Ranar Tunawa ga wadanda ke fama da yunwa: tarihi da halaye

Ranar Tunawa da wadanda ke fama da Holodomor bikin yafi a zamani Ukraine, amma da hakkin da za su gudanar da irin wannan ayyuka da sauran jihohi. A musamman, da yunwa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, ya faru a 1932-1933., A gaskiya ya rufe ƙasa na Kazakhstan, da Arewa Caucasus, da Volga yankin, Western Siberia, Belarus da kuma Ukraine. A kalla wannan bala'i ya shafa Armenia da Azerbaijan, a gabacin Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin, kazalika da ƙasa na Moscow yankin da kuma kara arewa, ko da yake suna cinyewa, da kuma ba da samar da kayayyakin gona.

Yunwa a Rasha ya kasance 'yan sau a wani karni

A prerevolutionary Rasha ramammu shekaru ba a duk rare. Saboda haka, an yi imani da cewa rashin abinci da aka rubuta a 1880, 1892 (musamman ramammu shekara), 1891, 1897-1898., The wannan halin da ake ciki ya kasance a cikin 1901, 1905-1908, 1911 da kuma 1913 bi da bi. Amma ƙwaƙwalwar na Holodomor wadanda idan ba girmamawa, tun da, duk da mummunan girbin, salla jikkata da aka ba tsakanin yawan jama'a. Amma shi ya isa raguwa a rayuwa span saboda da amfani da surrogates, maimakon cikakken fledged samar. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa gwamnatin ta yi yunkurin dakatar da sakamakon amfanin gona maye ta hanyar halittar hatsi hannun jari da kuma na da bukatar da yunwa shekara. A musamman, wannan tsarin ne musamman da kyau-yi aiki a 1911.

Farko wanda aka azabtar da yunwa a karkashin Soviet gwamnatin

Da dama daban-daban halin da ake ciki ci gaba bayan da Great Oktoba Socialist juyin juya halin, wanda aka bishi da yakin basasa. Bugu da ƙari, cikin kifar da gwamnatin tsarist gabãta yakin duniya na farko. Saboda da rikicin na iko da hargitsi a cikin kasar, na farko da yunwa a Soviet sau da aka rubuta a 1921-1922, a lokacin da fashewa fari mai tsanani, wanda ya ƙarfafa data kasance ƙungiya da kuma soja matsaloli. Babban shafi yankunan su to, da Volga da Yuzhnyy Ural. Ranar tunawa da wadanda ke fama da Holodomor a wannan batun ba a shigar, ko da yake yawan mutanen da aka tana da ban sha'awa a Rasha - miliyan 5. A halin da ake ciki kuwa ya tsananta cewa Bolshevik gwamnatin dauki taimako na kasashen turai da kuma kama da yawa coci taskõkin karkashin inuwar na yunwa taimako.

The mutuwar mutane zargi da tsarin?

Memory na wadanda ke fama da Holodomor na 1932-1933 girmamawa musamman domin babu halitta abubuwan da ake bukata ga irin wannan halin da ake ciki a wannan lokaci - da shekaru, kamar yadda sun yi tsayayya da 1921 a shekarar 1946, ba su kasance bakarãriya. Saboda haka, mutuwa na miliyoyin mutane jin laifi game da kwaminisanci tsarin mulki (daidai da hukuma yarda version). Ya dogara ne a kan gaskiyar cewa Soviet gwamnati a 1927, masu tasowa, wani shirin kammala collectivization a aikin noma da ba} in hanyoyin, tun a 95% kaya acreage albarkatu lissafta game da rabi daga cikin pre-yaki matakin. A shirin na daga cikin matsin lamba a kan m manoma, wanda, bayan da aiwatar da ya kai ga cewa wani aiki wanda ake iya yi da matasa suka gudu zuwa cikin birni, da kuma game da miliyan 2 da ya fi na fasaha ma'aikatan da aka aika zuwa gabashin yankuna na kasar (inda yunwa bayyana minimally).

A lalata na "kulaks" ya jagoranci wani digo a cikin aiki da karfi, cancantar

Ranar tunawa da Holodomor ya shafa, da rashin alheri, zai iya lalle ne za a yi bikin a dangane da dogon-tsaye kuskure na Soviet jagoranci, saboda wannan siyasa ya haddasa wani gagarumin karancin daftarin ikon da kuma babban tabarbarewar a cikin sharadi selhoztruzhennikov shi a cikin mafi alamar yankuna na kasar ta 1931 dasa kakar. Rashin ingancin noma basira tsakanin sauran filin-baƙauye manoma ya nufi da cewa filayen da aka ba da abar kulawa (weeding ko aiko da Red Army), da kuma tarin aka rasa to daya cikin biyar na adadin amfanin gona.

Asarar da rabi daga cikin amfanin gona, da kuma miliyan biyu wadanda a Kazakhstan

Holodomor Memorial Day a Ukraine iya ba za a iya kafa idan, a 1932, cewa, a lokacin da Soviet jumhuriya, tsaye hagu game da 40 bisa dari na hatsin da. A daidai wannan lokaci kusan guda lamba (36%) rubuce a cikin kafofin for hleborobnyh da Lower da Upper Volga. Saboda haka, Ukraine ne damuwa cewa lokaci yana "yan'uwanmu sufferer" - Rasha, Belarus, Kazakhstan. A peculiarity na Ukraine ne da cewa yunwa na wadanda shekaru rufe kusan duk na da karkararta, don haka wasu na gida masana tarihi kuskure imani da cewa shi aka directed musamman a kan kisan kare dangi na Ukrainian al'umma. A Kazakhstan, inda ba su yi bikin ranar tunawa da Holodomor shafa a daidai wannan lokacin na karancin abinci mutu game 2 mutane miliyan, tare da kusan rabi daga cikin 'yan asalin mutane sa'an nan suka bar wurin zama da kuma matsawa zuwa wasu yankuna.

Karbo daga kayayyakin gona da aka tare da danniya

Lokacin da Ukraine bikin tunawa da Holodomor ya shafa? A ranar da wannan taron da aka kafa ta Shugaban kasar ukraine Leonid Kuchma da dama a kan na karshe Asabar na Nuwamba (1998). Daga 2000 zuwa yau, ba wai kawai girmama ƙwaƙwalwar na fama da yunwa, amma kuma ƙwaƙwalwar wadanda ke fama da danniya, wanda a cikin 30s na karni na 20th akwai da yawa a ko'ina cikin tsohon Tarayyar Soviet. A musamman, a 1932-1933, a lokacin da yunwa, shi da aka soma Law "A biyar da kunnuwa" a lokacin da starved ga kokarin samun kan filin 'yan stalks hatsi su iya su harba (fiye da dubu biyu da fatawar Tilasta) ko hukunta (game da kaso 52 000 mutane). Kuma shi ke duka faruwa a kan bango na m withdrawals kayayyakin gona da mafi tausayi hanyoyin. Mutane fitar, dukan tsiya, harbi, daskarewa, binne shi a rami a kan bel, azaba, tilasta sha ruwa gauraye da man kananzir, disorganized gidajensu da sauransu. Ta haka ne game da 593 ton na hatsi da aka samu.

Babbar bambancin da kima daga cikin matattu

Memory of wadanda ke fama da Holodomor a duk yankuna na kasashe da dama, an girmama yau kamar yadda sun kasance ma'abũta zumunta na wasu daga cikin rayayyu. Kuma abin da ke faruwa nan akwai kamata ba za a manta, saboda abubuwan da suka faru wadanda shekaru kasance fiye da ban tausayi. A Ukraine, a shekara ta 1933 adadin mutuwar a wasu yankuna kai dari bisa dari, wani yini ya mutu kafin 25 dubu, da kuma jummillar adadin mutanen da aka aka - a cewar daban-daban kimomi - daga miliyan 4.6 mutane (na Faransa masu bincike) zuwa goma da miliyan (bayani na Amurka Congress may a dukan na Tarayyar Soviet). A daidai Figures ne da kamar wuya ya zama da zarar aka sani da Soviet statistics daina rike da aka azabtar a watan Afrilu 1933, a lokacin da yawan kusata 2.42 mutane miliyan kawai a Ukraine. Bugu da kari, ya kiyasta cewa a cikin shekarun nan na yunwa aka haifa ba miliyan daya Ukrainian jariran.

Modern mutane su girmama ƙwaƙwalwar na Holodomor shafa. Photos of wadanda m shekaru sau da yawa nuna mana cannibals daga sassa daban daban na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet da ragowar su shafa. Total a Ukraine da aka rajista a hukumance (sake, har zuwa Afrilu 1933) game da 2500 aukuwa daga cin naman mutane (kisan for daga baya amfani) da kuma cin gawawwakin matattu. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru ya kamata ba za a maimaita, da fiye da haka a zamani gaskiya daruruwan miliyoyin mutane a duniya wahala kuma ya mutu daga tamowa.

Holodomor Memorial Day zuwa yanzu lokaci ya zama jera a topic for hasashe na daban-daban iri iri. Alal misali, Ukrainian Shugaban kasar Viktor Yushchenko bayar da wata doka da cewa yunwa a Ukraine (a wancan lokacin) da aka dauke su a kisan kare dangi, da kuma jama'a ta musu ne hukuncin dokar a matsayin ba bisa doka ba abu da nufin wulãkanci daga cikin Ukrainian al'umma, da cin mutumcin da memory na miliyoyin shafa. A ma'aikatar harkokin waje na Rasha Federation yi imanin cewa, da amincewa da yunwa kamar kisan kare dangi ne daya mai gefe, tun da abin ya shafa ba kawai Ukrainians, amma kuma da yawa wasu kasashe.

Ukrainians kawai girmama ƙwaƙwalwar na Holodomor shafa. 2014 ya ba togiya ga wannan - a birane da yawa sun shũɗe Game da ayyuka tare da kwanciya da furanni ga abin tunawa ga wadanda ke fama da wannan bala'i.

Ƙarin versions daga cikin Sanadin babban mace-mace kudi a 1932-1933.

Na yau da kullum nazarin cewa da wuya lokaci na Soviet tarihi sun rubuta quite wani m gaskiya - a cikin matattu mutane sun wani yawan waɗanda ba rasa wani kwarangwal Jihar yunwa, amma a maimakon haka, ƙwarai kumbura. Wannan shi ne wani alama na yunwa, a 1933, wanda ba ya faruwa ko dai a 1921 ko a shekarar 1946, ramammu shekaru, ko ma a kewaye Leningrad. Lokuta da kumburi faru ko a cikin iyalai tare da boye abinci da cewa ya kamata su magana game da lamba tare da abinci da gubobi samuwa a matsayin wani zaɓi - fungal asalin. A musamman, a cikin wadannan shekaru, a cikin filayen daga Gabashin Turai da aka hukuma da rubuta irin wannan cuta burodi a matsayin "tsatsa", wanda buga kafin rabin na amfanin gona a wasu yankunan, ciki har da Ukraine. Saboda haka watakila wasu mutane ba su mutu ba daga yunwa, kuma na maye sa da matalauta ingancin da girbi, cewa ba detract daga overall girma na bala'i. Memory of wadanda ke fama da Holodomor a Ukraine da kuma sauran tsohon Soviet jamhuriyoyin kamata yadda ya kamata tsayar da hanyar da cewa irin wannan abubuwan da suka faru taba faruwa ba a sake.