Nau'in na zanen. Art zanen. Art zanen a kan itace

Art zanen matsayin wani nau'i na ado art ya ci gaba da al'adar gargajiya. Wannan ba kawai wasu visuals, ta ainihi shi ne yafi, domin alama da za a iyo daga lokaci, hada da kerawa da yawa daga iyayengijinsu. An organically nasaba da motherland - da wuri na ta asalin a cikin al'umma manoman (ranchers, manoma, dayansu).

A look at art m zanen

Art zanen ne amfani da kayayyakin sauƙi mined gargajiya na halitta "mulkin demokra] iyya" kayan: halitta yadudduka, itace, da yumɓun, da fata, da na dutse, kashi.

Har XVII karni shi sprouts wanzu a cikin mutum halitta gonaki. Skills suka wuce Masters zuriyarar, daga tsara zuwa tsara. Hone musamman m dabarun optimally yanzu kayayyakin. Zabe mafi ma'ana abun ciki da kuma hanyoyin da ake ji da ado. Zanen a gine ado rufi, katangu, da arches, katakanta da kuma ginshikan, da kuma a cikin gida - jita-jita, abubuwa na aiki.

A lokacin daga XVII zuwa XVIII karni art zane a Rasha da shi ya canza kama zuwa wani kifi, samar da kayayyakin, a kasuwanni. Yana ba shảfe a cikin mutum Masters, da kuma wasu yankunan na kauye. A cikin XIX karni akwai artisanal kungiyar na art zane-zane. Alal misali, Masters Fedoskino miniatures haka shirya kansu bayan halakar zaman masu a 1903 da kuma kiyaye su art. A 1876, ya fara da amfaninsa daban-daban na zanen farfesa Isayev AA a biyu-girma monograph "The crafts na Moscow lardin."

A 20-30-ies Soviet gwamnatin dogara a kan kafa m kamun kifi hadin inda tarihi ya ɓullo da jama'a art cibiyoyin, masu tasowa, da rarrabe iri zanen. Alal misali, Khokhloma zanen a cikin Nizhny Novgorod yankin.

Strategy na ci gaba da zanen, kazalika da sauran nau'o'in Arts and Crafts, gane da kuma delineated wani masanin kimiyya da kuma malama Vasiliem Sergeevichem Voronovym a monograph "A baƙauye art."

A halin yanzu, kamfanin yana rayayye tasowa da m mural zanen iri domin ya sadu da bukatar a matsayin kasuwar na Rasha da kuma kasashen waje. Fentin kayayyakin yayin da tsare ta yau da kullum ayyuka suna ƙara zama fasali na ado da kuma m darajar. Domin su samar da amfani da zamani da inji kuma musamman kayan aiki - domin roughing da kuma shirya aikin. Amma babban m aiki, kazalika da 'yan ƙarni da suka wuce, an yi da hannu da master artists.

Zanen Art

Ba shi yiwuwa ba a lura da cewa kasa zanen musanya sosai image na samfur. Ya zama mafi ma'ana a cikin launi sikelin matakin, kari Lines da proportionality. Industrial "despiritualized" kayayyakin ne da kokarin da artists dumi da kuma rai. A karshen da aka cimma ta wajen amfani da abubuwa na ado da kuma lafiya art (zane da kuma zanen). Daban-daban na zane-zane ƙirƙirar musamman m wani tunanin bango, a tune da yankin na kama kifi rayuwa.

Da yake jawabi ga ƙa'ida, da ado zanen da aka yi da ake ji a goga Paints a kan wani musamman surface. Ya kamata a lura da wani gagarumin lokacin: Ba kamar zanen, yin tallan kayan kawa a cikakke sarari, zanen ne ko da yaushe fragmentary.

Masana sun zanen kaya sau da yawa magana game da sabon abu na Rasha zanen: shi ne duniya jituwa da kusan duk wani style of minimalism, na zamani, ƙasar. Technology, halitta da tsoho Masters, kammalã da ƙarnõnin Masters a wasu yankunan, samar da musamman stylistic magana. Abin farin, a Rasha a XXI karni an kiyaye da kuma raya daban-daban iri zanen: Gzhel, Khokhloma, Boretsky Gorodetsky, Mezen, Onega, permogorskaya, pizhemskaya, Polkhovsky-paydanskaya, puchuzhskaya, rakulskaya. La'akari da siffofin wadannan rarrabe styles.

Ana zargin khokhloma

Da ikon zuwa cin wata bishiya a cikin launi zinariya ba tare da yin amfani da Tsananin magana, zinariya da aka canjawa wuri Khokhlomskaya Masters icon-splitters wanda ya buɗe wannan gwaninta a cikin XII karni a cikin m jeji gandun daji gabas na Volga. Af, sun kasance saba da crafts, samar da zanen: lathe kasuwanci da kuma art na zamanin d ado. Zai yiwu sun kasance kuma saba da tsoho siffofin zanen,

Manyan cinikayya kauyen Nizhny Novgorod yankin gabas na Volga - Khokhloma - kamar maganadisu, wani maganadisu ga gwani sana'a.

Wannan, a cikin zamani parlance, wani yanki adalci ga wani rukuni na kauyuka a kan bankunan na kogin Uzola River yi aiki ba wai kawai ga m Rasha kasuwar. M 'yan kasuwa ya sayi ta manyan jam'iyyar na soma cinikinsa da kayayyaki da kuma kai su ga fitarwa. Saboda haka, Khokhloma kasuwar ya "a karkashin gun", duka biyu na ciki da kuma na waje kasuwanni, sabili da haka, shi da aka mamaye da ingancin wannan gasar a farashin gasar. real tutu an halitta: da ikon da mutum masterovitogo kawo masa ri dũkiya.

Kamar yadda bincike da masana a cikin lokaci daga XII zuwa XVII karni da aka gwamnatin Khokhloma style, wanda integrates tsoho Nizhny Novgorod iri na itace zanen.

A cikin tsawon daga XVII zuwa XVIII karni Khokhloma style mafi yawa kafa. A zamanin yau ta cibiyoyin ne:

- factory "Kokhloma Artist", wanda aka sarrafa daga master zauna Koverninskii gundumar (Semino et al.). A cikin zane-zane da mamaye daji furanni da kuma berries.

- Association "Khokhloma zanen", Semenov. Masters Association al'ada ci gaba da taken na dama launuka.

fasahar khokhloma

Nun fasaha "lafiya goga" samu a cikin ikon yinsa, daga cikin arziki da ciyayi ado. A cikin babban rawa da ingancin kayayyakin. Art Khokhloma zargin yarda Masters wasu fasaha. Characteristically, shi ya canza ba wa yau. Mun jera domin na ta, saukarwa:

- vytachivanie a kan lathe na itace kayayyakinsa ( "wanki");

- share fage da guraben ruwa bayani musamman shirye lãka ( "itace"). A zamaninmu, to wannan karshen, yi amfani da wucin gadi na share fage.

- tin tin ko azurfa. Yanzu da aluminum amfani da wannan manufa.

- ado zanen a kan itace da bushewa da samfurin a cikin tanda.

- varnishing da zafi bushewa.

M zafi magani na kayayyakin ayyana launi gamut fĩfĩta tsohon Rasha painters: a hade daga zinariya da ja cinnabar tare da baki launi. watau Kokhloma zazzabi Tanderu ba zai shafi haske da bambanci na wadannan launuka.

Hanyar Khokhloma zanen

Vintage ra'ayoyi na zanen a kan itace, hadedde cikin Khokhlov, gano biyu na ta tsarin, "bango" da "Dutsen" wani harafi ba. A sosai sunan tsarin qunshi wani Hanyar da ake ji da asali silhouette siffar.

"Doki" tsarin ya shafi aikace-aikace na launin silhouette shaci kai tsaye a kan wani zinariya bango. Fage haifar zinariya "contouring" kai tsaye daga baya ta "zarisovyvaniya" master baki da ja sarari kewaye da "zinariya curls".

Kowane tsarin yana amfani da wannan nau'i na Khokhloma zanen. Akwai kawai hudu, "Kudrin", "wani Berry" (ko "wani ganye"); "A itace". "A karkashin bango."

"Kudrin" kwakwalwa "ganye" kwaikwaya rubuta ta wata lafiya goga. Shi ne mai bit kamar sedge, duk da haka, a nada m jitu tsauri zobba. A cewar masana, wannan shi ne mafi tsoho ado.

"A karkashin Berry" - fa, tã yi a lokacin farin ciki goga. Bugu da kari to "Na ganye" An riga an kunno kai ganye da kuma berries. Stylized shuka siffofin da kuma hadawa. A daya da kuma guda "kara" za a iya gani da kuma camomile da daji strawberry ganye.

Fentin "a kan wani itace" ya nuna harping a kan wani musamman na lissafi siffar (yawanci a rhombus). A adadi zo da rai "bushes" a tarnaƙi, kuma hasken rana a tsakiyar.

A Hanyar "a karkashin bango" fure sequentially kõma kwane-kwane, sa'an nan sauran free bango ne masu launin, yawanci baki.

Saboda da bambancinsa da kowane master goga ne na musamman da kuma na musamman hohloma. Nau'in na zanen, mun tattauna a sama, a madadin a kan shi, m look zolotitogo jituwa, ja da baki launuka.

Gzhel. Search for lãka ain

Gzhel Art ma'adanin na zanen da aka haife shi a abin da shi ne a yanzu Ramenskoye gundumar na Moscow yankin. Tsohon kwanaki wadannan wurare da aka kira Gzhel a Municipality, da kuma yankin na kauye miƙa Bohteevo, Volodya, Gzhel, Kuzyaeva, Novoharitonovo, Turygin.

Up har sai XVII karni na gida manoma samar daga gwada da m lãka glazed kumar kasko. A halin da ake ciki ya canza saboda da bunkasa masana'antu na gida clays dace don samar da ain. Masomin ya umurnin Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich sami "lãka dace" domin samar da pharmaceutical tasoshin - a 1663.

The kwarewa ya da wani rabo, tare da 1710 apothecary domin mutane nan fara yin amfani da albarkatun kasa. Magani yaba da ingancin daga lãka, da kuma lokacin da ya zo a lokacin da suka kasance sha'awar industrialists. Sun kasance sha'awar raw kayan dace don samar da ain. By umurnin sarki a 1844 kafa wani kwamiti, wanda ya hada da mai shi na ain ma'aikata a Moscow Athanasius Grebenshchikov ain Manufactory kuma m Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov, ya samu gornoinzhenernoe ilimi a jami'ar Marburg. Shekaru biyar da neman dama lãka. A 1849, watanni takwas bayan gudanar da bincike aka mined lãka, daga abin da samar kyau kwarai ain. Su quality yaba kansa M. V. Lomonosov, classmate Vinogradov.

Gzhel. ci gaba na samar da

Industrialist Grebenshchikov fara yin amfani da albarkatun kasa samu a Moscow shuka. Duk da haka, da wayo mutane daga kauyen Gzhel da ƙauyukanta, da hanya, kamar yadda muka ambata, riga ya da basira kumar kasko, kuma gane amfanin a cikin yin amfani da karin high quality-lãka.

Shi ya tafi briskly kamar yadda a cikin kauyuka rayu m mashawarci - samar da ma'aikata daga shuka A. Grebenshchikov. Tsakanin 1750 da 1820 da master-sana'a sanya majolica - oblong-Kvasnikov da tuluna, faranti, kofuna, jita-jita. Ado zanen da aka yi a kore, rawaya, shudi da aubergine Paint a kan wani farin baya. Image hada tsuntsu - a cibiyar, kuma a kusa da shi - itatuwa, shrubs, gidan. (Watau m jinsunan nuna zanen kayayyakinsa). Tableware a bukatar. Akwai wani ingancin gasar. Mun aka manyan da tsohon kumar kasko masana'antu cewa tsirar high quality polufayans m "kasashen waje" jita-jita.

Fasaha honed shekaru sama da 80, kuma tun 1820 yana da kusan duk Gzhel sana'a nuna polufayans. Wannan ne heyday na art Gzhel. Products na Masters za a iya gani a hermitage. Wannan tableware aka dauke mafi kyau a Rasha da kuma nainaryadneyshey. Hankula fentin Gzhel teapots, da tasoshi, da faranti cike da gidajen 'yan kasuwa da shugabannin, gidajen cin abinci. Inganta siffofin zanen. Gzhel saya a duk faɗin ƙasar, daga Mala'iku zuwa Astrakhan, fitar da kaya zuwa Central Asia da kuma Gabas ta Tsakiya. Production da aka sanya game da talatin masana'antu. Tsunduma a samar Gzhel masana'antun: Barmina, Gusliny, Gusyatnikova, Kiseleva, Terekhova, Sazonov.

Abin baƙin ciki, tun 1860 akwai wani ƙi Gzhel zanen. Folk art, haifaffen gasar na daruruwan kananan kera da kuma dozin matsakaici aka rasa muhallinsu pragmatism na manyan monopolies. Daga cikin kenkenewa tsaya MS Kuznetsov, tare da biyar shuke-shuke da kuma wani shekara-shekara samar fitarwa na 2.1 miliyan. Rub. Production damar sauran 14% na Kuznetsovsky. Tsananin magana, da manufacturer Kuznetsov da kuma "rurrushe" aiki. Tafi gasar, rage dalili, rage quality, ya zo da ƙi.

Kamar yadda artists fentin Gzhel

Gzhel ne musamman a cewa kowane maigida, ta amfani da na gargajiya siffofin art for ta zane-zane, Yãna halitta ya mutum dabara.

Yana da wani dabara art. A babba rawar da aka buga ta da gwaninta na master, wanda aka bayyana a cikin hanyar goga. A lokaci guda a kan wani ake yin dusar ƙanƙara fari ain jũya jitu launi canji daga blue to m blue blurry. Duk wannan fa, tã guda Paint - cobalt. Figure ne amfani da surface, "karo na farko", azumi.

Me ya sa yake da muhimmanci fasaha na artist? Da farko, da real launi hoto ba za a iya gani (musamman cobalt). Duk abin alama monochrome hoto, da kuma kawai a lokacin da gzhel gudanar ƙõnuwa a cikin tanda, da zane zai bayyana a cike.

Mene ne abun da ke ciki Gzheli? A tsakiyar rawa a shi kullum hulda da ado flower. A gefen shi ne daidaituwa izvivisty "ganye" storyline, arziki ganye da kuma berries. Sai ya faru da cewa a cikin wannan zane saka animalistic jigogi, ko alaka rayuwar yau da kullum (misali a gida).

Kamar kusan jũya wannan adadi? Siffofin ga m zanen "da ake kõma daga farko" Gzheli rage kusan zuwa aikace-aikace shafa hanyoyin. Akwai kawai hudu: shafa wuyan hannu shaded da fentin daya goga juna "Sitchikov", kazalika gaba da image.

Shafa cibiyar sadarwa halin shaded color iyaka saboda superposition na daban-daban tsanani da cobalt musamman sokewa goga artist.

Zanen da daya hannun halin da cewa kowane m bugun jini sautin ne daban-daban daga baya daya. A tsanani na shanyewar jiki a hankali rage-rage, su ne "m".

Juna "Sitchikov" - mafi m. Ya fa, tã kawai goga tip.

Amfani GZHEL irin zanen hotuna ne ba takamaiman daukar hoto kwafi na halitta motifs da reinterpreted da aka gabatar a wani m sanyi. Images Artists reinterpreted blue ganye, petals blue wardi, asters, carnations, wardi bi contours na tsuntsaye da dabbobi. Wani lokaci su fayyace stylized yau da kullum abubuwa ko abubuwa (misali, manoma 'bukkoki).

"Na ganye" karin irin image - tendrils karkace abubuwa shading, daban-daban shanyewar jiki, na lissafi, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa - ba cikawa image, haifar da zama dole wasulla.

Aukuwa Polkhovsky-Maidansky zanen

Bambancin Rasha jama'a zanen. Iri ta a duk su bambancin, watakila, za a iya bayyana a cikin na musamman monographs, amma ba a cikin labarin. Saboda haka, mu aiki ne mafi suna fadin. Mun riga da ake kira mafi "untwisted" iri na zanen: Khokhloma da Gzhel. Duk da haka, akwai wasu, su ne duk asali da kuma su suna da yawa. Bari mu ambaci wasu: Boretsky Gorodetsky, Mezen, Onega, permogorskaya, pizhemskaya, Polkhovsky-Maidanskaya, puchuzhskaya, rakulskaya da dai sauransu Ba kasancewa iya a cikin wannan labarin ne batun magana game da duk su, samar da wani bayanin kawai daya daga cikinsu - Polkhovsky-Maidansky.

Wannan zanen samo asali a cikin farkon karni XX a Hawan Yesu zuwa sama gundumar Nizhny Novgorod yankin. A nan a cikin kauyuka Polkhovsky Maidan da kuma a kauyen Voznesenskoe a karshen da XVIII karni akwai wani juya kama kifi sufaye na Sarov sufi. Lathe koya sana'a da kuma manoma su zama gwani sana'a a yi na katako kayayyakinsa. Mayu ne ma samar, kamar yadda suka ce, "tararushki", watau kayayyakin for fun: .. whistles, namomin kaza, tsana, Easter qwai, toys.

A impetus ga halittar zanen da aka saye da wani baƙauye Polinym Pavlom Nikitichem na'ura vizhiganiya, kuma tun 1926, ya tada kerawa na manoma ya kai su zuwa ga zanen a mai kayayyakin, da kuma a shekara ta 1933 suka maye gurbinsu aniline dyes.

Bayan aikin polhovtsev soma Zagorci, merinovtsy, Semyonov, sabon iri da aka halitta matryoshka zanen (wannan batu za mu taba bisa daga baya).

Technology Polkhovsky Maydanskaya-style zanen

Da farko, da farfajiya na wani katako, labarin ne hõre sanding da priming sitaci manna. Sai ajiye kewaye juna a tawada, sa'an nan kuma zanen da aka za'ayi. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da Paint a hudu launuka: ja, rawaya, kore da kuma shudi. Sa'an nan kuma ya aiwatar da "saiti" halayyar labari mataki Polkhovsky Maydanskaya-style, kunsha a zane bugun jini kwane-kwane baki. Mu ƙara da cewa wannan irin zanen da shawara irin wannan hanya a matsayin overprinting.

Wannan irin art kuma yana amfani da wani musamman dabara na kewaye-free zanen.

Mun ambaci irin wannan zanen ne ba ta hanyar kwatsam. Ya wadãta a cikin Tarayyar Soviet har 90s, m. A Hawan Yesu zuwa sama factory da ɗari biyar mutane aiki. Daga cikin wadannan, 40% - da artists yin zane, wasu - turners. Don bi da ir} iro, m awon yi aiki a wani kamfani. Products fitar dashi zuwa Amurka da kuma Turai. Yau, hadisin aza factory ci gaba da 'yan kasuwa.

Ta girman matryoshka

Ba ko da yaushe evolutionarily samo asali Rasha zanen. Nau'in shi wani lokacin faru bisa ga abke, - ba daga "a tarihi mai nisa". Suna generated da haske na guda m Rasha Masters. Wannan ya faru tare da matryoshka. Ta - ba primordially Rasha sabuwar dabara.

Matryoshka bayyana a Rasha a cikin XIX karni a Sergiev Posad. Matar artist Sergei Vasilievich Malyutin a 1898 kawo daga Japan adadi Fukurumu tsohon mutum, wanda jari a hudu Figures (af, bisa ga Japan labari, da farko da irin wannan adadi sanya Rasha m). Sergey reinterpreted "a Rasha," ta ra'ayin. Akwai wani m ra'ayin - canzawa wani hali Rasha iyali. Sunan Matrona ya sa'an nan rare a Rasha. Bugu da kari, kamar yadda na yi tunani Milutin, shi resonated tare da wani Roman iyali sunan mahaifiyarsa.

Sergey sanya jawo Figures na takwas zuba jari. The mace bi ta 'yar tare da baki zakara, sa'an nan - ɗa, sa'an nan - a sake da yarinya, na takwas adadi shi ne wani jariri. Itace Turner su siffar machined VP Zvezdochkin. Fentin adadi ya Sergei Vasilievich.

Production na tsana. -daban na zanen

Duniya rare tsana, ta amincewa da duniya yana nufin 1900, a lokacin da shi "ya fita" - Duniya Nunin a Paris.

Za jama'a art matryoshka wuce? Tuni a 1899 dukan Sergiev Posad samar da sabon m tsana: 'yan mata da mata, kawai, a dasu, kuma aprons da headscarves da sundresses da kwanduna, dabbobi, da tsuntsaye, da furanni. Zagorski style (kamar yadda aka sani, Sergiev Posad aka sake masa suna Zagorsk) suka sãɓã wa jũna picturesque, da hankali ga kananan details.

Tun 1922 nesting tsana sun ma ta fara samar da a kauyen Merinova a Nizhny Novgorod yankin. A gida Turner Mayorov F. sayen Sergius matryoshka, machined "su". Ya fentin da adadin 'yarsa. Merinovtsy sauri ƙware da samar da wadannan hadaddun Figures. Merinovskaya matryoshka - jaddada mai haske, ko da kasa daki-daki, fiye da Zagorskaya.

Uku "ajiya na tsana" ya Polkhovsky Maidan kauye, shahara da turners, da kuma zanen. Polkhovsky matryoshka yana da halaye:

- wucewa, kananan shanyewar jiki rubuta da mutum;

- wuri da zanen aljihu siffofi da kuma Lines sundress (skirt), daga baya zuwa 2/3 matryoshka fentin mulufi (ja), ko kuma kore. Launi saba zanen aljihu da shi. A goshin nesting tsana fentin wani fure-spruce takaddamarsu. Kaddamarda gaba-gaba - daga wuyansa har ƙasa. Zanen gaba-gaba harhada "a wani m." A cikin tsakiyar - ya bayyana da fure reshe, ganye, berries. A abun da ke ciki an taimaka daisies kuma manta-ni.

A mafi wuya a yi na Vyatka matryoshka yi imani da cewa na gida sana'a inlay tube.

ƙarshe

Rasha art zane a matsayin wani nau'i na ado art bisa zurfin jama'a al'ada, a kan matakin wayar da kan jama'a game da abin da mahaifarsa, abin da mai iyali. An hade da ƙarni na rayuwa na kakanninmu, saboda haka fentin abubuwa gudanar da wani cajin zafi, bil'adama, m hali ga rayuwa. Suka gaske ado da rayuwa na zamani mutum, su ƙwace "a sakaya sunansa," da abubuwa na ado na rai sarari ake yi.

Art zanen ma sa wasu wasulla a rayuwarmu, ƙarfafu da cin gaba da Mahaifa, mahaifiyata, game da duniya adam Aikin kowane mutum - don yin rayuwa kyau a kusa da su.