Misalan inji na daban-daban styles. Original misalai na sabon gine

Duniya gine ɓullo da a karkashin dokokin na coci rinjaye. Na zama jama'a gine-gine duba quite fadin, yayin da haikalin bugi adonsa. A tsakiyar zamanai da coci da babba nufin cewa mafi girma da limaman samu daga jihar, a Bugu da kari, kyaututtuka na mutane zuwa cikin coci taskar. Tare da wannan kudi, da kuma majami'u da aka gina duk a kan Rasha. Misalai na} ungiyoyin gine na lokacin bar yawa da za a so. Duk da haka, tun da 18th karni, da halin da ake ciki, sun canja matu. Ikklisiya da kuma Cathedrals aka gina riga ba tare da dole ba alatu, amma komai a fili kadarori, sarki ya kasa gidaje da kuma ko da gine-gine a daraja farauta yankunan muhimmanci kara da tsaftacewa da kyakkyawa. Style gidaje, da gine gine-gine, tituna da kuma murabba'ai an ci gaba da inganta. Gine-ginen dauke da mafi daraja mutane.

Farkon Gothic style

Musamman misalai na zamanin d gine - wani babban coci, wanda aka gina daga tsakiyar 12th karni a arewacin yankunan na Faransa. The most Gothic babban coci da aka gina a Amiens, a 1220. Daga baya wannan Gothic babban coci gina a Jamus birnin Cologne, ta yi aka kammala a 1248.

A layi daya da Gothic a cikin 12th - 14th ƙarni ci gaba da Romanesque gine a tsakiyar zamanai. Italian gine-ginen don kafa wani gini da ganuwar m kauri, da gidan ne wajen kamar wani sansanin soja. Misalan Romanesque gine - gine kama soja kufaifan. Ƙananan bene ya kasance musamman karfi, da muhimman hakkokin, hawa na biyu kunshi hasumiya, da turrets, zagaye da rectangular a shirin, ƙanana da manyan. All hasumiya sun kunkuntar, high windows, dimbin yawa kamar battlements. Romanesque gine a tsakiyar zamanai har zuwa ya lokaci. Takaddama iyalan jousting da ake bukata ba zai iya zama mafi alhẽri dace domin tasiri kariya daga hare-hare na abokan gaba, da kuma iyali castle birãnensu don wannan manufa.

tsoho gine

A zamanin da, mai yawa da hankali da aka biya don gina jama'a gine-gine. Wadannan sun grand gine-gine tsara don kungiyar na taro nuna. Roman forum, tsara don dubban yan kallo, da tsoho Greek zuwa yanzu, shi ne mai babbar bude yankin cika da mutane a kullum, sana'a da kuma 'yan kasuwa. The gine na zamanin d Misira ya muhimmanci daban-daban daga Roman, na farko, da cewa Masarawa ba dubban jama'ar da suka hallara a wuri guda. Masar tarihi da aka kafe a cikin 15th karni BC, lokacin da gine-gine da aka na a matukar yanayi. Gine-gine da aka gina da farar ƙasa kuma ja yumɓun wuta. Game da styles kome aka san su da tsoho Masarawa suka ba su damu game da salo da gine-gine da kuma yadda za a gina gidaje sama don kauce wa ambaliyar ruwa daga ambaliya daga kogin Nilu.

yayi garantin

The gine na zamanin d Girkanci ya ga ya fi part mayar da hankali a kan gina Haikali gine-gine, wasu daga cikinsu sun kai mu lokaci. A hankali shi ya zama na fili da dama gine-gine styles:

• Doric - Features wani sauki, m siffofin, ko da wasu daga cikin nauyi-handedness. Doric ginshikan ne a kan surface da sarewa, da zurfin GROOVES, yana tsawaita daga m tushe da manya. A kwance Lines kan Doric - wannan architrave, wanda ta haɗu da shafi zuwa matakin na abacus, saman kara frieze kunsha na biyu yadudduka - triglyphs da metopes. Dukansu entablement wanda surmounts gezimsom, cornice da gagarumin m protrusion.

• Ionic domin - idan aka kwatanta da ponderous Doric daban-daban rabbai sauƙi. Babban alama na na ga ionic oda shi ne babban birnin na shafi-dimbin yawa biyu volute da nufin curls saukar. Ionic domin yana dauke da wani gine-gine da na mata style, kamar yadda ya mai ladabi da kuma kara kayan ado. Akwai domin a cikin VI karni BC, a Ionia, a arewa maso yamma Coast na Aegean Sea. A karni daga baya, shi shimfidawa cikin zamanin tsohuwar Girka. Babban gini a ionic style - shi ne mai Haikalin aljanna Hera a tsibirin Samos, gina a 570 KZ, kuma aka zarar halakãsu da tsãwa. Kuma mafi mai salo gini a ionic oda shi ne Haikalin Atamis a Afisa - daya daga cikin "Bakwai abubuwan al'ajabi na duniya."

• Corinthian domin - mafi yawan 'yan, daban-daban daga wasu musamman adonsa. Ginshiƙai a cikin kamanninsa da kuma entablature kama cututtuka na ionic domin, amma abacus da babban birnin kasar ne quite daban-daban. Corinthian style cike da ado, ta manya ba na fure kayayyaki a kan kewaye ne biyu layuka na acanthus ganye. Babban birnin kasar ma adorns yawa Lily volyutok.

"Palladianstva"

Farkon 18th karni da aka alama ta fitowan da wani sabon Trend in duniya al'ada - classicism. Regular siffar, bayyananne tsinkaya da rabbai - Waɗannan su ne babban sharudda na gine-gine da classicism. A aminci bin zamanin d style of haikali gine-gine, da Venetian master Palladio da dalibi Scamozzi substantiate ka'idarsa na zamanin d classicism. Rukunan da aka kira "palladianstva" kuma suka yadu a yi amfani da gina zaman kansa gidaje. Style "classicism" a gine tabbatar da technologically m, kuma mai amfani-friendly cikin sharuddan zane da kuma gina gine-gine.

Sunset gine "Baroque"

Kamar yadda ya juya waje, da kudin na gine-gine gina a cikin sabon salon, ya muhimmanci ƙananan. Gine-gine bambanta brevity, "Amma Yesu bai guje cream" Late Baroque abu da suka gabata, tare da tsakaitã classicism-axial abun da ke ciki da kuma daraja hani ado ana samun magoya. Turai connoisseurs na gine-gine Masterpieces sun kasance a shirye ta yi watsi da Baroque kuma Rococo a cikin ni'imar da bẽne, tare da bayanin kula da ilimi, tsaurara, kuma m classicism.

Lokaci guda, da dama gidaje gina a karkashin shugabanci na Andrea Palladio, cikin shahararrun daga abin da yake da fadar "Rotonda" kusa Vicenza. Style "classicism" da sauri tsiwirwirinsu Popularity a gine. Paris ne a zahiri flooded tare da yi. Karkashin Louis XV gina dukan gine-gine da gidaje, kamar wani Concorde. Kuma a zamanin mulkin Louis XVI "laconic classicism" shi ya zama wata babbar Trend a birane gine. Bayan da kisan Faransa King da kuma kifar da daular mulkinsu a 1793, Paris ya dogon gina up da ka da inconsistently.

The gine-gine da style na Empire

A cikin marigayi 18th karni classicism fara samun koma baya, bukatar gyara daga cikin dukan al'adun a general da kuma gine kamar yadda ta bangaren sassa.

A wuri na classicism zo da wani sabon salon a art da kuma gine, da ake kira Empire, wanda ya samo asali da kuma aka ɓullo da a Faransa, a zamanin mulkin Napoleon I. Ana zargin wani sabon Trend ne saboda a wani karamin sashi don dalilai na siyasa. Gwamnatin Napoleon Bonaparte kokarin gabatar da kansa da ake kira "na sarki" style of gine-gine, a lõkacin da ya bayyana a fili cewa classicism yana zuwa a kusa. Yadda kauri da kuma pompous Empire da kuma duk sauran styles na karni na 19th gine daidai daidai a cikin fadar agglomerates, amma da girmamawa da yake har yanzu a kan "sarauta" shugabanci.

A cikin Rasha Empire gine bayyana a zamanin Alexander I, wanda biyayya ga Faransa da al'adu da kuma tunani shi cancantar kwaikwayo na asali. Ba abin mamaki da sarki gayyace m daga Faransa, Auguste Montferrand, domin erection daga cikin shahararrun St. Ishaku Cathedral. Style a gine - da Empire - ya ba uniform a cikin tsari, shi ya kasu kashi da St. Petersburg da kuma Moscow da kuma dade har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19th. Bugu da kari a St. Ishaku Cathedral, gina a 1858, a St. Petersburg akwai wani fitacciyar a cikin "sarauta" style ne Kazan Cathedral Andrei Voronikhin, kuma a Moscow "nasara Arch". Rasha style a gine Empire - a talatin da shekaru, da gina gaske Masterpieces.

Gine-gine da jan hankali na St. Petersburg

Daya daga cikin mafi bayyanar birane a duniya na gine-gine da muhimmanci shi ne birnin St. Petersburg, da Northern Capital na Rasha. Saboda da gaba da Rasha da kuma kasashen yammacin Turai birane shiryawa kwarewa a cikin XVIII - XIX ƙarni, a St. Petersburg, a musamman conglomerate da aka kafa. A birni ne wakilta goma sha biyar daban-daban gine-gine styles, jitu polyphony wanda Halicci musamman hoto na taro da dama tarihi lokaci a cikin daya. Iyakokin epochs ba fili alama, "Heart", amma duk da ãyõyin baya ne ba.

Petersburg gine hada da takwas yankunan da suke da rinjaye:

• Baroque "Peter", farkon na 18th karni.
• Baroque "Elizabeth", tsakiyar 18th karni.
• Gothic, rabi na biyu na 18th karni.
• classicism, karshen 18th karni.
• Rasha Empire, farkon karni na 19th.
• Renaissance, na tsakiyar karni na 19th;
• eclectic, rabi na biyu na karni na 19th;
• Art Nouveau, farkon karni na 20th.

Bitrus Baroque - mai tuba Italiyanci da kuma Faransa Baroque. Da dama Artsy style aka yi marhabin da Bitrus I, kuma ayarinsa. Duk da haka, da lokacin da heyday na Baroque, ya m, da yawa yaƙe-yaƙe lalatar taskar. Gina sabon gine-gine underfinanced, kuma shi da wani tasiri a kan su quality. A Baroque style aka kaddamarda kawai a kan facades, accentuated babban fasali na gine-gine da yayi: da pediments, pilasters da volutes, da spiers a kan rufin. A ciki aka kõma a kan tushen da suite, shi muhimmanci rage kudin da yi. Petrine Baroque mamaye a St. Petersburg daga 1703 zuwa 1740, bayan rasuwar sarki a 1725 Activity karkashin kwangilar zuwa Turai gine-ginen ki, amma aikin ci gaba ga wata shekaru 15.

Wanda ya hau gadon sarautar, a 1741 'yar Bitrus I Elizabeth nema ya tara wuri ɗaya ikon, a Bugu da kari, ta kasance wani baƙo don alatu, ƙawa, sumptuous idodi da bukukuwa. The gine na birane sprawl a zamanin Elizabeth ya zama da aka gano pomposity da pretentiousness, don haka abin da kanta tashi style "Elizabethan Baroque". Babban m da lokaci ya Bartolomeo Rastrelli, wanda Ya halitta a fitacciyar gine na duniya muhimmanci - da Winter Palace, dake a cikin Palace Square, wanda aka sanshi da "hermitage" kamar yadda wani gidan kayan gargajiya.

List of gine-gine, gina a zamanin Elizabeth da Baroque:

• Anichkov Palace (1741 - 1753).
• Summer Dvorets Elizavety (1741 - 1744), ba a kiyaye su.
• Grand Peterhof Palace (1745 - 1762).
• Ekateringofsky Palace (1747 - 1750), ba a kiyaye su.
• Smolny Cathedral, gina a St. Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
• Vorontsov Palace, St. Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
• Tafiya Palace a kan Tsakiya Slingshot (1751 - 1754), ba a kiyaye su.
• A Catherine Palace a Tsarskoye Selo (1752 - 1758).
• Stroganov Palace, Nevsky Prospect (1753 - 1754).
• Nicholas-Epiphany Sojan Ruwa Cathedral (1753 - 1762).
• House Shuvalov a kan Italian titi (1753 - 1755).
• Winter Palace (1754 - 1762).
• Mansion Yakovleva (1762 - 1766), ba a kiyaye su.

Gothic a St. Petersburg

A birni a kan Neva ne daya daga cikin mafi musamman birane a duniya a cikin abin da al'ada ne sai bambancin. Gothic gine bayyana a St. Petersburg a 1777, shi ne Chesma Palace da kuma Chesma Church. Kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da "Bitrus Baroque", wadannan Tsarin ba da cikakken hadu da style. Gothic abubuwa ayyuka kamar yadda na waje kayayyakin aiki - facades, arches, mahara turret, high spiers. Qazanta Tsarin gine-gine yi amfani da wani Saukake makirci. A gaskiya, shi ya na karya, duk da haka, a cikin karni na 19th a manyan yawan majami'u da kuma wadanda mutane gine-gine da aka gina.

The gine-gine da style of "classicism" an ci gaba a cikin lokaci daga 1760 zuwa shekara ta 1780. Petersburg a lokacin da aka shirya ga wani canji. Building, gina a cikin gargajiya style, dace da daidai a cikin birane wuri mai faɗi. Daga cikin mafi mashahuri gine-gine ne da wadannan:

• "Imperial Academy of Fine Arts", gina a kan Vasilevsky Island a 1764 -1788 shekaru.
• Yusupov Palace (1771-1773).
• A Rataye gidãjen Aljanna na Kananan hermitage (1764-1775).
• Armenian Church (1771-1776).
• Marmara Palace (1768-1785)
• Tauride Palace (1783-1789).
• Mining Cibiyar da Empress Catherine (1806-1808).

Classicism ya riga shi zuwa na ziyartar St. Petersburg na Rasha Empire. The canji na shugabanci ya faru kada a gane shi. Duk da yake da gine-gine da style na Empire ya a bukatar a Faransa a matsayin wani ɓangare na m canji faruwa a cikin kasar. Yana nuna burinsu na Napoleon da kuma zama wata alama ce sabon rai ga Faransa. A Rasha Empire maye gurbin da classicism, kome ba. Petersburg gine ci gaba da da kansa dokoki. A gagarumin tasiri a kan ta samuwar da wani Faransa al'adu.

Architecture & Photography

Gina gidajen zama da kuma sacral, gidan gona gidaje da majami'u, da gidajen kurkuku da kuma ofisoshin kasance a gida. Duk wani tsarin wanda yake dacewa da rayuwar al'umma da ya yi gine-gine fasali. Wasu daga cikin gidajen da aka gina a cikin m daidai da ilmi na ginin dokoki, da m sau da yawa gudanar ya cimma m results. Masterpieces na gine-gine da art ya ƙulla, saboda hotuna ba tukuna wanzu. Photo art ya haifar da suka fara samar kawai a farkon rabin karni na 19th. Duk da haka, ba nan da nan iya maye gurbin image a photo. Architecture - shi ne ko da yaushe a wajen hadaddun hoto, tare da da yawa inuwõwi da sautunan da al'ada ba su ba su da daguerreotype, a kan farantin na'am kawai lebur tabo tare da dabara contours. Kuma da artists ci gaba da zana.

Amma da shekaru wuce, da inganta hoto, sa'an nan ya zo da lokacin da wani gini da aka yi zai yiwu a dauka. Architecture, aptly classic, shi ne "daskararre music", kuma da yawa son music adana a kan memory a cikin nau'i na hotuna. Mutane shirya kai kan bango na nasu gidajensu ko kokarin janye kusa da wasu shahararrun gine-gine. Daban-daban styles na gine-gine, wanda da hotuna da gida dauke da kyau da tsari, da ya zama mashahuri. A farkon zamanin daukar hoto, mafi hotuna sun ko dai iyali, ko da images of gine-gine.

Styles gine da misalai

Misalai na gine-gine da dama styles, kõwane ɗaya daga cikinsu yana da wasu siffofin da faye hali yankin, wani hali da ikon mallakar da kuma lokaci lokaci a cikin abin da wannan gini da aka gina.

Dabam, cikin shahararrun styles na gine iya samar kankare misalai:

• Empire - "Arch of Gaba Staff" a St. Petersburg ta Palace Square (1819 - 1829), m Carlo Rossi.
• classicism - "Triniti Cathedral a Alexander Nevsky sufi" (1776 - 1790), da m na haihuwa. St. Petersburg.
• Gothic - "Sevastyanov House" (1863 - 1866), m epilepsy, Ekaterinburg.
• Baroque - "Stroganov Palace" a St. Petersburg, a kan Nevsky Prospect (1752 - 1754), m Rastrelli.
• Renaissance - The Cathedral "Santa Maria del Fiore" a Florence (1417 - 1436), m Brunelleschi.
• Nouveau - "House na Singer" a St. Petereburge (1902 - 1904), m Suzor.

Misalai na gine-gine ya shaida ga ci gaban daban-daban nau'o'i a kan ƙarni.

Original misalai na yau gine

Yau, cikin duniya yana da isasshen m gine-ginen da suka magance ultramodern kayayyaki. Sauran ayyukan ne zalla utilitarian hali, amma akwai wadanda za a iya kira asali. Alal misali, a kasar Japan, a Vogue a gida a kan bukukuwa. Kamar yadda ƙasar mafitar rãnã ne girgizar ƙasa, da Japan gine-ginen fara kafa gidaje a manyan bukukuwa sanya na sosai m abu. Saboda haka, a lokacin da girgizar kasa gidan kawai ya fara lilo, da hawa da sauka aftershocks ba zai iya yi wata cũta a gare shi.

Akwai asali gine-gine, wanda su ne sakamakon m zane ra'ayoyin. Shahararren Spanish birnin Barcelona, wadda aka gaskiya ranked farko a duniya a yawan asali gine-gine, da gine-ginen, Mun halitta wani fitacciyar. Wannan gidan, flipped "juye". A tsarin tsaye a kan rufin kuma ta m so yawon bude ido.