarin zai iya zama a matsayin abubuwa da wani zamani yumbu fasaha. A gaban a ke so bulan iya haifar tsanani sakamakon.

sarari ayyuka

Mutane da yawa sun tambaye shi: "Me ya sa muke da wata babbar Observatory orbiting da Earth, me ya sa muke bukatar da Rover, idan bil'adama har yanzu bai warware matsalolin talauci da kuma yaki?"

Kowa zai iya samun su muhawara "domin" da "da", amma shi ne bayyananne cewa mutãne dole ne a mafarki.

Saboda haka, kallon taurari, yanzu muna iya cewa da tabbaci ba da muka sani game da su fiye da more kowace rana.

X-haskoki na matakai abin da ke faruwa a sarari, ba isa surface na duniya tamu, suna tunawa da yanayi. Amma wannan ɓangare na electromagnetic bakan yana mai yawa data on high-makamashi mamaki. Saboda haka, kayan aikin, karatu x-ray, ya kamata a sa a hayin Duniya falaki. A data kasance tashar a halin yanzu karatu da wadannan abubuwa:

• saurã daga supernova fashewar.
• da cibiyoyin taurari.
• neutron taurãri.
• baki ramuka.
• karo na m abubuwa (yawan taurari, kungiyoyin na taurari).

Abin mamaki, domin da dama ayyukan damar zuwa wadannan tashoshin yana samuwa ga dalibai da kuma ko da makaranta. Suka yi nazarin fito daga zurfin sarari na x-ray bim: diffraction, tsangwama, bakan zama batun da ban sha'awa. Kuma wasu sosai matasa masu amfani da sarari-tushen observatories yin binciken. A meticulous karatu zai iya, ba shakka, jayayya da cewa suna da wani abu kawai ya lokaci hotuna a high shawarwari don la'akari da lura da dabara bayani. Kuma ba shakka, da muhimmancin da samu, kamar yadda mai mulkin, kawai fahimtar tsanani falakin. Amma irin wannan hali suna yin ishãra zuwa matasa don tabbatar da cewa sadaukar da rayuwarsu ne wajen nazarin sararin samaniya. Kuma wannan shi ne burin da daraja su bi.

Saboda haka, a cimma Vilgelma Konrada Röntgen gano damar yin amfani da gagarumi ilimi da kuma damar da za ka cinye sauran duniyoyi.