MISALI nonpolar covalent bond. Covalent bond iyakacin duniya da kuma nonpolar

A muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sinadaran matakin na kungiyar na duniya taka Hanyar sadarwa ginannun gaɓũɓuwa, tsakanin mahadi. Mafiya yawan sauki abubuwa, wato nonmetals ne nonpolar covalent mahada type, fãce da inert gas. Karafa a m siffar da musamman sadarwa Hanyar cewa an gane da socialization na free electrons a crystal raga.

Duk da hadaddun abubuwa (sai dai wasu kwayoyin) ne iyakacin duniya covalent sinadaran shaidu. Nau'in da misalai daga wadannan mahadi aka tattauna a kasa. A halin yanzu, sani da halaye na zarra rinjayar da sadarwa rabuwa.

electronegativity

Kwayoyin halitta, kuma mafi musamman da ginshikin (wanda, kamar yadda muka sani, suna lallai cajin), suna da ikon jawo hankalin da kiyaye da electron yawa, musamman, da samuwar sinadaran shaidu. Wannan dukiyar da aka kira electronegativity. A lokaci-lokaci Table da darajar tsiro a lokuta da babban abubuwa na subgroups. Electronegativity darajar ne ba ko da yaushe akai da kuma na iya bambanta, misali, canza irin hybridization, wanda shiga atomic orbitals.

Chemical shaidu, iri da kuma misalai na wanda aka jera a kasa, kuma mafi musamman, da sarrafawa ko m kawar da wadannan lambobi zuwa daya daga cikin dauri mahalarta da aka bayyana ta da electronegative halayyar wani musamman kashi. Hijira faruwa ga zarra, wanda shi ne karfi.

Nonpolar covalent bond

"Formula" nonpolar covalent Hadin sauki - biyu sunadaran guda hali ake hada tare a wani biyu daga electrons da valence bawo. Irin wannan wata biyu da aka kira a raba, saboda shi nasa duka jam'iyyun daidai nauyin. Shi ne ta hanyar socialization electron yawa a cikin nau'i na biyu na electrons, atoms matsawa a cikin barga jihar, tun da cikakken su m electron matakin, da kuma "bane" (ko "doublet" a cikin hali na mai sauki abu na hydrogen H _2, ya kawai S-orbital, domin kammala da bukatar biyu electrons) - a jihar na waje matakin, to wanda dukkanin sunadaran, kamar yadda yayi dace da ciko da jihar tare da m makamashi.

Wani misali da wani maras iyakacin duniya covalent bond ne a cikin inorganics kuma, m kamar yadda na iya sauti, amma kuma a cikin kwayoyin sunadarai, ma. Wannan irin connection ne ga kowa da kowa sauki abubuwa - maras karafa wasu fiye da daraja gas, kamar yadda valence matakin na inert gas zarra, kuma ya riga ya kammala bane na electrons, sabili da haka tare da irin wannan dauri kanta tana babu ma'ana ga shi, har ma da kasa energetically m. A ba-polarity kwayoyin halitta samu a wasu musamman tsarin da kwayoyin da ke matukar.

Covalent iyakacin duniya bond

MISALI nonpolar covalent bond iyakance zuwa 'yan kwayoyin da wani sauki abu, yayin da mahadi dipoles a cikin abin da electron yawa da aka partially canja zuwa ga wani ƙarin electronegative kashi, - wani saran rinjaye. Duk wani hade da kwayoyin halitta da daban-daban electronegativity darajar yana iyakacin duniya bond. A musamman, saboda da kwayoyin halitta - a iyakacin duniya covalent bond. Wani lokaci ionic inorganic oxides ne ma iyakacin duniya, da kuma salts na acid da kuma ionic bonding predominates irin.

Kamar yadda wani matsanancin hali na iyakacin duniya nauyin wani lokacin bi da ionic irin mahadi. Idan electronegativity na daya daga cikin abubuwa ne muhimmanci mafi girma fiye da sauran, wani electron biyu ne gaba daya canja daga sadarwar cibiyar cikinta. Saboda haka akwai wani rabo a cikin ions. Duk wanda Picks sama wani electron biyu, an tuba a cikin wani anion kuma sami wani mummunan cajin, da kuma asarar da wani electron - an canza kama zuwa wani cation da kuma zama tabbatacce.

Misalai na inorganic abubuwa da covalent bond irin wadanda ba na iyakacin duniya

Abubuwa da apolar covalent bond - shi ne, misali, duk da binary gas kwayoyin: hydrogen (H - H), oxygen (= Ya), nitrogen (a cikin kwayoyin 2 atoms nasaba sau uku bond (N ≡ N)). taya da m abubuwa: chlorine (CL - CL), fluoro (F - F), bromo (Br - Br), aidin (I - I). Har ila yau hadaddun abubuwa kunshi sunadaran daban-daban abubuwa, amma tare da guda ainihin darajar electronegativity, misali, phosphorus hydride - PH _3.

Organic da kuma wadanda ba na iyakacin duniya dauri

Fili a yalwace cewa duk kwayoyin halitta hadaddun. A tambaya shi ne, ta yaya za a yi wata nonpolar bond a wani hadadden al'amari? Amsar ne quite sauki, idan kadan ma'ana tunani. Idan electronegativity dabi'u alaka abubuwa bambanta dan kadan da kuma ba su halicci wani dipole lokacin a fili, irin dangane za a iya daukarsa ba iyakacin duniya. Wannan shi ne halin da ake ciki tare da carbon da hydrogen: duk C - H shaidu a cikin kwayoyin halitta suna dauke su ba iyakacin duniya.

MISALI nonpolar covalent bond - methane DNA, cikin sauki kwayoyin fili. Ya kunshi daya carbon zarra wanda bisa ga valence, da alaka da guda shaidu hudu hydrogen atoms. A gaskiya ma, cikin kwayoyin ba dipole, tun da babu wani cajin sarrafawa a wani abu da kuma a kudi na tetrahedral tsarin. A electron yawa da aka rarraba a ko'ina.

Wani misali da wani maras iyakacin duniya covalent bond ne a mafi hadaddun kwayoyin mahadi. An gane a kudi na mesomeric effects, cewa shi ne, m Pull electron yawa, wanda da sauri bice ta carbon sarkar. Saboda haka, a cikin kwayoyin hexachloroethane bond C - C nonpolar saboda ja uniform electron yawa shida chlorine kwayoyin halitta.

Sauran iri shaidu

Bugu da kari wani covalent bond, wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, za a iya za'ayi a kan bayarwa-Mai karɓar inji, akwai ionic, ƙarfe da kuma hydrogen shaidu. Brief halaye penultimate biyu gabatar a sama.

Hydrogen bond - ne electrostatic intermolecular hulda, wanda zai iya faruwa idan akwai zarra a cikin kwayoyin da kuma wani na hydrogen da ciwon unshared electron nau'i-nau'i. Wannan irin bonding ne yawa weaker fiye da wasu, amma saboda gaskiyar cewa abu na wadannan shaidu za a iya kafa sosai, na taimaka muhimmanci ga kaddarorin da fili.