Nukiliya fe. Cold Fusion. makamashin nukiliya

Cold Fusion kuma za a iya kira sanyi fe. Its ainihi ta'allaka ne da yiwuwa na nukiliya Fusion dauki abin da ya auku a wani sinadaran tsarin. Wannan kwakwalwa babu wani gagarumin zafi fiye da kima na aiki matsakaici. Kamar yadda aka sani, na al'ada nukiliya dauki a lokacin da gudanar da haifar da zazzabi da za a iya auna miliyan digiri Kelvin. Cold Fusion ka'idar ba ya bukatar irin wannan babban zazzabi.

Wurare da dama a nazarin da gwaje-gwajen

A binciken da sanyi Fusion, a hannu daya, an dauke da wani m zamba. Babu sauran bincike a cikin yankunan da wannan ba za a iya kwatanta ta da shi. A daya hannun, yana yiwuwa cewa wannan yanki na kimiyya ba a karatu har zuwa karshen, da kuma duk ba za a iya daukarsa a Utopia, amma mafi zamba. Duk da haka, a cikin tarihin na sanyi Fusion ne har yanzu ba idan ba yawan ƙiren ƙarya, ku yiwuwa hauka.

Amincewa da na karya-shugabanci da kuma batu na zargi, wanda ya halartar sanyi Fusion fasaha, su ne da yawa kasawa na masana kimiyya aiki a cikin wannan filin, kazalika da ayyukan da mutane dusashe. Riga tun 2002, mafi masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa aiki a kan wannan batu ba shi da wani al'amurra.

Duk da haka, wasu har yanzu ƙoƙarin kama dauki ya ci gaba. Saboda haka, a cikin 2008, a Japan masanin kimiyya daga Jami'ar Osaka a bainar jama'a ya nuna gwaji, yi tare da electrochemical cell. Yana da aka Yoshiaki Arata. Bayan da zanga-zanga na kimiyya al'umma sake zama don magana game da yiwuwar ko rashin yiwuwar sanyi Fusion, wanda zai iya samar da makaman nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi. Wasu masana kimiyya, cancanci for nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai, suna neman gaskata ga wannan sabon abu. Kuma suka yi shi domin a sami wani bayani ba makaman nukiliya, da kuma sauran madadin. Bugu da kari, shi ne kuma saboda gaskiyar cewa bayanai game da neutron radiation ne mãsu fakowa ba.

Tarihi Fleyshmana da Pons

The sosai tarihi na littafin na wannan version na kimiyya shugabanci a cikin idanu na kasa da kasa shi ne m. Yana duk fara Maris 23, 1989. A sa'an nan da Farfesa Martin Fleyshman tare da abokin tarayya Stenli Ponsom gudanar da wani taron manema labarai, abin da ya faru a jami'a inda chemists sun yi aiki, a Jihar Utah (USA). Sa'an nan suka ce, su da sanyi Fusion dauki An za'ayi da wani talakawa lantarki ta hanyar da electrolyte. By chemists ce sun kasance iya samun wani tabbatacce makamashi amfanin ƙasa a sakamakon dauki, watau zafi. Bugu da kari, suna kiyaye nukiliya radiation sakamakon da dauki da ya fito daga cikin electrolyte.

Yi wata sanarwa a zahiri halitta a furor a cikin kimiyya al'umma. Hakika, low-zazzabi nukiliya Fusion samar da sauki tebur, iya halin canza dukan duniya. Yanzu ba a bukatar babbar hadaddun sunadarai tsarin, wanda su ma wata babbar adadin kudi, da kuma sakamakon a cikin nau'i na samun ake so dauki a lokacin da zai - Unknown. Idan duk tabbatar Fleyshmana da Pons sun jira mai girma a nan gaba, da kuma bil'adama - wani babba raguwa a halin kaka.

Amma ka yi haka da aikace-aikace chemists shi ne kuskure. Kuma, wanda ya san, watakila mafi muhimmanci. Gaskiyar cewa kimiyya al'umma bai yanke shawarar yin wani kalamai ga kafofin watsa labarai game da qirqire-qirqire ko binciken da bayanai game da su za ta buga a mujallar kimiyya na musamman. Masana kimiyya suna zuwa sai nan take sami zargi, an dauke da wani irin mummunan dandano a cikin kimiyya al'umma. Bisa ga dokoki, don yin wani bude bincike jabu zamar masa dole ya ba da labari na farko kimiyya al'umma, wadda za ta yanke shawara ko ba haka ba ne mai gaskiya ne ƙarya, ko ya zama dole a general don gane bude. Daga mai shari'a hangen zaman an dauke cikakken sadaukar da tsare sirri game da aukuwar lamarin, wanda da discoverer dole ne bi da jerawa da ta articles a cikin littafin da zuwa lokacin da ta ɗaba'ar. Nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi a wannan batun ne ba togiya.

Fleyshman tare da takwaransa aika da wannan labari a cikin wata jarida kimiyya, kira Nature, kuma shi ne mafi iko kimiyya bazawa a kan duniya sikelin. Duk mutanen da alaka da kimiyya, suka san cewa wannan mujallar ba buga ba a tantance ba bayani, har ma fiye ba zai buga kawai kowa. Martin Fleyshman riga a lokacin da aka dauke su a daraja masana kimiyya aiki a filin na electrochemistry, saboda haka, ƙaddamar da labarin da za a sake nan da nan. Wannan shi ne abin da ya faru. Watanni uku bayan rashin lafiya-fated taro littafin ya fito, amma talla da suke kewaye da bude riga ana m. Zai yiwu, saboda haka, shugaban edita of Nature Dzhon Meddoks a gaba batun na wata-wata mujallar wallafa shakku game da wannan samu Fleyshmana da Pons, da kuma cewa su samar da makamashi nukiliya dauki aka samu. A cikin labarin, ya rubuta cewa chemists ya kamata a hukunta domin bai kai ba tonawa. Akwai ku aka ce cewa wadannan masana ba za su taba ba da damar da jama'a ba talla da qirqire-qirqire, da kuma waɗanda suka yi haka za a iya gani a mere adventurers.

Wani lokaci daga baya, Pons da Fleyshmanu aka aikata wani duka, wanda za a iya kira yankunan. A yawan masu bincike daga Amurka na American cibiyoyin bincike (Massachusetts da kuma California Cibiyar Fasaha) gudanar, wato, maimaita gwaji chemists, samar da yanayi da kuma daidaita dalilai. Duk da haka, sakamakon bai kai ga da'awar Fleyshmanom.

Zai yiwu ko ba zai yiwu ba?

Tun wannan lokacin, akwai wani sarari rabo daga cikin dukan kimiyya al'umma a cikin cibiyoyi biyu. Magoya bayan rinjayarwa duk da cewa sanyi Fusion - wannan shi ne almarar, wanda shi ne a kan kome kafa. Others, duk da haka, har yanzu imani da cewa sanyi Fusion ne zai yiwu, cewa rashin lafiya-fated chemists har yanzu sanya wani gano cewa zai iya yiwuwa ya ajiye dukan 'yan adam, ba shi da wani zama tushen samar da makamashi.

Gaskiyar cewa idan duk abin da ya faru da sabuwar dabara na wani sabon Hanyar da wadda za ta yiwu sanyi nukiliya Fusion dauki na da, sabili da haka, a muhimmancin irin wannan a samu zai zama invaluable ga dukkan mutane a duniya fa, tã yi wa wannan kimiyya shugabanci na more kuma mafi masana kimiyya, wani ɓangare na na wanda a gaskiya za a iya daukan zamba. Entire jihohi ana yin babba kokarin gina a kawai daya Fusion tashar, wasting wata babbar adadin kudi, da kuma sanyi Fusion ne iya extracting makamashi shi ne cikakken sauki da kuma gwada m wajen. Wannan shi ne abin da janyo hankalin masu son amfãne ta zamba, kazalika da sauran mutane da suke da shafi tunanin mutum da cuta. Daga cikin magoya bayan wannan hanya na samar da makamashi za a iya samu, da kuma waɗanda da sauransu.

A labarin na sanyi Fusion kawai ya samu shiga cikin archive da ake kira na karya-kimiyya labaru. Idan ka duba a Hanyar da abin da muka samu da makamashi na nukiliya Fusion, sober look, shi za a iya gane cewa don a haɗa biyu kwayoyin halitta a wata babbar adadin makamashi ake bukata. Wajibi ne a shawo kan wutar lantarki, da juriya. A karkashin yi a lokacin da kasa da kasa Fusion reactor, wanda za a located in Cadarache a Faransa shirya gudanar da shiga na biyu kwayoyin halitta, wadda ne lightest na data kasance a cikin yanayi. A sakamakon irin wannan fili ana sa ran tabbatacce makamashi da kima. Wadannan biyu atoms - tritium da deuterium. Sun hada da isotopes na hydrogen, don haka hydrogen nukiliya Fusion zai zama akai. Don aiwatar da irin wannan connection, shi wajibi ne sawwaƙe zazzabi - daruruwan miliyoyin digiri. Hakika, wannan zai bukaci da babban matsin lamba. Saboda wannan dalili, masana kimiyya da dama da kuma imani da cewa sanyi Fusion ba za a iya sarrafawa.

Nasarorin da kasawa

Duk da haka, da gaskata na kira karkashin shawara ya kamata a lura da cewa akwai ba kawai mutane da r ?? i kuma scammers, amma masana suna quite al'ada a tsakanin magoya. Bayan da jawabin Fleyshmana da Pons, da kuma gazawar da su bude yawan masana kimiyya da kuma cibiyoyin bincike sun ci gaba da tafiyar da wannan shugabanci. Akwai nan kuma ba tare da Rasha masana, wanda kuma dauki dace yunkurin. Kuma da ban sha'awa abu ne cewa wadannan gwaje-gwajen a wasu lokuta ya ƙare tare da nasara, da kuma a wasu - gazawar.

Duk da haka, kimiyya ne tsananin: idan akwai ya kasance gano, da kuma gwajin da aka wani rabo, shi dole ne a maimaita sake tare da wani sakamakon tabbatacce. Idan shi ba, irin wannan samu zai ba za a gane su ta wajen kowa. Haka kuma, maimaitawa da nasara gwaji ba zai iya ba, kuma da masu bincike kansu. A wasu lokuta, su aikata shi ba, a cikin wasu - babu. Saboda abin da ke faruwa, ba wanda zai iya bayyana, a can shi ne har yanzu ba kimiyance-tushen dalilin wannan m.

A halin yanzu kirkiro da kuma baiwa

A duk cikin sama labaru da Fleyshmanom Pons kuma akwai wani gefe na tsabar kudi, su zama daidai, a hankali ta boye gaskiya kasashen turai. Gaskiyar cewa Stanley Pons, ya da wani dan kasa na Tarayyar Soviet. A shekarar 1970, ya kasance memba na gwani da kayan shafa salo thermionic kafuwa. Hakika, Pons ya kãshi zuwa yawa asirin Soviet jihar, kuma suka yi hijira zuwa {asar Amirka, kokarin aiwatar da su.

A gaskiya majagaba wanda cimma wasu nasarorin a sanyi nukiliya Fusion, ya Ivan Stepanovich Filimonenko.

Brief bayanai game da Soviet masanin kimiyya

JS Filimonenko mutu a 2013. Ya kasance malami wanda kusan tsayar da duk ci gaban da makamashin nukiliya, ba kawai a kasarsa amma kuma duk duniya. Shi ne ya yi kusan sanya shigarwa na nukiliya sanyi Fusion, wanda, sabanin nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke zai zama mafi hadari da sosai cheap. Bugu da kari ga wannan kafuwa, a Soviet masanin kimiyya ne ya halitta a tashi na'ura, dangane da manufa na antigravity. Ya aka sani a matsayin mai debunker na boye hatsarori da cewa zai iya kawo bil'adama da makamashin nukiliya masana'antu. Scientist aiki a cikin tsaro masana'antu na Tarayyar Soviet, shi ne wani ilimi da kuma wani gwani a kan radiation aminci. Abin lura shi ne cewa wasu daga cikin ayyukan Academician, ciki har da sanyi Fusion Filimonenko har yanzu classified. Ivan Stepanovich wani kai tsaye takara a cikin halittar hydrogen, makaman nukiliya da kuma neutron bama-bamai, tsunduma a cikin ci gaban nukiliya reactors tsara da kaddamar da roka a sararin samaniya.

Girkawa na Soviet Academician

A shekarar 1957, Ivan Filimonenko ɓullo da wani iko shuka na sanyi nukiliya Fusion, bayan da ta kasa za su iya ajiye har zuwa uku da ɗari dala biliyan a shekara, da ake ji da shi a cikin makamashi kansu. Da sabuwar dabara na kimiyyar da aka asali karfi da goyon baya daga jihar, kazalika da irin sanannun ilimi ma'aikata kamar yadda Kurchatov, Keldysh, Korolev. Bugu da ari, aukuwa na da sabuwar dabara da kuma kawo Filimonenko to gama jihar sanctioned yayin Marshal Zhukov kansa. Opening Ivan Stepanovich shi ne tushen daga abin da aka cirewa tsabta makamashin nukiliya, da kuma a Bugu da kari, shi zai iya taimaka da za a samu kariya daga makaman nukiliya radiation da kuma kawar da sakamakon rediyoaktif samu.

Dakatar daga aiki Filimonenko

Yana yiwuwa, bayan dan lokaci da sabuwar dabara da aka yi ta Ivan Filimonenko zuwa wani masana'antu sikelin, da kuma bil'adama za rabu da matsaloli da yawa. Amma rabo a fuskar wasu mutane da umarnin in ba haka ba. Takwarorinsa Kurchatov da Korolev mutu, kuma Marshal Zhukov murabus. Wannan shi ne farkon abin da ake kira wasan-scenes a cikin kimiyya al'umma. A sakamakon da aka tsayawa duk aikin Filimonenko, da kuma a 1967 ya faru da ya sallama. Ƙarin dalilin irin wannan magani ya zama da suka cancanta masanin kimiyya da kuma gwagwarmaya domin kawo karshen makaman nukiliya gwaje-gwaje. Ayyukansa ya kullum jãyayya da wata cũta sha wahala da kuma yanayi da kuma kai tsaye zuwa ga mutane tare da jerawa aka tsaya yawa ayyukan da kaddamar da roka a sararin samaniya tare da makaman nukiliya reactors (wani hatsari ya zuwa wani roka da ya faru a cikin sarari guda, na iya barazana ga rediyoaktif samu dukan duniya). Ganin makamai tseren da za a samun lokacinta yayin Academician Filimonenko zama ƙyãmã na zuwa wasu mutane high. Ya gwaji da wuraren samu zuwa musanta dokokin yanayi, da masanin kimiyyar kora da kuma fitar da su daga cikin jam'iyyar kwaminis da kuma hana duk darajõji, kuma kullum bayyana a wajen tunani deranged mutum.

Tuni a cikin marigayi eighties - farkon nineties aikin Academician sabunta, ɓullo da sabon gwaji wurare, amma dukansu suna kawo sakamakon tabbatacce ya ba. Ivan Filimonenko samarwa da ra'ayin yin amfani da wayar naúrar ga manufar kawar da sakamakon na nuclear, amma shi da aka ƙi. A lokacin daga 1968 zuwa 1989 Filimonenko aka cire daga duk wani gwaji da kuma aiki zuwa ga sanyi fe, kuma kansu ci gaba, zane-zane da kuma zane da wasu Soviet kimiyya ma'aikata sun waje.

A farkon 90s Amurka sun ruwaito nasara gwaji a abin da suka yi zargin samu makamashin nukiliya a sakamakon sanyi fe. Wannan ya kai ga cewa almara Soviet masanin kimiyya sake tuno jiharsa. Ya aka reinstated a cikin post, amma shi bai taimaka. By lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta fara rarrabu, kudade da aka iyakance, bi da bi, da kuma sakamakon ba. Kamar yadda aka bayyana daga baya a cikin wata hira da Ivan Stepanovich, ganin gudana da kuma a lokaci guda a samu nasara na masana kimiyya da dama daga ko'ina cikin duniya, kafin su sami sakamako mai kyau na sanyi Fusion, ya lura cewa, ba tare da shi ba wanda zai iya gani da shi ta hanyar. Kuma, lalle ne, ya kasance shi mai gaskiya. Daga shekarar 1991 zuwa shekarar 1993, Amurka masu bincike sun samu kafuwa Filimonenko, kuma ba zai iya fahimtar yadda ta ayyuka, har ma bayan wata shekara kuma bai dismantled shi. A shekarar 1996, da m mutane na Amurka miƙa wa Ivan Stepanovich da ɗari dala miliyan kawai ga cewa shi azurta su da shawara, da bayyana irin yadda reactor sanyi Fusion, to wadda ya ƙi.

Jigon Soviet Academician gwaje-gwajen

Ivan Filimonenko da gwaje-gwajen gano cewa, da bazuwar daga abin da ake kira nauyi ruwa ta electrolysis shi decomposes cikin oxygen da kuma deuterium. A karshen, bi da bi, an narkar da a palladium cathode, a cikinsa ci gaba nukiliya Fusion dauki. A kan aiwatar da faruwa Filimonenko ya ba da rashi na biyu radioactive da neutron radiation. Bugu da kari, a sakamakon ya gwaje-gwajen, Ivan Stepanovich ya gano cewa, makaman nukiliya Fusion reactor fitarda radiation illa ma sha Allahu, kuma wannan ƙwarai rage watsi da rabin-rai na rediyoaktif isotopes. Wannan ne biya diyya ta samu.

An yi imani da cewa Filimonenko a lokacin ya ki sauya Nukiliya da reactor kafuwa a cikin karkashin kasa da mafaka, horar da su da mafi shugabannin Tarayyar Soviet a taron na nukiliya yaki. A waɗannan kwanaki, sun kai hari da makami mai linzami Cuban rikicin, kuma haka yana da matukar high yiwuwar ta farkon. Zauna a cikin hukuncin da'ira na Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet ne cewa a cikin wadannan karkashin kasa da birane gurbatawa daga makaman nukiliya reactors zai har yanzu kashe dukan kome mai rai 'yan watanni baya. Hannu reactor Filimonenko sanyi Fusion iya ƙirƙirar aminci sashi na rediyoaktif samu, don haka idan Academician amince da wannan, yiwuwar yakin makaman nukiliya da za a iya ƙara da dama-Musulunci. Idan wannan shi ne, lalle haka al'amarin, ya tauye shi daga duk lambobin yabo da kuma kara danniya sami su ma'ana.

dumi Fusion

JS Filimonenko hydrolysis thermal watsi ikon shuka da aka halitta, wanda shi ne cikakken mai tsabta. Har yanzu babu wanda ya kasa samar da wani irin analogue TEGEU. Jigon da shuka da kuma a lokaci guda, sabanin sauran irin raka'a shi ne cewa shi ba a amfani da makaman nukiliya reactors, kuma da shigarwa na nukiliya fe abin da ke faruwa a wani matsakaita zafin jiki na 1150 digiri. Saboda haka, wannan sabuwar dabara da aka mai suna da dumi saitin nukiliya fe. A cikin marigayi eighties a karkashin babban birnin kasar, a birnin Podolsk, an halitta 3 na shigarwa. Soviet Academician Filimonenko dauki kai tsaye sashi a cikin wannan, manajan dukan tsari. Ikon kowane TEGEU ya 12.5 kW, a matsayin babban man fetur amfani da nauyi ruwa. Kamar daya kilogram domin ta dauki samar da makamashi daidai da abin da za a iya samu ta hanyar kona miliyan biyu da kilo fetur! Wannan kadai yayi magana da kundinta da kuma muhimmancin da qirqire-qirqire na babban masanin kimiyya, cewa sanyi nukiliya Fusion halayen ci gaba da su ne zai zo da ake so sakamakon.

Saboda haka, a halin yanzu ba a san wasu ko hakkin ya wanzu ko ba sanyi fe. Yana yiwuwa cewa, idan ta kasance ba da danniya daga wannan baiwa daga kimiyya Filimonenko, duniya a yau, dã mun kasance ba haka ba, da rayuwar jama'a na mutane zai iya kara ta sau da dama. Bayan duk, ko da idan Ivan Filimonenko bayyana cewa rediyoaktif radiation - cikin hanyar mutum tsufa da kuma farkon mutuwa. Shi ne radiation cewa yanzu akwai a zahiri a ko'ina, ba a ma maganar da manyan birane, an keta mutum chromosomes. Watakila wannan ne ya sa Littafi Mai Tsarki ya haruffa rayu shekara dubu, tun lokacin da na tareda žata radiation yiwuwa bai wanzu ba.

Kafa Academician Filimonenko kafuwa a cikin dogon lokaci zai kawar da duniyar tamu na wadannan kashe da abin gurɓatawa, a Bugu da kari samar da wani zama tushen cheap makamashi. Kamar shi ko a'a, lokacin da zai gaya, amma shi ne mai tausayi da cewa wannan lokaci akwai za a iya takarta ba.