Pierce Charles Sanders - wanda ya kafa hotunan wasan kwaikwayo da ilmin kwayoyin halitta: ilimin lissafi, manyan ayyuka

Pierce Charles Sanders wani masanin kimiyya ne na Amurka, masanin ilimin lissafi, masanin lissafi da kuma masanin kimiyya, wanda wasu suna kira "mahaifin pragmatism." Ya kasance mai ilimin likita ne kuma yana aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyyar shekaru 30. Yaba da godiya ga babbar gudummawar da ya ba shi wajen tunani, ilmin lissafi, falsafanci da ilmin lissafi. Har ila yau, masanin kimiyya na Amurka yana da kyau tare da gaskiyar cewa ya gabatar da manyan tsare-tsare na halin falsafanci - pragmatism.

Lissafi

Charles Pierce shine mai sabawa a lissafin ilmin lissafi, kididdiga, falsafar, kuma a wasu hanyoyin bincike na ilimin kimiyya daban-daban. Pierce yayi la'akari da kansa a farko da kuma mafi mahimmanci. Ya yi babban taimako ga wannan kimiyya. Tare da wannan, fassarar ta buɗe hanya ga sababbin binciken da ƙarshe. Ya ga basirar a matsayin reshe na ilimin kwayoyin halittu, wanda ya kafa shi. Bugu da ƙari, Charles Pearce ya bayyana ma'anar halayyar motsa jiki, da kuma ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da lissafin ilmin lissafi da kuma dalili. Tuni a shekara ta 1886 ya ga cewa ana iya yin aiki mai mahimmanci ta hanyar fitin wutar lantarki. An yi amfani da irin wannan ra'ayi shekaru da yawa daga baya don samar da kwamfyutoci na dijital.

Mene ne aikin kwaikwayo?

Pragmatism shine ilimin falsafa wanda ya samo asali a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1870. Addini na al'ada sunyi la'akari da kayan aiki don tsarawa da magance matsalolin da ayyuka, kuma sun ƙi ra'ayin cewa aikin mutum na tunani yana da alaƙa da abubuwa masu mahimmanci da abubuwan da suka dace da su, kamar misalin gaskiya da kuma tasiri na mafi girma gameda sakamakon. Pragmatists suna gardamar cewa gaskiyar ita kadai ce ta haifar da sakamako mai amfani, mai amfani. Misalin Charles Pierce ya bayyana "canzawar duniya", yayin da masanan, realists da Thomists (mabiyan Katolika) sun ɗauki ra'ayi na "sararin samaniya". Pragmatism shine falsafanci wanda ya sabawa duk ƙoƙari na bayyana magungunan lissafi kuma ya sake bada gaskiya game da wani jagora a cikin yarjejeniya ta wucin gadi tsakanin mutanen da ke cikin filin bincike.

Mene ne kwayoyin halitta?

Kwararru shine nazarin ma'anar siginar sigina. Wannan ya hada da nazarin alamomin tafiyar semiotic, siffarsu, siffantawa, kama da juna, misalin, alamomi, kwatanta da alama. Wannan kimiyya tana nazarin nazarin alamomi da alamu a matsayin ɓangare na sadarwa. Ba kamar ilimin harsuna ba, magungunan halittu suna nazari akan tsarin ba da harshe na harshe.

Kwararren Farfesa Charles S. Pierce

Masanin kimiyya na Charles Pierce ya nuna wasu mahimman ra'ayoyi (ma'anonin alamomi, ma'anarsu da alamar dangantaka). Ya san cewa wannan yanki na bincike ya kamata ya kasance kimiyya guda daya - kimiyya. Sabili da haka, Pierce ya bayyana ainihin ka'idodin kwayoyin halittu, a nan shi ne rarrabuwa:

• Alamun-alamomi: alamomin alamomi, wanda mahimmin abu da mai nuna alama yana da asali guda ɗaya. Alal misali, za ka iya kawo alamar gargadi "da hankali: yara", wanda ke nuna 'ya'yan da ke gudana. Wannan alamar hanya yana ƙarfafa gudun a kan hanya kuma ana shigar da shi a kusa da makarantun sakandare, makarantun sakandare, sassan wasanni na matasa (ko miki), da dai sauransu.
• Alamun-indices: Alamar da kuma nuna abubuwa (ko ayyuka) suna da alaka da juna kamar nesa a lokaci ko sararin samaniya. Alal misali, zaku iya nuna alamun hanyoyin da ke bada bayani ga 'yan mata game da sunan, shugabanci da nisa zuwa kauye na gaba. Har ila yau, alamun da aka kwatanta da su, suna cewa, giragge-giragge - an dauke su a matsayin alamar alamar, saboda a halin yanzu mutum yana dauke da mutum (a wannan hali - fushi).
• Alamun-alamomin: alamar da alamar suna da nau'i ɗaya a ƙarƙashin alamar wani ƙuƙwalwa (muna magana ne game da yarjejeniyar farko). A nan, alal misali, zaka iya amfani da alamar hanyar da ke nuna alamar "inverted". Kalmar ma'anar alamar ita ce ta "ba da hanya", amma zancensa ba shi da dangantaka da aikin mai da hankali, saboda kawai kawai mai shuɗin triangle ne. A karkashin wannan burin, alamomi na ƙasa sun kasance, inda abin da aka kwatanta shi ne abin ƙyama ga kowa. Alamomi na iya zama duk kalmomi daga harsunan da suke ciki, duk da haka, ƙwaƙwalwar kalmomi (kamar "croak," "meow", "grunt", "tarahtet" da sauransu) sun fada cikin jerin abubuwan banza.

Charles Pierce: Tarihi

Haihuwar Satumba 10 a 1839 a Cambridge (Massachusetts) a cikin iyalin mashahuriyar likitancin Amirka da masanin binciken bidiyon Benjamin Pearce. Charles ya jagoranci rayuwar da aka samu: iyaye sun ki kulawa da ilmantar da 'ya'yansu saboda tsoron tsoron kashe mutum. Bugu da ƙari, ilimin kimiyya da hankali na gidan iyali, wanda yawancin ruhaniya da mahimmanci suka ziyarci shi, bai ba da damar Pierce ya zabi wata hanya dabam daga kimiyya ba. Daga cikin baƙi sun kasance masu fatauci da masana kimiyya, mawaki, lauyoyi da 'yan siyasa. A cikin wannan yanayin, yarinya Charles Pierce ya kula da kula da ta'aziyya da sha'awa.

Pierce shine na biyu na yara biyar a cikin iyali. Yana da 'yan'uwa hudu masu basira waɗanda suka hada da rayuwarsu ta hanyar kimiyya da matsayi. James Mills Pierce (dattijo) ya bi mahaifinsa zuwa Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya fara nazarin ilmin lissafi.

Wani ɗan'uwana, Herbert Henry Pierce, ya zama babban aiki a cikin Sashin Intanet na Harkokin Harkokin Waje. Dan ƙaramin, Benjamin Mills Pierce, ya yi karatu don injiniya kuma yana da nasara a cikin wannan filin, amma ya mutu saurayi. Hanyoyin 'yan uwan, musamman Charles, sun fi yawa ne saboda kwarewa da kwarewa na mahaifinsu, da mahimman al'amuran basira da ke kewaye da su duk lokacin.

Charles Pierce: littattafai, ayyukan kimiyya

Shahararrun da kuma suna na Pierce ya dogara ne akan jerin sassan kimiyya da aka buga a cikin mujallolin kimiyya na Amurka. An sake nazarin ayyukansa a "Cibiyar Nazarin Arts da Kimiyya ta Amirka", a cikin "Cibiyar Kimiyya ta kasa" a cikin mujallolin falsafanci na yaudara. Ayyukan kimiyya na Charles Pierce Sanders a kan ilmin lissafi da falsafanci sun kasu kashi biyu: an buga a lokacin rayuwa da bayan mutuwa.

Litattafan Pierce yayin rayuwarsa

• Littafin "Nazarin binciken Photometric" a 1878. Shafi na 181 a kan aikace-aikacen hanyoyin nazarin firin-fannin nazarin sararin samaniya.
• Littafin nan "Bincike a cikin tafarkin basira a Cibiyar Johns Hopkins" 1883. Tarin ayyukan kimiyya na ɗalibai da likitoci na digiri, ciki har da Charles Pierce da kansa, a cikin tafarkin basira.

Mafi yawan wallafe-wallafe

Jami'ar Harvard ta karbi nauyin takardun bayan matarsa (1914) daga matar matar Pier. A cikin ofishinsa ya sami kimanin 1650 rubuce-rubucen da ba a buga su ba a cikakke don dubu 100. Labarin farko da aka wallafa ta rubutun Pierce shine littafi guda ɗaya mai suna "Chance, Love and Logic: A Essential Philosophical." An yi aikin ne a karkashin jagorancin Morris Rafael Cohen a 1923. Daga baya, wasu anthologies sun fara bayyana, wadanda littattafai sun kasance a 1940, 1957, 1958, 1972, 1994 da 2009.

Yawancin rubuce-rubucen Pierce sun riga sun buga, amma akwai wasu takardun cewa hasken ba ya san saboda rashin tabbacin takardun.

• 1931-58: "Tattara abubuwan da Charles Pierce Sanders ya tattara" a cikin kundin 8. A nan dukkan ayyukansa suna tattara a cikin lokaci daga 1860 zuwa 1913. Duk da haka, aikin mafi girma da ƙwarewa ya fara a 1893. Da farko dai, ba a tsara rubutun ba kuma sun bambanta da girman, don haka don neman yadda ya dace, an buƙatar hannun mai edita. Daga na farko zuwa na shida, da Charles Hartshorne yayi, da Arthur Burke na bakwai da na takwas.
• 1975-87: "Charles Sanders Pierce: Taimako ga Ƙasar" - 4 kundin. Wannan tarin ya ƙunshi abubuwa fiye da 300 da labarin da Pierce ya rubuta, wanda aka buga a lokacin rayuwarsa daga 1869 zuwa 1908. An wallafa tarin bayanan kimiyya a karkashin jagorar Kenneth Lane Keener da James Edward Cook.
• 1976 - yanzu: "Sabbin abubuwan ilimin lissafi ta Charles S. Pierce" - 5 kundin. A nan an wallafa aikin mafi kyau na Pierce a fannin ilmin lissafi. Edita - Carolyn Eisele. Matsayin aikin bai kasance "a ci gaba" ba.
• 1977 - yanzu: "Hukuncin tsakanin CS Pearce da Victoria Welby daga 1903 zuwa 1912".
• 1982 - gabatar da wannan: "Rubutun Charles S. Pierce - Tarihin Tarihin". An fara buga wannan aikin a shekara ta 2010, amma aikin ya ci gaba har yau. Na farko an wallafa littattafai 6 ya rufe rayuwar masana kimiyya a cikin zamani daga 1859 zuwa 1889.
• 1985 - yanzu: "Tarihi na Farisanci Harkokin Kimiyya: Tarihin Kimiyya" - 2 kundin. Edited by Carolyn Eisele.
• 1992 - yanzu: "Yin tunani game da tunani na abubuwa" - laccoci na Farfesa Pierce domin shekarar 1898. Edition: Kenneth Lane Kinner tare da sharhi daga Hilary Putnam.
• 1992-98: Essential Peirce - 2 kundin. Misalai masu muhimmanci na ayyukan falsafa na Charles Pierce. Edited by Nathan Hauser (1st volume) da kuma Kirista Closel (2nd girma).
• 1997 - gabatarwa: "Yin amfani da ka'idoji a matsayin tsari da hanyar hanyar tunani daidai". Tarin hotunan Pierce a kan layi a Jami'ar Harvard a matsayin wani ɗan gajeren karatu. Edition: Patricia Anne na Turísi.
• 2010 - gabatarwa: "Falsafa na ilmin lissafi: Ayyukan Zaɓi". Musamman, a baya an buga shi ko'ina, aikin Pierce a cikin ilmin lissafi. Edition: Matiyu Moore.

Taimakon babban masanin kimiyya zuwa kimiyya

Charles S. Pierce ya gabatar da jerin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin ƙwarewa ta al'ada, muhimmancin lissafi. Har ila yau, masanin kimiyya na Amurka shine wanda ya kafa kwarewa da kwarewa. Yawancin ayyukansa na kimiyya sun kasance masu farin ciki ne kawai bayan mutuwarsa. Masanin kimiyya ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Afrilu a shekara ta 1914.