Na da zanen (takaice)

Tsakiyar zamanai sau da yawa kira duhu ciki. Yana da aka ciyar da addini yaƙe-yaƙe, ayyukan da Inquisition, matalauta magani. Duk da haka, tsakiyar zamanai ya bar yawa Monuments na al'ada, m zuriyarsa. Architecture da sassaka ba yana tsaye har yanzu: kunsawa fasali na lokacin, sũ, sun ɓatar to sabon styles da yayi. Tare da su, mãsu tsayin tafiya da kuma zanen da tsakiyar zamanai. Game da shi, kuma tattauna a yau.

A kusa da hadin gwiwa

Tun da XI zuwa XII karni a duk Turai art mamaye da Romanesque style. Basic magana ya samu a gine. Domin ikkilisiyai na lokaci halayyar uku, a kalla biyar-sojan ruwa Basilica tsarin, kunkuntar windows cewa ba ba da haske ƙwarai. gine na wannan zamani ne sau da yawa ake kira dismal. Romanesque style a cikin zanen na tsakiyar zamanai kuma siffofi da wasu tsanani. Kusan gaba ɗaya m al'ada aka kishin addini batutuwa. Kuma Allah ayyukan Zagayawar a wani wajen barazana iri cewa ya gana da ruhun sau. Masters ba sukan tashi ba to kai da cikakken bayani game da wasu abubuwan da suka faru. A mayar da hankali da su da hankali ya mai alfarma ma'anar, don haka na da zanen, da tsayawa a takaice a cikin cikakken bayani, na farko na dukkan shige da m darajar wannan dõmin karkatarwa da rabbai da rabo.

wasulla

A artists na cewa lokaci bai san nan gaba. A cikin zane-zane da haruffan ne a kan wannan layin. Duk da haka, ko da da mai rauni duba shi ne mai sauki mu fahimci yadda adadi a cikin hoton farko. Domin kafa bayyana matsayi na haruffa Masters aikata wasu nisa wucewa da girma da sauransu. Saboda haka, da adadi na Kristi ya ko da yaushe towered kan malã'iku, kuma sũ, a bi da bi, ya mamaye kowa mutane.

Wannan liyafar wani downside: ya ba su ba da takamaiman halin da ake ciki na da 'yanci a cikin kamanni da kuma bango da cikakken bayani. A sakamakon haka, da zanen na tsakiyar zamanai cewa lokacin biya da hankalina kawai ga babban maki, ba damu zuwa secondary imprinting. A hoto ne mai irin makirci, ake bayyana ainihi, amma ba nuances.

mãkirci

Zanen da Turai tsakiyar zamanai a cikin Romanesque style na cike da hotunan da dama events da kuma haruffa. Fĩfĩta aka sau da yawa ba a m labarin gaya game da mai zuwa wani sarari suKe square ko manyan ayyukan da makiya 'yan adam. Akwai tartsatsi al'amuran da Wahayi.

dõgẽwa mataki

Zane na Romanesque lokaci ci gaba a cikin wani zanen da farkon tsakiyar zamanai, idan karkashin matsin da abubuwan tarihin da sun kusan bace da kuma da yawa daga cikin jinsunan cike symbolism. Frescoes da miniatures na XI-XII ƙarni., Bayyana da primacy na ruhaniya a kan abu, paved hanya domin kara raya m ƙungiyoyi. Zane-zane na cewa lokaci ya na da muhimmanci mataki a cikin miƙa mulki daga cikin duhu sau da m art fall na Roman Empire da jahili mamayar m zuwa wani sabon ingantaccen matakin, wanda yana da saiwoyinsa a Gothic zamanin.

m canje-canje

Gothic art na tsakiyar zamanai binta bashin da yawa na asali zuwa rikirkida rayuwar addini. Saboda haka, a farkon karni na XIII kusan dukan bagadan da aka supplemented da wani altarpiece, kunsha na biyu ko uku zane-zane da kuma depicting scenes daga Littafi Mai Tsarki. Production na irin aikin da ake bukata da master a-zurfin fahimtar da alhakin gaban Allah da kuma ikilisiya da kuma a lokaci guda samar da ƙarin sarari domin yin amfani da nasu dabarun.

Girma Franciscans kuma a kaikaice da gudummawar da ci gaban zanen. Yarjejeniya wasiyya mabiya suna fadin rai, kuma haka a yi ado gidajen lama bai dace da mosaic. Ta aka maye gurbinsu da wani bango zanen.

Ideologist na Order, Frantsisk Assizsky, ya kawo canje-canje ba kawai a cikin rayuwar addini, amma kuma a cikin fahimtar duniyar na da namiji. Shiryar da ya misali na soyayya ga rayuwa a dukan siffofin, artists fara biya more hankali ga gaskiya. A cikin canvases har yanzu addini abun ciki ya fara bayyana cikakken bayani game da halin da ake ciki, kusaci kazalika da babban haruffa.

Italian Gothic

Zanen na tsakiyar zamanai a cikin ƙasa na gade wa Roman Empire samu farkon isa, da yawa m siffofin. Ga mu rayu da kuma aiki Cimabue da Duccio, biyu daga cikin kafa na bayyane hakikanci cewa har da XX karni, ya kasance da babban mayar da hankali a gani zane-zane a Turai. Altarpiece a su yi sau da yawa wanda aka nuna da Madonna da kuma Child.

Giotto di Bondone, da suka rayu da ɗan baya, ya zama shahararren zane-zane da suke nuna quite duniya mutane. Haruffa a zane-zane da ze zama da rai. Giotto a hanyoyi masu yawa gaba na zamanin, kuma kawai bayan wani lokaci da aka gane a matsayin wani babban ban mamaki artist.

murals

Na da zanen har yanzu a cikin Romanesque lokacin da aka wadãtar da wani sabon dabara. Jagora karfe Paint amfani a kan har yanzu rigar plaster. Wannan dabara da aka dangantawa da wasu matsaloli: da artist yi aiki da sauri, rubuta saukar yanki da yanki a wuraren da shafi har yanzu rigar. Amma irin wannan hanya ake 'ya'ya: Paint, tunawa a plaster, ba ¡uraishi, brighten da kuma iya zama m ga mai dogon lokaci.

hangen zaman

Na da Turai art sannu a hankali ya dauki a kan zurfin. Muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan tsari da aka buga ta da marmarin kai gaskiya daga cikin film, da dukan da kundin. Sannu a hankali, a tsawon shekaru honing ya basira, da artists aka horar da su nuna nan gaba, ba jikinsu da kuma batutuwa kama da asali.

Wadannan yunkurin ne a fili bayyane a cikin ayyukan da suka shafi kasa da kasa ko duniya Gothic style, ci gaba da karshen da XIV karni. Zanen na tsakiyar zamanai cewa lokaci yana na musamman siffofin: da hankali ga daki-daki, a wasu sophistication da tsaftacewa a image watsa, ƙoƙarin gina a nan gaba.

miniatures

Halayyar fasali na zanen wannan zamani ne mafi fili a cikin kananan zane-zane Popular littattafai. Daga cikin Masters miniatures musamman ambaci cancanci da Limbourg 'yan'uwa, wanda ya rayu a farkon XV karni. Sun yi aiki a karkashin taimaka da Duke Jean de Berry, da kane zo wa Sarkin Faransa, Charles V. Daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan artists shi ne "mai suna Três arziki Heures du Duc de Berry". Ya zo daukaka matsayin 'yan'uwansa, da kuma masõyansu. Amma ta 1416, a lokacin da waƙar da aka rasa Limburg, ya aka bar ba a kare ba, amma goma sha biyu miniatures cewa master ya rubuta da kuma bayyana su iyawa, da kuma duk siffofin na salo.

ingantaccen canji

Daga baya, a cikin 30s na XV karni, da zanen da aka wadãtar da wani sabon salon, shi daga baya ya juya daga wani babban tasiri a kan duk art. A Flanders, shi da aka kirkiro man Paint. Kayan lambu mai, admixed da dyestuffs, ya ba da sabon Properties daga cikin halitta. The launuka ne yafi tsanani, kuma m. Har ila yau, babu bukatar sauri, tare da rubuce-rubuce na hotuna ta amfani da tempera: constituting ta da asali gwaiduwa sosai bushe da sauri. Yanzu da zane-zane da aka iya yin aiki haƙuri, biya saboda hankali ga duk cikakkun bayanai. Ƙasansu akwai waɗansu inuwõwi na shanyewar jiki ya jawo saman juna, ya gano mini ne unknown yiwuwa na launi wasanni. Fenti, don haka bude mayen wani sabon, ba a sani ba duniya.

shahararren artist

The kafa sabon Trend in zanen a Flanders aka dauke Robert Campin. Duk da haka, kyaututukan da ya samu rufe daya daga cikin mabiya, da aka sani a yau kusan duk wanda yake da sha'awar a gani zane-zane. Yana da aka Jan van Eyck. Wani lokaci yaba da sabuwar dabara na fenti da shi. Mafi m, da Jan van Eyck kammalã wani fasahar riga ci gaba da samu nasarar fara amfani da shi. Ta hanyar zane-zane da fenti ya zama mashahuri a cikin XV karni yada bayan Flanders - a Jamus, Faransa da kuma Italiya.

Jan van Eyck mai girma portraitist. Fenti a kan canvases cewa ƙirƙirar play haske da launi, wanda rasa da yawa daga cikin magabata don canja wuri da gaskiya. Daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan artist ta "Madonna na Chancellor Rolin", "The Arnolfini Vertical". Idan ka dauki wani kusa look at na karshe, ya bayyana nawa fasaha ya Jan van Eyck. Menene wasu sayen magani kawai a hankali folds na tufafi! Duk da haka, babban aikin da master - "Ghent Altarpiece", kunsha na 24 zane-zane da kuma wakiltar fiye da ɗari biyu guda.

Jan van Eyck ne da gaskiya da ake kira mafi wakilin farkon Renaissance, fiye da marigayi tsakiyar zamanai. Flemish makaranta a dukan ya zama wani irin karewa, mai ma'ana ci gaba da wanda ya ma'adanin na da Renaissance.

Zanen tsakiyar zamanai, a takaice hasken a cikin labarin, shi ne wata babbar da lokaci, da kuma mafi muhimmanci al'adu sabon abu. Bayan tashi daga gayyatar, amma m tunanin da girman tsufa ga sabon binciken da Renaissance, ita ce ta ba da duniya mai yawa aiki, to babban har ba a gaya game da samuwar da zanen, amma game da nema da mutum ke tunani da kuma fahimtar da wuri a cikin sararin samaniya da kuma dangantaka da yanayi. Zurfin fahimtar da ci hankali da kuma jiki, hali na Renaissance, to muhimmancin bil'adama akida, da kuma a koma ga ainihin canons na Girkanci da kuma Roman lafiya art ba zai zama cikakken ba tare da binciko zamanin gabanin shi. Yana samo asali a tsakiyar zamanai rawar da wani ma'ana na sikelin mutum a cikin duniya, don haka daban-daban daga cikin saba image na kwari, wanda rabo ne gaba ɗaya a cikin riko da wani m bautãwa.