Mummunar cosmonauts: sunayen, tarihin rayuwa

A tarihin nazarin sararin samaniya, da rashin alheri, mai cike da ba kawai da meteoric Yunƙurin, amma mai tsanani fall. Matattu 'yan saman jannati, ba tashin gwauron zabi ko unexploded makamai masu linzami, ban tausayi hadari - duk da wannan ne ma mu al'adunmu, da kuma manta game da shi - sai goge daga tarihi na duk waɗanda suka sani kasai da ransa domin kare kanka da ci gaba, kimiyya da kuma makoma mai kyau. Yana game da auku heroes of Tarayyar Soviet Space mu tattauna a wannan talifin.

Space a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

Har karni na 20th spaceflight gabatar da wani abu quite dama. Amma riga a 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky sa a gaba da ra'ayin tashi zuwa sararin sama a kan wani roka. Daga wannan lokacin a kan kunno kai sarari shirin a cikin wani nau'i a cikin abin da muka san shi a yau.

A cikin Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta 1933, dangane da Keldysh Research Center (RNII) a nazarin jet propulsion. Kuma a shekarar 1946 ya fara aiki a hade tare da roka.

Duk da haka, kafin mutum na farko shawo Duniya ta faduwa kasa, kuma ya bayyana a cikin halittu, shi ya dauki wani 'yan shekaru da shekaru. Kada ka manta game da kura-kuran da cewa kudin rayuwar verifiers. Na farko shi ne matattu cosmonauts. Kamar yadda na aikin data, akwai kawai biyar daga cikinsu, gami da Yuri Gagarin, wanda, tsananin magana, bai mutu ba, a sarari, da kuma bayan ya dawo Duniya. Duk da haka, xan sama jannatin yarda mutuwa kamar yadda a cikin gwaje-gwaje a matsayin soja matukin jirgi, wanda ya yale mu mu yi da shi a cikin jerin kuma gabatar a nan.

Komarov

Soviet cosmonauts wanda ya mutu a sarari, tare da sanya kome kwantantuwa taimako ga ci gaban kasar su. Irin wannan mutum ya Vladimir Komarov - cosmonaut da m-kanar, wanda aka bayar da lakabi na Hero na Tarayyar Soviet. An haife shi a Moscow a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1927. Ya kasance memba na farko a cikin tarihin duniya na sarari jirgin da kuma ne shugabansu. Sau biyu a cikin sarari.

A 1943, gaba jannati kammala karatunsa shekaru bakwai, sa'an nan ya shiga cikin Air Force musamman makaranta, so su koyi da sana'a na matukin jirgi. Ya gama da shi a cikin shekara ta 1945, sa'an nan ya tafi zuwa ga dalibai na Sasovo Aviation School. Kuma a cikin wannan shekara ya aka shigar da shi Borisoglebsk Higher Soja Aviation School.

Bayan samun digiri a 1949, Komarov soja kurum marar a Air Force, kuma ya kasance wani jirgin saman soja matukin jirgi. Kan ƙungiyarsu aka located in Grozny. Ga ya gana da Valentina, wani malamin makaranta wanda ta zama matarsa. Ba da da ewa, Vladimir zama wani babban jami'in matukin jirgi, kuma a shekarar 1959 ya sauke karatu daga Air Force Academy kuma samu a rarraba a cikin Air Force Cibiyar. A nan ne ya aka zaba domin na farko rukuni na cosmonauts.

Tashi a sarari

Don amsa wannan tambaya, da yawa 'yan saman jannati aka kashe, dole ne ka farko haskaka da sosai jigo na jirgin.

Saboda haka, da farko jirgin cikin sarari Komarova ya faru a kan wani sararin "Voskhod" Oktoba 12, 1964. Ya na farko Multi balaguro cikin duniya: da ƙungiya kuma hada da likitoci da injiniyoyi. Jirgin dade 24 hours da aka kammala cikin nasara saukowa.

Na biyu kuma na karshe jirgin Komarova ya faru a kan dare daga 23 zuwa 24 Afrilu 1967. A cosmonaut aka kashe a lokacin kammala jirgin: a lokacin da gangaren babban laima bai yi aiki ba, da kuma kayayyakin madauri nada saboda nauyi juyawa daga cikin na'urar. A jirgin buga ƙasa da kuma fashe a cikin harshen wuta. Saboda haka saboda wani m hatsari Vladimir Komarov mutu. Shi ne na farko cosmonaut mutu. A masa mutunci aka gina wani gini a Nizhny Novgorod da kuma tagulla fasa a Moscow.

Gagarin

Waɗannan duka su ne 'yan saman jannati matattu kafin Gagarin, bisa ga hukuma kafofin. Wannan shi ne, a gaskiya, to daya kawai jannati Gagarin mutu a cikin tarayyar Soviet. Duk da haka, Gagarin ne ya fi shahara Soviet cosmonaut.

Yuri A., Soviet cosmonaut, an haife ni a Maris 9, 1934. Ya ciyar da yara a kauyen Kashino. Ya tafi makaranta, a 1941, amma kauyen mamaye ta Jamus dakarun, da kuma nazarin da aka katse. Kuma a cikin Gagarin iyali gida SS halshen bitar masu kori cikin titi. Kawai a 1943 a kauyen da aka saki, da kuma nazarin Yuri ci gaba.

Gagarin sa'an nan ya shiga a shekarar 1951 a Saratov koleji, inda ya fara halartar Sahihi Club. A shekarar 1955 ya aka girke a cikin sojojin da kuma aika zuwa ga sufurin jiragen sama School. Bayan samun digiri, ya yi aiki a cikin Air Force, kuma a shekarar 1959 ya tashi game da 265 hours. Ya samu title na soja matukin jirgi na uku aji da kuma daraja da leftana.

Da farko jirgin da mutuwa

Mummunar 'yan saman jannati - mutane sun Masani game da hadarin da bi, amma amma duk da haka ba su daina su. Kuma Gagarin, mutum na farko a cikin sararin samaniya, kasai da ransa kafin ya zama wani jannati.

Duk da haka, da damar zama na farko ya ba miss. 12 ga watan Afrilu 1961, Gagarin ya tashi a wani roka "Vostok" sarari Airfield Baikonur. Jirgin dade 108 minti kuma ya ƙare tare da nasara saukowa kusa da garin Engels (Saratov yankin). Kuma wannan ya kasance da rana domin dukan ƙasar a kan Cosmonautics Day, wanda aka yi bikin a yau.

Domin duk duniya ta farko jirgin ya da m taron, da kuma matukin jirgin, suka aikata shi, da sauri ya zama shahararren. Gagarin ziyarci Bisa goron gayyatar da fiye da talatin kasashen. A wadannan shekaru da aka alama ta post-jirgin sama jannati don aiki zamantakewa da siyasa da ayyukan.

Amma nan da nan Gagarin ya mayar da jagorantar kungiyar na jirgin sama. Wannan shawarar juya ta zama mai ban tausayi a gare shi. Kuma a 1968, Maris 27, an kashe shi ne a lokacin horo jirgin a cikin Matuka jirgin na MiG-15 UTI. Sanadin da hadarin ne har yanzu ba a sani ba.

Duk da haka, 'yan saman jannati wanda ya mutu ba za a manta da su kasar. A ranar da Gagarin ta mutuwa a kasar da aka makoki. Kuma daga baya a kasashe daban-daban mun kafa wani yawan Monuments da farko cosmonaut.

Volkov

Vladislav Nikolaevich Volkov - Soviet cosmonaut. An haife shi a Moscow a shekarar 1935, a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba.

Future jannati sauke karatu daga Moscow makaranta yawan 201 a 1953, bayan da ya shigar da Moscow sufurin jiragen sama Cibiyar da kuma samu sana'a electromechanical injiniya a lura da roka. Ya je wurin aiki a cikin CB Sarauniya da kuma taimaka a cikin halittar sarari fasaha. A lokaci guda ya fara halartar Darussan wasanni matukan jirgi tashi kulob din a Kolomna.

A shekarar 1966, Volkov zama memba na cosmonaut kungiyar soja, da kuma bayan shekaru uku sanya ta farko jirgin a kan "Soyuz-7" a cikin rawar da wani jirgin m. Jirgin dade 4 days, 22 hours da minti 40. A shekara ta 1971, akwai wani biyu da kuma karshe jirgin Volkova, a cikin abin da ya yi aiki a matsayin wani injiniya. Bayan Vladislav Nikolaevich The tawagar kunshi Patsaev da Dobrovolsky, wanda muka tattauna a kasa. Lokacin fara hawan jirgin faru depressurization, da kuma duk jirgin mahalarta mutu. Matattu cosmonauts aka cremated da su toka sanya shi a cikin Kremlin bango.

Dobrowolski

Cafe Timofeevich Dobrovolsky, daga abin da muka ambata, an haife shi a Odessa a 1928, a kan 1 Yuni. A matukin jirgi, xan sama jannatin da kuma Air Force kanar, aka posthumously bayar da muƙamin Hero na Tarayyar Soviet.

A lokacin yakin ya kasance a kan shagaltar da ƙasa na Romanian hukumomi da kuma aka kama domin mallaki makamai. Ga wani laifi ya aka yanke masa hukumcin shekaru 25 a kurkuku, amma da yan unguwa gudanar ya fanshe. Kuma bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu Georgy Dobrovolsky shiga cikin Odessa makaranta Air Force. A wannan lokacin bai san abin da rabo jiran shi. Duk da haka, 'yan saman jannati, rasa a sarari, kazalika da matukan jirgin, a gaba a shirya a mutuwa.

A shekara ta 1948 Dobrowolski ya dalibi a soja makaranta na Chuguev, kuma bayan shekaru biyu ta fara bauta a cikin Soviet Air Force. A lokacin da sabis, ya sauke karatu daga Academy na Air Force. Kuma a shekarar 1963 ya zama memba na cosmonaut kungiyar soja.

Da farko da na karshe jirgin fara Yuni 6, 1971 a kan jirgin cikin "Soyuz-11" a cikin rawar da sojoji. A 'yan saman jannati sun ziyarci da sarari "Solutia-1" tashar, inda suka kashe wani bit na gudanar da bincike. Amma a lokacin da zai dawo zuwa ga Duniya da shi ya faru, kamar yadda riga aka ambata a sama, da depressurization.

Matsayin aure da lada

Matattu 'yan saman jannati ne ba kawai heroes of kasar, wanda ya ba da ransa a gare ta, amma mutumin da ke da' ya'ya maza, mazansu da kuma kakanninsu. Bayan rasuwar Georgy Dobrovolsky marayu 'ya'yansa biyu mata, Marina (1960 p.) Kuma Natalia (1967 p.). Daya hagu da gwauruwa ta gaske na gwarzo, Lyudmila Stebleva, koyarwa a babban makaranta. Kuma idan ka gudanar ya tuna da Babbansu 'yar mahaifinsa, ƙarami, wanda shi ne kawai 4 years old a lokacin auka daga cikin kwantena bai sani ba.

Bugu da kari ga suna Hero na Tarayyar Soviet Dobrovolsky ya aka bayar da Order of Lenin (posthumously), "Gold Star" ya samu lambar "Ga Service a yakin". Bugu da kari, da sunan cosmonaut duniya yawan 1789 aka mai suna, ya bude, a 1977, a Lunar bakin dutse da kuma bincike jirgin.

Har ila yau a wannan rana, tun shekara ta 1972, akwai wani hadisin yi wasa Dobrovolsky Cup, wanda aka bayar da mafi kyaun Jump a kan trampoline.

Patsaev

Saboda haka ta ci gaba da amsa tambaya, ta yaya mutane da yawa 'yan saman jannati kashe a sarari, mu matsa zuwa na gaba Hero Wadanda mutane Union. Viktor Ivanovich Patsaev haife shi a Aktobe (Kazakhstan) a shekara ta 1933, a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni. An sani mutumin da ya zama a duniya ta farko cosmonaut, wanda ya yi aiki a waje cikin yanayin duniya. Ya mutu tare da Dobrovolsky da Volkov da aka ambata a sama.

Victor ta mahaifinsa ya auku a fagen yaƙi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Kuma da iyali bayan da yaki, aka tilasta su matsa zuwa Kaliningrad yankin, inda nan gaba farko cosmonaut tafi makaranta. Kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin memoirs na 'yar'uwarsa, da sarari zama sha'awar Victor riga - ya samu riƙe da "Journey ga Moon" by K. Tsiolkovsky.

A 1950 Patsaev zo a Penza Industrial Institute, wanda ya sauke karatu, kuma aka aiko zuwa ga Tsakiya babba-iska Observatory. A nan, sai ya rika bangare a cikin shiri na meteorological roka.

Kuma a shekarar 1958, Viktor Ivanovich canjawa wuri zuwa CB Sarauniya, a cikin zane sashen. A nan ne ya gana da auku Soviet cosmonauts (Volkov, Dobrovolsky da Patsaev). Duk da haka, kawai cosmonaut za a kafa a shekaru 10, a cikin wanda darajõji zai Patsaev. Ya horo zai šauki tsawon shekaru uku. Abin baƙin ciki, da farko jannati manufa ƙare a bala'i da mutuwa na daukacin ma'aikatan.

Ta yaya da yawa 'yan saman jannati kashe a sarari?

Wannan tambaya ba zai iya bayar da wani unambiguous amsar. Gaskiyar cewa wasu daga cikin bayanai a kan sarari manufa kasance classified zuwa wannan rana. Akwai da yawa da zaton da baki, amma kankare shaida haka yanzu babu wani wanda ya.

Kamar yadda ga hukuma bayanai, yawan mutuwar na cosmonauts da 'yan saman jannati na dukkan kasashe ne game da mutane 170. A mafi kyau da aka sani na su, ba shakka, wakilan tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka. Daga cikin karshen, shi ne daraja ambata Francis Richard, Michael Smith, Dzhudit Reznik (daya daga cikin na farko mata 'yan saman jannati), Ronald McNair.

wasu matattu

Idan kana sha'awar a cikin matattu 'yan saman jannati Rasha, a daidai lokacin da ba su wanzu. A wani lokaci tun da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet da kuma samuwar Rasha matsayin mai zaman kanta a jihar da aka ruwaito ba a guda hali na auka daga cikin kumbon sama jannati da kuma mutuwar ta ƙungiya.

Cikin wannan labarin, za mu yi magana game da wadanda suka mutu kai tsaye a sarari, amma ba za mu iya watsi da wadanda 'yan saman jannati suka yi ba yana da damar ya dauki kashe. Mutuwa ta kãma su, ko da a duniya.

Wannan ya Valentin Vasilevich Bondarenko, wanda yana daya daga wani rukuni na farko cosmonauts kuma ya mutu a lokacin horo. A lokacin ziyararsa a sudobarokamere inda xan sama jannatin yana da zama shi kadai domin game da kwanaki 10, da ya yi kuskure. Unfastened na'urori masu auna sigina bayar da rahoton da m aiki na jiki da kuma shafa tare da auduga ulu soaked a barasa sa'an nan ya jefa shi. Auduga ball buga da ja-zafi lantarki nada, haddasa wata wuta. Lokacin da kamara ke bude, xan sama jannatin yana da rai, amma bayan 8 hours mutu a Botkin Hospital. Mummunar 'yan saman jannati kafin Gagarin, saboda haka, sun hada da a cikin yan kungiya daya more mutum.

Duk da haka, Bondarenko zai kasance a cikin memory na gaba tare da sauran matattu 'yan saman jannati.