Space ilmin halitta. Hanyoyin zamani na nazarin halittu bincike

Kimiyyar ilmin halitta ya hada da bangarori daban-daban, manyan ƙananan kimiyya. Kuma kowanne daga cikinsu yana da muhimmanci ba kawai a cikin rayuwar mutum ba, har ma ga dukan duniya baki daya.

Ga karni na biyu a jere, mutane suna ƙoƙari su koyi ba kawai bambancin rayuwa na duniya a cikin dukkanin bayyanarsa ba, amma kuma don gano ko akwai rayuwa a waje da duniya, a cikin sararin samaniya. Wa] annan al'amurran suna magance wa] annan al'amurra ne, ta hanyar kimiyya na musamman - ilimin yanayi. Game da shi kuma za a tattauna a cikin bita.

Sashe na kimiyyar halitta - sarari ilmin halitta

Wannan kimiyya ba ta da matashi, amma yana da matukar cigaba. Babban sassan binciken shine:

1. Abubuwan da ke tattare da sararin samaniya da tasirin su akan kwayoyin halittu masu rai, da muhimmancin ayyukan dukkanin rayuka a yanayin yanayi ko jirgin sama.
2. Ci gaba da rayuwa a duniyarmu tare da haɓaka sararin samaniya, juyin halitta na rayuwa da kuma yiwuwar wanzuwar kwayar halitta fiye da iyakar duniya.
3. Abubuwan yiwuwa na gina tsarin rufewa da kuma samar da su cikin yanayin rayuwa mai kyau don bunkasa ci gaba da ci gaban kwayoyin halitta a sararin samaniya.

Masana kimiyyar yanayi da ilmin halitta suna da alaka da ilimin kimiyyar da ke tattare da juna, tare da nazarin tsarin ilimin halittu na halittu masu rai a cikin sararin samaniya, haɗarsu a cikin sararin samaniya da juyin halitta.

Mun gode wa bincike akan wannan ilimin, ya zama mai yiwuwa don zaɓar yanayi mafi kyau don gano mutane a fili, ba tare da haddasa cutar ba. An samo babban abu a kan wanzuwar rayuwa a sararin samaniya, da yiwuwar tsire-tsire da dabbobi (unicellular, multicellular) don rayuwa da kuma ci gaba da rashin ƙarfi.

Tarihin cigaban kimiyya

Tushen halittun halittu ya koma zamanin d ¯ a, lokacin da masana falsafa da masu tunani - 'yan halitta Aristotle, Heraclitus, Plato da sauransu - sun dubi sama da taurari, suna kokarin gano dangantaka da Moon da Sun tare da Duniya, sun fahimci dalilai na tasiri akan gonaki da dabbobi.

Daga baya, a tsakiyar zamanai, ƙoƙari ya fara sanin ƙaddamar da duniya kuma ya bayyana fassararsa. Na dogon lokaci a ji shi ka'idar da Ptolemy ya kafa. Ta ce cewa Earth - wannan shi ne cibiyar sararin samaniya, da kuma duk sauran duniyoyi kuma basamaniyai matsar kusa da shi (geocentric tsarin).

Duk da haka, akwai wani masanin ilimin kimiyya, Pole Nikolai Copernicus, wanda ya tabbatar da kuskuren wadannan maganganun kuma ya ba da shawarar kansa, tsarin ingantaccen tsarin tsarin duniya: a tsakiyar - Sun, da dukan taurari ke motsawa. Sun kuma star. Tunaninsa sunyi goyon bayan Giordano Bruno, Newton, Kepler, Galileo.

Duk da haka, ilimin kimiyyar sararin samaniya kamar kimiyya ya fito daga baya. Sai kawai a cikin karni na XX, masanin kimiyya na Rasha Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky ya kirkiro tsarin da ya ba mutane damar shiga cikin zurfin ruhaniya kuma suna binciken su a hankali. Ya dace da la'akari da uban wannan kimiyya. Har ila yau, muhimmin mahimmancin cigaba da ilimin kimiyyar ilimin kimiyya da ilimin lissafi, masana'antu da masana'antu na Einstein, Bohr, Planck, Landau, Fermi, Kapitsa, Bogolyubov da sauransu.

Sabbin bincike na kimiyya, wanda ya ba da damar mutane su yi jiragen jiragen lokaci zuwa sararin samaniya, ya yiwu ya gano magungunan likita da kuma nazarin halittu don kare lafiyar da tasiri na yanayi wanda aka tsara ta Tsiolkovsky. Menene ainihin su?

1. Masana kimiyya sun ba da hujjar hujja akan tasirin rashin lafiyar kwayoyin halittu.
2. Ya tsara yawancin zaɓuɓɓuka don samar da yanayin sararin samaniya a cikin ɗakin gwaje-gwaje.
3. Ya gabatar da bambancin samun abinci da ruwa daga cosmonauts tare da taimakon shuke-shuke da kuma maimaita abubuwa.

Saboda haka, Tsiolkovsky ne wanda ya kaddamar da dukkanin magungunan 'yan saman jannatin saman sama, wadanda basu yi hasara ba a yau.

Rashin rashin ƙarfi

Nazarin halittu na zamani na nazarin tasirin tasirin abubuwan da ke damuwa akan jikin mutum a yanayi na sararin samaniya ya ba da damar ceton 'yan saman jannati daga tasirin mummunar waɗannan abubuwa zuwa iyakar.

Akwai alamomi guda uku masu mahimmanci:

• Faɗakarwa;
• Hanzarta;
• Rashin rashin ƙarfi.

Mafi mahimmanci da mahimmanci ga jikin mutum shine nauyin rashin nauyi. Wannan wata jiha ce da ƙarfin karfi ya ɓace kuma ba'a maye gurbin wasu matsaloli masu banƙyama ba. Ta haka ne mutumin ya rasa ikon kula da matsayi na jiki a fili. Wannan yanayin ya riga ya fara a cikin ƙananan samfurori na sararin samaniya kuma ana kiyaye shi a ko'ina cikin sarari.

Nazarin halittu masu nazarin halittu sun nuna cewa a cikin yanayin rashin aiki a cikin jikin mutum wadannan canje-canje na faruwa:

1. Zuciyar zuciya yana karuwa.
2. Kusa da tsokoki (sautin ya tafi).
3. Rage yadda ya dace.
4. Matsaloli na iya yiwuwar sararin samaniya.

Mutumin da yake cikin rashin ƙarfi zai iya zama har zuwa kwanaki 86 ba tare da lahani ga lafiyar jiki ba. An tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar kwarewa kuma an tabbatar da ita daga hanyar kiwon lafiya. Duk da haka, daya daga cikin ayyuka na ilmin halitta da magani a yau shi ne ci gaba da tsari na musamman don hana illa rashin nauyin jiki a cikin jiki, don kawar da gajiya, bunkasa kuma kula da aiki na al'ada.

Akwai wasu yanayi da cosmonauts ke kallo don shawo kan rashin ƙarfi kuma suna kula da jiki:

• Tsarin jirgin sama ya dace da dacewa da matakan tsaro;
• Cosmonauts sukan kasancewa a hankali a kan wuraren zama don su guje wa jiragen da ba a sani ba;
• Dukkan abubuwa a cikin jirgi suna da wuri mai mahimmanci kuma an kiyaye su yadda ya kamata don kauce wa yanayin haɗari;
• Ana ajiye nauyin ruwa ne kawai a cikin rufaffiyar, kwantena da aka kwantar da shi.

Domin samun sakamako mai kyau wajen kawar da rashin ƙarfi, cosmonauts suna samun horo sosai a duniya. Amma, abin takaici, ta zamani, bincike ba ya ba da damar don ƙirƙirar irin wannan yanayi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. A duniyarmu don shawo kan nauyi ba zai yiwu ba. Wannan kuma yana daga cikin ayyuka na gaba don sararin samaniya da ilmin likita.

Cikawa a sarari (haɓakawa)

Wani muhimmin mahimmanci da yake shafi jikin mutum a sararin samaniya shine hawan gaggawa, ko rikici. Dalilin waɗannan abubuwa an rage shi zuwa raguwa marar kuskure na kaya akan jiki tare da ƙungiyoyi masu karfi a fili. Akwai manyan nau'i biyu na hanzari:

• Ƙananan lokaci;
• Tsayawa.

Kamar yadda binciken bincike na kiwon lafiya da nazarin halittu ya nuna, duka hawan gaggawa yana da mahimmanci a rinjayar tsarin jiki na jikin jannatin saman sama.

Saboda haka, alal misali, a ƙarƙashin aiki na gajeren lokaci (sun wuce fiye da 1 na biyu), canje-canje marar iyaka a jikin kwayoyin a matakin kwayoyin zai iya faruwa. Har ila yau, idan ba a horar da kwayoyin ba, suna da kasafin isa, akwai hadarin rushewa daga bawo. Irin wannan tasiri za a iya aiwatar da lokacin da aka rabu da murfin daga cosmonaut a fili, lokacin da aka fitar da ita ko kuma lokacin da jirgin ya kewaya.

Saboda haka, yana da mahimmanci cewa cosmonauts ke shawo kan gwada lafiyar jiki da kuma wani shiri na jiki kafin ya tashi cikin sarari.

Yunkuri na tsawon lokaci yakan tashi a kaddamar da saukowa na roka, da kuma lokacin gudu a wasu wuraren sararin samaniya. Sakamakon irin wannan hanzari akan jiki bisa ga bayanin da aka bayar ta hanyar binciken kimiyyar kimiyya shine:

• Tsarin da bugun jini;
• Haske mai sauri;
• Harshen tashin hankali da rauni, alamar fata;
• Gani yana fuskantar wahala, wani fim din jan ko fim din ya bayyana a gaban idanunku;
• Akwai yiwuwar jin zafi a cikin gidajen abinci, ƙwayoyi;
• Sakon murfin tsoka ya faɗi;
• Tsarin ka'idar neuro-humoral ya bambanta;
• Hanyoyin gas a cikin huhu da cikin jiki a matsayin duka sun bambanta;
• Zai yiwu bayyanar sweating.

Cunkushe da rashin aiki sun sa masana kimiyyar likita ta zo da hanyoyi daban-daban. Bayarwa don daidaitawa, horar da ƙananan cosmonauts domin su iya tsayayya da aikin wadannan abubuwan ba tare da sakamakon lafiya ba kuma ba tare da hasara ba.

Daya daga cikin hanyoyi mafi inganci don horar da cosmonauts don hanzarta ita ce na'urar motar. Yana cikin abin da za ku iya lura da dukan canje-canje da ke faruwa a cikin jiki a ƙarƙashin aikin ƙwaƙwalwa. Har ila yau, ba ka damar horarwa da kuma dacewa da rinjayar wannan factor.

Flying zuwa sarari da magani

Yin tafiya cikin sarari, ba shakka, yana da tasirin gaske a kan lafiyar mutane, musamman ma ba a haɓaka ba ko ciwon cututtuka na kullum. Saboda haka, wani muhimmin al'amari shi ne bincike na likita akan dukkanin hanyoyi na jirgin sama, dukkanin halayen jikin su zuwa mafi yawan abubuwan da ba a duniyar ba.

Hanya a cikin rashin ƙarfi yana amfani da maganin zamani da ilimin halitta don zuwa tare da tsara (a lokaci guda, da kuma aiwatar da wani tsari) don samar da kayan cosmonauts tare da abinci mai gina jiki, hutawa, samar da oxygen, kiyayewa da sauransu.

Bugu da ƙari, an tsara likita don samar da 'yan saman jannati tare da taimako mai kyau a yayin da ba a sani ba, yanayi na gaggawa, da kuma kariya daga tasirin sojojin da ba a sani ba na sauran taurari da sararin samaniya. Wannan yana da wuyar gaske, yana buƙatar lokaci da ƙwaƙƙwaga, babban mahimman bayanai, ta amfani da kayan aiki na zamani da shirye-shiryen zamani.

Bugu da ƙari, magani tare da ilimin lissafi da ilmin halitta yana da aikin kare 'yan saman jannati daga abubuwa na jiki na yanayi, kamar:

• Zazzabi;
• Radiation;
• Ƙarfin;
• Meteorites.

Sabili da haka, nazarin dukkan wadannan abubuwan da siffofi na da matukar muhimmanci.

Research Hanyar in Biology

Kimiyyar ilimin halitta, kamar sauran kimiyyar halitta, yana da wasu hanyoyin da zasu ba da damar gudanar da bincike, tattara abubuwa masu mahimmanci, da kuma tabbatar da ita tare da shawarwari. Wadannan hanyoyi a tsawon lokaci bazai canza ba, dangane da sabuntawa da haɓakawa bisa ga halin yanzu. Duk da haka, tarihin ci gaba da fasahar ilmin halitta har yanzu yana da dacewa har yau. Wadannan sun haɗa da:

1. Binciken.
2. Gwaji.
3. Tarihin tarihi.
4. Bayani.
5. Daidaita.

Wadannan hanyoyi na nazarin halittu masu mahimmanci ne, masu dacewa a kowane lokaci. Amma akwai wasu wasu da suka taso tare da cigaban kimiyya da fasaha, fasahar lantarki da kwayoyin halitta. An kira su zamani ne kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a nazarin dukkanin nazarin halittu, sinadaran, likita da kuma tsarin aikin likita.

Hanyar zamani

1. Hanyar hanyoyin aikin injiniya da kuma bioinformatics. Wannan ya haɗa da canjin agrobacterial da ballistic, PCR (polymerase sarkar halayen). Rawar da nazarin halittu nazarin irin wannan shirin ne mai girma domin su ƙyale mu mu sami mafita ga matsalolin da abinci mai gina jiki da kuma oxygenation na roka launchers da kuma bukkokin ga wani dadi Jihar cosmonauts.
2. Hanyar na gina jiki sunadarai da histochemistry. Ba da damar kula da sunadaran da enzymes a cikin tsarin rayuwa.
3. Amfani da haske bincike da madubin likita, superresolution bincike da madubin likita.
4. A amfani da ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu da kuma Biochemistry, da kuma bincike da hanyoyin.
5. Biotelemetry - hanya, wanda shi ne sakamakon da hade da aikin injiniyoyi da likitoci biobased. Yana ba ka damar sarrafa duk aikin aikin jiki na jiki a nesa tare da taimakon tashoshin rediyo na jikin mutum da mai rikodin kwamfuta. Ilimin yanayin sarari yana amfani da wannan hanya a matsayin hanyar da za a iya amfani da shi don gano sakamakon yanayin sarari akan kwayoyin jannatin saman jannati.
6. Halittu nuni da interplanetary sarari. Hanyar mahimmanci na ilmin halitta, wanda zai sa ya yiwu a tantance jinsin jihohi na yanayin, shine don samun bayani game da halayewar taurari daban-daban. Dalilin da ke nan shi ne amfani da dabbobi tare da na'urorin haɗi mai gina jiki. Kwararrun dabbobi masu gwaji (mice, karnuka, birai) sun cire bayani daga kobits, wanda masana kimiyya na duniya suke amfani da shi don bincike da kuma tsinkaya.

Hanyoyin zamani na nazarin halittu sun ba da damar magance matsalolin ci gaba ba kawai na ilmin halitta ba, amma har ma duniya.

Matsaloli na ilimin halitta

Duk wadannan hanyoyi na binciken nazarin halittu, da rashin alheri, basu riga sun magance matsalolin halittu ba. Akwai wasu batutuwa masu mahimmanci da suka kasance da gaggawa har zuwa yau. Bari muyi la'akari da manyan matsalolin da ke fuskantar sararin samaniya da ilmin halitta.

1. Zaɓin ma'aikatan da aka horar da su don jiragen sama, yanayin kiwon lafiyar zai iya cika dukkan bukatun likitoci (ciki har da barin samfurori don tsayayya da horarwa da horarwa don tafiya).
2. Kyakkyawan horo na horarwa da wadatar dukkan ma'aikatan sararin samaniya.
3. Samar da tsaro a kowane hali (ciki har da wanda ba a sani ba ko kuma kasashen waje daga wasu taurari) ga ma'aikata da jirgi.
4. Magungunan Psychophysiological na cosmonauts lokacin da suka dawo duniya.
5. Developing hanyoyin da za a kare 'yan saman jannati da kumbon sama jannati daga radiation.
6. Bayar da yanayi na al'ada a cikin gida yayin jiragen sama.
7. Haɓakawa da kuma yin amfani da fasahar fasahar zamani a sararin samaniya.
8. Tsarin sararin samaniya da fasahar kimiyya. Amfani da hanyoyin hanyoyin kimiyyar.
9. Magani na matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kuma nazarin halittu don yanayin jiragen saman jannati na jiragen sama zuwa Mars da sauran taurari.
10. Harkokin magungunan Pharmacological da zasu magance matsalar oxygenation a fili.

Ci gaba, ingantawa da kuma haɗaka a cikin aikace-aikacen hanyoyin bincike na kimiyya da nazarin halittu dole ne ya warware dukkan ayyukan da matsaloli. Duk da haka, idan wannan ya faru - tambaya tana da hadari da kuma rashin tabbas.

Ya kamata a lura cewa ba masana kimiyya kawai na Rasha ba, har ma jami'ar kimiyya na dukan ƙasashe suna cikin magance waɗannan batutuwa. Kuma wannan babban abin da yake. Bayan haka, binciken hadin gwiwa da bincike za su ba da sakamako mai kyau da sauri. Rufe hadin gwiwar duniya a warware matsalar matsalolin sarari shine mahimmanci ga ci gaba a ci gaba da sararin samaniya.

Ayyukan zamani

Irin wadannan nasarori sunyi yawa. Bayan haka, ana yin aiki mai tsanani a kowace rana, nagarta da jin dadi, wanda ya ba ka damar samo karin kayan aiki, ƙaddara da ƙaddara ƙaddara.

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a cikin karni na 21 a cikin kimiyya shine gano ruwa a Mars. Wannan nan da nan ya ba da dama ga abubuwa da yawa game da rayuwa ko rashin rayuwa a duniyar duniyar, da yiwuwar sake tashi daga ƙasa zuwa Mars da sauransu.

Wani samu shi ne cewa masana kimiyya sun gano shekaru kewayo wanda da mutum a matsayin dadi kamar yadda zai yiwu da kuma ba tare da tsanani sakamakon zai iya zama a cikin sarari. Wannan zai fara daga shekaru na 45 shekaru da kuma iyakar game 55-60 shekaru. Sun mutanen da suka tafi a sararin samaniya, musamman sha psychologically da physiologically a kan ya dawo zuwa Duniya, yana da wuya a daidaita da kuma sake shirya.

Ruwa a kan Moon aka gano (2009). Mercury da kuma babban adadin na azurfa da aka samu a duniya ta tauraron dan adam.

Hanyoyin da nazarin halittu karatu, kazalika da aikin injiniya da kuma ta jiki Manuniya damar lafiya a kammala da cewa aminci (a kalla, babu mafi cũta, fiye da a kan Earth) da tasiri na ionic radiation da radiation a sarari.

Kimiyya karatu sun tabbatar da cewa wani dogon zaman a sarari ba gabatar da wani alama a jihar ta jiki kiwon lafiya na 'yan saman jannati. Duk da haka, da matsaloli kasance a m sharuddan.

Akwai sun kasance nazarin ya nuna cewa mafi girma shuke-shuke amsa daban zuwa gaban a cosmic al'arshi. A tsaba wasu shuke-shuke a cikin binciken ya nuna babu kwayoyin canje-canje. Others, da bambanci, ya nuna a fili iri a kan matakin kwayoyin.

Gwaje-gwajen da za'ayi a kan Kwayoyin kuma tsokoki na rai kwayoyin (dabbobi masu shayarwa) ta tabbatar da cewa sarari ba zai tasiri a al'ada jihar da kuma aiki na waɗannan jikuna.

Daban-daban iri binciken kiwon lafiya (tomography, MRI, jini da fitsari gwaje-gwaje, ECG, CT scan, kuma haka a) ya kai ga ƙarasawa da cewa, physiological, biochemical, morphological halaye na mutum Kwayoyin kasance canzawa idan ka zauna a sarari har zuwa 86 days.

A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, an sake wani wucin gadi tsarin cewa ba ka damar samun a matsayin kusa da wani Jihar weightlessness da haka bincika duk al'amurran da sakamakon wannan yanayin a jiki. Wannan sa, bi da bi, wajen samar da wani jerin m matakan hana tasiri wannan factor a mutum jirgin a sifili nauyi.

Results exobiology zama shaida na kasancewar tsarin ne Duniya ta biosphere. Har ya zama zai yiwu ne kawai msar tambayar halitta da wadannan zaton, amma nan da nan da masana kimiyya shirya, don samar da kuma m shaida.

Ta hanyar bincike da masana kimiyyar, lissafin kimiyya, likitoci, ecologists da chemists sun gano zurfin sunadaran da mataki na mutane a kan biosphere. Don cimma wannan da aka sanya yiwu ta hanyar halittar wucin gadi kunsa na duniya da kuma bayar da su da wannan sakamako, kamar yadda a duniya.

Yana ba duk da nasarorin da sarari ilmin halitta, cosmology da magani a yau, amma kawai babban rabo. Akwai babban m, da aiwatar da abin da yake cikin aiki da wadannan sciences for nan gaba.

Rayuwa a sarari

Bisa ga zamani view rayuwa a sarari iya zama, tun 'yan binciken tabbatar da kasancewar wasu taurari dace da yanayi na fitowan da kuma ci gaban rayuwa. Duk da haka, ra'ayoyin malamai a kan wannan batu ya kasu kashi biyu Categories:

• Rayuwa ba ya wanzu a ko'ina wanin Duniya, ya ba ta kasance da kuma taba zai zama.
• rayuwa ne a cikin sararin expanses na sarari, amma mutane ba tukuna gano shi.

Wanne daga cikin jarrabawa daidai ne - shi ke nan har zuwa kowane mutum. Evidence da rebuttals, kuma daya, da kuma sauran isa.