Phraseological hade: Misalan

Yana daga jumlar - ne Bane da duk wanda ya ke karanta wani yaren, domin a lokacin da fuskantar su, sau da yawa mutane ba zai iya gane abin da yake a kan gungumen azaba. Sau da yawa, to fahimta a cikin hankali da wata sanarwa, ya zama dole in yi amfani da kamus na phraseological haduwa, wanda ba ko da yaushe a hannun. Duk da haka, akwai wani bayani - ba za ka iya ci gaba da ikon gane salon maganarsu, to, zai zama da sauki don su gane ma'anar. Duk da haka, domin wannan ka bukatar ka san abin da iri su ne da kuma yadda suka bambanta. Musamman da hankali a wannan batun ya kamata a biya su phraseological haduwa a matsayin su ne (saboda hanyoyi daban-daban na kassa su) haifar da mafi matsaloli. Saboda haka, abin da yake da shi, abin da suke su bayãnin hukuncin fasali da kuma a cikin abin da kamus za ka iya samun tips?

Phraseology da kuma batun ta nazari

Kimiyya phraseology, wanda ya ƙware a cikin nazarin daban-daban haduwa da barga, mun gwada matasa. A Rasha harsuna, sai ta fara tsaya fitar a matsayin mai raba sashe ne kawai a cikin XVIII karni., Kuma a sa'an nan a karshen wannan karni, godiya Mihailu Lomonosovu.

Mafi shahara daga cikin masu bincike - Masana harshe Viktor Vinogradov da Nikolay Shan, da kuma a cikin harshen Turanci - A. The McKay, William Weinreich kuma L. P. Smit. Ba zato ba tsammani, shi ya kamata a lura da cewa Turanci, masana ilimin harsuna, sabanin Slavic masana, da yawa kasa hankali ne ya biya zuwa phraseological raka'a, kuma Stock su a cikin wannan harshen ba Rasha, Ukrainian ko Yaren mutanen Poland.

Babban batu a kan nazarin abin da aka mayar da hankali da wannan horo ne kari ko idiomatic magana. Mene ne wannan? Wannan hade da mahara kalmomi, wanda shi ne barga a tsarin da abun da ke ciki (ba kõma sama, sãbuwa, kowane lokaci da kuma amfani da riga ya gama form). A saboda wannan dalili, a lokacin da parsing kari, ko da kuwa da irin da kuma tsayin ta bijiro da batun kafa kalmomi, ko da yaushe ya bayyana a matsayin wani guda jumla.

Sa phrases a kowane harshe ne na musamman da abu, da suka shafi tarihi da al'adu. Yana ba za a iya cikakken canjawa wuri ba tare da rasa ma'anarta. Saboda haka, translation ne mafi sau da yawa zaba da irin wannan salon maganarsu daga darajar, zama a wani harshe.

Alal misali, sanannen English phraseological hade: "Ka jinkirtar da yatsunsu a kan bugun jini", wanda ma'anarsa shine "kiyaye mu yatsunsu a kan bugun jini," amma shi ya sa hankalta to "ci gaba abreast na aukuwa." Duk da haka, tun da babu wani daya da ɗari bisa dari Rasha da takwaransa, shi ne maye gurbinsu da sosai kama da "bugun jini".

Wani lokaci, saboda da kusanci na kasashen, da harsuna akwai irin wannan jũya daga magana, sa'an nan matsaloli tare da translation akwai. Saboda haka, Rasha magana "twiddle" (rikici a kusa da) yana da ya twin wa a cikin Ukrainian harshe - "byty baydyky".

Sau da yawa irin wannan bayanin zo a lokaci guda a mahara harsuna saboda wasu muhimmanci events, kamar kamar Christianization. Duk na zuwa daban-daban Kirista denominations, in Ukrainian, Faransanci, Spanish, Jamus, Basulake, Rasha da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland kowa kari "Alpha da Omega" da aka dauka daga Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma na nufin "daga farkon zuwa karshen" (cikakken, sosai).

Nau'in na sa phrases

A kan batun na rarrabuwa na phraseology har yanzu-masana ilimin harsuna sun zo ne ba domin guda ra'ayi. Wasu ƙarin daraja su karin magana ( "Ba tare da rãnã ba za ka iya zama, ba zai iya rayuwa ba tare da zaki") da kuma faxin ( "Allah ba zai ba - alade ba zai ci") da kuma ilimin harsuna clichés ( "m support", "aiki yanayi"). Amma yayin da su ne a cikin 'yan tsirarun.

A lokacin, mafi mashahuri a cikin Gabas Slavic harsuna tana da rarrabuwa masanin ilimin harsuna Viktor Vinogradov, wanda ake rarraba duk saita phrases a kan uku key Categories:

• Phraseological kabu.
• Phraseological hadin kai.
• Phraseological haduwa daga gare ta.

A yawa na masana ilimin harsuna da lãbãri fe da hadin kai tare da Kalmar "kari" (af, kalmar shi ne cognate da suna "wawa"), wanda shi ne ainihin wani dangantawa ga suna "kari". Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa wani lokacin zana wani bambanci tsakanin su ne da wuya sosai. Wannan sunan da daraja ambaton, kamar yadda a cikin harshen Turanci phraseological kabu, hadin kai, da hada canjawa wuri tare da taimakon - salon maganarsu.

Tambayar da idiomatic maganganu

Abokin aiki Vinogradova Nikolay Shan nace a kan wanzuwar a karo na hudu jinsunan - maganganu. A gaskiya ma, ya raba phraseological haduwa Vinogradov cikin biyu Categories: ainihin haduwa da magana.

Ko da yake rarrabuwa da Shan da take kaiwa zuwa rikice a yi na rarraba sa phrases, amma shi ba ka damar more warai la'akari da wannan rabe-sabon abu.

Mene ne bambanci phraseological kabu, phraseological hadin kai, phraseological haduwa

Da farko, yana da daraja fahimtar cewa wadannan robust raka'a kasu kashi wadannan iri lexical matakin na 'yancin kai na gyara.

Turnovers ne cikakken rabuwa, wanda ma'anar da aka ba da nasaba da darajar da aka gyara, da suka kasance sunã kira phraseological kabu. Ga misali: "kaifafa fritters" (kai wauta tattaunawar), to sa daya ta zuciya a kan daya ta hannun riga (ya zama m, a zahiri tana nufin "sa da zuciya a kan ya hannun riga"). Af, domin adhesions halayyar hasashe, sau da yawa da suka bayyana daga wani m magana, musamman m, ko maganganu na littattafai.

Phraseological hadin kai ne mafi m view, dangane da aka gyara. Ba kamar adhesions, su ilimin harsuna ne saboda da darajar da yayan. Saboda wannan dalili, wannan ya hada da puns. Ga misali: "kananan amma daidai kafa" (a mutum ya aikata wani abu da kyau, duk da ba m waje data) da kuma Ukrainian kari: "katyuzі a kan zasluzі" (laifin samu da ya dace azãbar nasa azzãlumai). Af, biyu misalai nuna wani musamman alama na unities: rhymed consonance. Wata kila wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa Viktor Vinogradov kidaya su karin magana da faxin, kuma kõ dã sun kasance a cikin phraseology har yanzu jãyayya da yawa, masana ilimin harsuna.

The uku type: samuwar magana collocations. Su ne quite muhimmanci daban-daban daga sama biyu. Gaskiyar cewa, darajar da aka gyara kai tsaye rinjayar da ma'anar daga cikin jimlar yawa. Ga misali: "binge sha", "tada batun".

Phraseological haduwa a Rasha harshen (as in Ukrainian da Turanci) da musamman dukiya: su gyara za a iya maye gurbinsu ba tare da asarar ma'anar synonymous tare da "zarga da girmamawa" - "m girman kai", "garura karrarawa" - "jingle". A matsayin misali na da harshen da m Birtaniya - kari don nuna daya ta hakora (nuna hakora), wanda za a iya maida shi musamman domin kowane mutum: don nuna ta (ka, ya, ta, mu) hakora.

Phraseological maganganu da haduwa: rarrabe siffofin

Nau'in Victor Vinogradova, cikinsa da abun da ke ciki ne kasaftawa daya kawai hikimar tantance form (haduwa da magana) aka hankali supplemented Nikolaem Shanskim. Bambanta salon maganarsu da hade da aka quite sauki (saboda su bambance-bambance a cikin tsari). Amma sabon naúrar na Shan - magana ( "tsõro kyarketai - a cikin dazuzzuka ba su tafi"), ya na da wuya na rarrabe daga hade.

Amma idan ya fahimci tambaya, ba za ka iya ganin bambanci a fili, wanda dogara ne a kan darajar phraseological haduwa. Saboda haka, magana kunshi kaucewa free magana, cikakken mallakan m ilimin harsuna ( "duk ba zinariya - cewa glitters"). Duk da haka, daga cikin saba phrases da sentences, da sũ suke sãɓa a cewa su ne barga maganganu da cewa ba komponiruyutsya ga sabon da kuma amfani a ƙãre tsari a matsayin wani samfuri, "horseradish radish ba zaƙi" (Ukrainian version of "hrіn radish ba solodshy").

Phraseological haduwa ( "Bari ta shugaban yanke" - "ba a hannunka zuwa ga yanke") ne ko da yaushe a cikin tsarin da 'yan kalmomi da unmotivated darajar, yayin da duk aka gyara na maganganu semantically gaba daya m ( "Man - shi sauti mai kyau"). Ba zato ba tsammani, wannan alama na su sa wasu masana ilimin harsuna shakka cikin maganganu na zuwa saitin da phrases.

Wanne hade kalmomi ne ba wani idiomatic magana

Kari, a lexical ra'ayi, shi ne na musamman sabon abu: a daya hannun, suna da duka a cikin ãyõyin phrases, amma mafi kama da kaddarorin ga kalmomi. Sanin wadannan siffofin, zaka iya koyi rarrabe barga phraseological haduwa, hadin kai, Fusion ko magana daga cikin saba phrases.

• Kari, kazalika da phrases kunshi dama juna Alamu, amma mafi yawan su ma'anar ne iya wuce Naira Miliyan Xari da bangaren dabi'u. Alal misali :. "rasa your kai" (daina zuwa zaton HIKIMA) da kuma "rasa wata jaka" Kalmomi da cewa yin up da kari, sau da yawa amfani da wani zaurance.
• Lokacin amfani da magana, kuma rubuce-rubuce abun da ke ciki kafa phrases kowane lokaci, sãbuwa. Amma hadin kai da kuma Fusion aka kullum sake bugawa a karshe form (cewa haɗa kan bangaskiya su tare da jawabin clichés). Phraseological hade da kalmomi da kuma phraseological maganganu wani lokacin rudani a wannan batun. Ga misali: "sunkuyar" (anta) ko da yake yana phraseology, amma kowanne daga da aka gyara shi ne iya yardar kaina bayyana a al'ada phrases "rataya gashi" da "runtse kansa."
• Idiomatic (saboda da mutunci da dabi'u na da aka gyara) a mafi yawan lokuta za a iya sauƙi maye gurbinsu da ma'ana, ba za ka iya yi da kalmomi. Ga misali: da magana "bawan Melpomene," za a iya sauƙi canza zuwa wani sauki kalmar "Artist" ko "actor".
• Kari taba aiki a matsayin sunayen. Alal misali, hydronym "Tekun" da kuma phraseological hade "kashe kakar" (mutane suke so kakar), "kwance matacce nauyi" (karya sauran dukiya).

Nau'in phraseological raka'a a asalin

Idan akai la'akari da tambaya akan asalin phraseological haduwa, motsin na hadin kai da kuma splices su za a iya raba da dama kungiyoyin.

• Haduwa da suka zo daga mutane ta da murya, "samun ƙafafunsa", "ba tare da wani sarki a kansa" (wawa), "babu, mako" (sosai gajeren lokaci).
• Professional kushin, wanda a hankali ya juya a cikin phraseologisms :. "Black da fari", "ruwa mai yawan zuba da niƙa", "a sarari gudu"
• Wanne sun zama wurin hutawa faxin sanannen tarihi Figures ko wallafe-wallafen haruffa, movie haruffa: "Babban abu don dacewa Sat" ( "mayu"), "Hankali, mutane" (M. Zhvanetskiy), na yi mafarki (Martin Luther King).
• Barga phraseological haduwa aro daga wasu harsuna, wani lokacin ba tare da translation. Ga misali: o tempora, o mores (a kan lokaci, a kan hali), dauki daman (Ku kãmã da rana), tempus vulnera sanat (lokaci ya warkar da duk raunuka).
• Quotes daga Littafi Mai Tsarki: "beads jefa" (gaya / nuna wani abu, mai yawan kãfirci sauraro / masu kallo), "jira har sai da na biyu zuwa" (jira wani abu na dogon lokaci, kuma tabbas m), "barna Ɗan", "Manna, daga sama".
• Jawabin daga gargajiya adabi: "Apple na sabani" (a rigima magana), "Greek kyauta" (mugunta yi azãbar a cikin sunan mai kyau), "duba da Medusa" (abin da ya sa bayar da umarnin rike kamar dutse).

Sauran sukayi fassara: version Petra Dudika

• Bugu da kari Vinogradov da Shan, da kuma sauran masana ilimin harsuna sun yi kokarin raba salon maganarsu, shiryar da nasu ka'idojin. Saboda haka, a ilimin harsuna gano Dudik ba hudu, amma biyar iri phraseological raka'a:
• Semantically basa kari "su zama a kan short kafa" (kusa da wani sani).
• Phraseology tare da hadin looser ilimin harsuna na bijiro da batun kafa abubuwa na "sabulu wuyansa" (hukunta wani).
• Phraseological maganganu, hada gaba ɗaya daga m kalmomi, da jimlar darajar wanda shi yiwuwa a zabi wani dangantawa. Wadannan Dudik yafi da dangantaka da karin maganar: "Gus alade ne ba abokiya ba."
• Phraseological haduwa - haduwa bisa wani metaphorical ma'anar "blue jini", "Hawkeye".
• Phraseological phrases. Halin da rashin hadin kai na metaphorical kuma syntactic aka gyara: "wani babban ƙara."

Nau'in Igorya Melchuka

Baya daga duk na sama rarrabuwa kamata Mel'chukov phraseological raka'a. A cewar shi ne kasaftawa yafi jinsin, wadda aka rarraba a hudu Categories.

• Degree cikakken lokaci, polufrazema, kvazifrazema.
• Aikin na hadin dalilai a cikin samuwar phraseologism: na ginin jumla da kuma pragmatemy.
• Wanne ilimin harsuna naúrar hada da: wata ãyã, da magana, ginin kalma frazema.
• rabe-raben harsuna alamar bangaren zaunanniya frazeologizatsiyu: syntactics hannu, signifier da ishãra.

Nau'in Boris Larin

Wannan masanin ilimin harsuna rarraba barga haduwa da kalmomi a kan mataki na juyin halitta, daga talakawa zuwa ga phrases na phraseology:

• M haduwa (haduwa da analogue da idiomatic maganganu): "karammiski kakar".
• Wadanda suka rasa wasu daga ta farko ma'anar, amma sun iya samun metaphors da stereotype: "ci gaba da dutse a ƙirjinsa."
• Salon maganarsu, gaba daya bã tãre da na ginin jumla 'yancin kai na gyara, kuma sun rasa touch tare da su na asali lexical ma'anar da nahawu rawa (analog phraseological adhesions da kuma hadin kai), "daga hannunka" (bad).

Common misalai na phraseological haduwa

Kasa ne a 'yan fairly sanannun barga haduwa.

• "Ka kasance a cikin ni'ima," (m).
• "Ƙasƙantattu idanu" (kunya).
• "Kayar" (doke wani).
• "Ƙayayuwa batun" (a matsalar da cewa na bukatar m shawara).

Ko da yake Turanci salon maganarsu Vinogradov rarrabuwa da kuma Shan ba nema, duk da haka, za a iya zabar sa phrases da cewa za a iya classified a matsayin mai hade da magana.
misalai:

• Majibinci ne, masoyi - ƙirjinsa aboki (majibinci ne, masoyi - wani majibinci ne, masoyi).
• A Sisyfean aiki (Sisyphean).
• A kafa yaƙi - mai zafin yaƙi (m yaƙi - mai zafin yaƙi).

Kundin jumloli

A manyan yawan phraseological raka'a sukayi fassara saboda gaskiyar cewa babu wani daga cikinsu ba ya bayar da wani cikakken tabbacin akwai wani kuskure. Saboda haka, yana da daraja a san abin da Dictionary za ka iya samun ambato, idan ba za ka iya sanin ko daidai da irin phraseologism. All kamus na irin wannan ya kasu kashi monolingual da multilingual. Kasa mu fassara shahararrun littattafai na irin wannan, a cikin abin da za ka iya samun misalai na gyarawa maganganu, ya fi na kowa a cikin Rasha harshe.

• Monolingual: "Training littafin yin hira" E. Bystrova. "Burning fi'ili - Dictionary jama'a phraseology" V. Kuzmich. "Phraseological kamus na Rasha Harshe" Fedoseev. "Phraseological kamus na Rasha wallafe-wallafen harshen" I. Fedoseyev da kuma "Big HIKIMA-littafin yin hira" M. Michelson.
• Multilingual: "English-Russian littafin yin hira" (dubu ashirin sa phrases) A. Kunin, "Great Yaren mutanen Poland-Rasha, Rasha-Polish littafin yin hira" Yu Lukshina da Random House Rasha-English Dictionary na salon maganarsu Sofia Lubensk.

Zai yiwu gane cewa shi ne, wani lokacin wuya ga nan da nan rarrabe abin da jinsunan da mulkin wata musamman kari, wannan topic iya ze wuce yarda da rikitarwa. Duk da haka, ba haka ba ne shaidan kamar yadda ya aka fentin. Babban hanya wajen samar da ikon samun dama hade kalmomi phraseological phraseological raka'a sauransu - to motsa jiki a kai a kai. Kuma a cikin hali na waje harsuna - ya yi nazarin asalin wadannan phrases da kuma haddace su. Wannan ba kawai taimaka wajen ba sa a cikin m yanayi a nan gaba, amma zai yi shi da kyau sosai, kuma m.