Polonskiy Yakov Petrovich: biography da ayyukansu

Daga Rasha marubuta na XIX karni da kasida da marubuta wanda aikin ne da muhimmanci a matsayin taimako ga kasa da adabi da Titans, kamar Pushkin, litattafan Gogol da Nekrasov. Amma ba tare da su, mu adabi zai iya hana da yawa launuka da bambancin, kamu da zurfin tunani na Rasha duniya, da fayyace kuma cikawa na nazarin hadaddun rai na kasarmu. A wuri na musamman a tsakanin etihmasterov kalmomi daukan wani mawãƙi kuma mawallafin Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich zama wata alama ce da dangantaka mai girma Rasha marubuta, wanda ya rayu a farkon kuma a karshen karni na sha tara.

A 'yan qasar na Ryazan

My wuta a cikin hazo haskakawa

Tartsatsin wuta suna sõmammu a kan gardama ...

Marubucin daga cikin wadannan Lines daga wani song cewa ya dade da aka dauke jama'a, haife shi a zuciya na Rasha, a cikin lardin Ryazan. Uwar nan gaba mawãƙi - Natalia Y. - zo daga wani tsohon iyali Kaftyrevyh mahaifinsa kuwa wani matalauta bafadan, wanda ya yi aiki a ofishin Ryazan gwamnan-janar Petr Grigorevich Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, haife a farkon Disamba 1819, ya ce babba na da yara bakwai.

Sa'ad da Yakubu ya shekaru 13 da haihuwa, da uwarsa mutu da mahaifinsa a lokacin da ya aka sanya wa breech matsayi, ya tafi Erivan, da barin yara a kula da matarsa ta dangi. By lokacin Yakova Petrovicha Polonskogo da ya shige na farko motsa jiki a Ryazan, wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin da al'adu rai na kasa garin.

Ganawa da Zhukovsky

Tafiyar da rhyming a cikin shekaru a lokacin da a heyday shi ne baiwa na Pushkin, shi ne sananne. Daga cikin wadanda suka yi daban-daban na fili penchant ga poetic kerawa, nuna fice ikon, akwai kuma matasa makaranta Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, wanda biography ne cike da alamar Dating ga mafi Rasha marubuta na XIX karni, sau da yawa tuna game da taron, wanda ya mai da babban tasiri a kan ya zabi na marubuci ta aiki.

A 1837 ya ziyarci Ryazan gaba Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II. Crown Prince zuwa wani taro a ganuwar da motsa jiki a Polonsky, a madadin darektan, rubuta a cikin ayar gaisuwa a ayoyi biyu, daya daga wanda ya da za a yi a unison ga tune da "Allah Ajiye da Tsar!", Wanda ya zama cikin aikin hukuma take na Rasha Empire for kawai 4 shekaru a baya. A yamma, bayan nasara da events shafe magajin a kan karaga, da darektan da motsa jiki a bakuncin liyafar, inda matasa mawãƙi suka saba da kansa ya rubuta da rubutu na sabon taken - Vasiliem Andreevichem Zhukovskim.

Shahararren mawãƙi, shawarta kuma aminin mai girma Pushkin yaba waqe Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, da rana bayan tashi daga Alexander ko da bayar da a madadin na nan gaba, Sarkin wani agogon zinariya. Gõdiya Zhukovsky ƙarfafa Polonsky a so ya ke e kansa ga wallafe-wallafe.

Moscow University

A 1838, ya zama dalibi na dokar baiwa na Moscow University. Sahaban yi ko da yaushe ji dadin mai ban mamaki sociability, da na ciki da kuma na waje janye, abin da ya bambanta Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich sauri samu idon sani daga cikin manyan Figures na kimiyya, da al'adu da kuma fasaha. Mutane da yawa Moscow lokaci abokai na jami'a sun zama abokai na rayuwa a gare shi. Daga cikin su - da mawãƙi Afanasiy su ɗauko da Apollon Grigoriev, masana tarihi Sergey Solovyov da Konstantin Cavelin marubuta Aleksey Pisemsky da Mikhail Pogodin, Decembrist Nikolai Orlov, Falsafa da dan jarida Peter Chaadaev, mai girma actor Mikhail Shchepkin.

A waɗannan shekaru, da aka haife ta kusa da abota Polonsky da kuma Ivan Turgenev, sosai mai daraja da kyauta da juna tsawon shekaru da dama. Tare da taimakon abokai, na farko bazawa Polonsky - a mujallar "Notes da Fatherland" (1840) da kuma tarin wakoki, "Gamma" (1844).

Duk da cewa da farko gwaje-gwajen da na matasa mawãƙi aka gaskiya ma samu da sukar, kamar Belinsky, yana fatan ya rayu har na adabi aiki sun butulci mafarkai. Polonsky dalibi wuce (shekaru) a cikin talauci da wahala, da ya tilasta wa kullum aikatãwa bada zaman kansa darussan da tutoring. To, a lõkacin da damar tashi don samun wani wuri a cikin ofishin na Caucasian gwamnan na Count Vorontsov, Polonsky barin Moscow, kawai bayan kammala karatu daga jami'a ba shakka.

A kan hanya

Tun 1844 ya rayu farko a Odessa, sa'an nan ya koma Tiflis. A wannan lokaci, sai ya sadu da ɗan'uwansa Pushkina Lvom Sergeevichem, collaborates a cikin jaridar "Transcaucasian Gazette". Ya fito daga gidansa tarin wakoki - "Sazandar" (1849) da kuma " 'yan Poems" (1851). A cikin ayoyin da lokaci akwai wani musamman dandano, wahayi zuwa gare ta mawãƙi ta sani da kwastan na Highlanders, tare da tarihi na Rasha ta gwagwarmaya domin amincewa a kudancin kan iyakar.

Wadannan m ikon Polonsky da na gani zane-zane da aka gani a cikin kwanaki na horo a cikin Ryazan makaranta, don haka, wahayi zuwa gare ta musamman shimfidar wuri na Caucasus da kewaye yankin, shi ya kasance mai yawa zane da kuma zanen. Wannan jarrabawa ne tare da mawãƙi cikin rayuwa.

A 1851, Yakov Petrovich tafi zuwa ga babban birnin kasar, Saint Petersburg, inda ya kara da'irar da ya wallafa abokai da kuma aiki tukuru a kan sabon waqe. A 1855 ya buga wani littafi, ya waqe suna readily buga mafi kyau wallafe-wallafen mujallu - "Littafi" da kuma "Notes da Fatherland", amma kudade ba zai iya samar da ko da wani suna fadin zama. Ya zama wani malami dan St. Petersburg Gwamna Smirnov. A 1857, wani babban jami'in wani iyali tafiya zuwa Baden-Baden, da su ke a kasashen waje da kuma Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich ya yi tafiya a baje ko'ina a kasahen Turai, shan jawo darussa a Faransa artists, ta sadu da dama na Rasha da kuma kasashen waje marubuta da kuma artists - musamman, sanannen Aleksandrom Dyuma.

Personal rai

A 1858 Polonsky koma zuwa St. Petersburg da ya matasa, matar - Elena Vasilyevna Ustiug, wanda ya hadu da a Paris. A shekaru biyu, sun ga Yakov daya daga cikin mafi ban tausayi a rayuwa. Da farko ya samun rauni mai tsanani, da sakamakon wanda ba zai iya rabu da mu kafin karshen rayuwarsa, motsi kawai da taimakon crutches. Sa'an nan lafiya tare da typhus, kuma ya mutu, matar Polonsky, da kuma watanni da dama daga baya ya kashe da su jariri dan.

Duk da sirri drama, marubucin aiki mamaki wuya da kuma fruitfully a duk nau'o'i - daga kananan lyrical waqe, librettos ga manyan-girma litattafan littattafai m abun ciki - su ne mafi ban sha'awa abubuwan a cikin memoirs da kuma aikin jarida.

Biyu aure a 1866 Polonsky hade tare Zhozefinoy Antonovnoy Ryulman, ya zama mahaifiyar su da 'ya'ya uku. Ta samu a sculptor damar iya yin komai, kuma rayayye halarci m rai na Rasha babban birnin kasar. A gidan da kuma wallafe-wallafen recitals da aka gudanar Polonsky, wanda ya samu halartar mafi shahararrun marubuta da kuma artists na lokaci. Wadannan yamma da kuma ci gaba don wani lokaci bayan mutuwar mawãƙi, wanda bi Oktoba 30, 1898.

al'adunmu

Legacy Yakov high da kuma kiyasta su zama zalunci. A babban alama shayari Polonsky dauke ta lyricism samo asali a cikin Romanticism wadãtar da baiwa daga Pushkin. Yana da wani hadari an dauke shi a gaskiya magaji na da hadisai na babban waƙen, ba a banza, Baklanov ta waqe sukan yi amfani a cikin songs cikin shahararrun composers - Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Rachmaninov da yawa wasu. Duk da haka, har ma da aminci masoya na poetic kyauta Polonsky yi imani da cewa mafi girma nasarori a cikin aikinsa ba sosai.

A karshe uku na XIX karni Rasha gabascin aka kasu kashi biyu sansanonin - da "kasashen yammaci" da "Slavophiles". Daya daga cikin wadanda suka nemi a bayyana a sarari sadaukar da daya daga cikin jam'iyyun da aka Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich (ban sha'awa abubuwa game da msar tambayar da rigingimu da Tolstoy ne a cikin memoirs na Sahaban) ya bayyana a mafi ra'ayin mazan jiya ra'ayi game da Rasha ta girma a cikin al'adar Turai, yayin da sun fi mayar da yarda da abokinsa - bayyananne "Westerner" Ivan Turgenev.

Ya rayu a arziki ayyukansu da kuma ra'ayoyin na rayuwa na Rasha marubuci, ya samu albarka daga Pushkin ta Sahaban da kuma zama halin yanzu mawãƙi, a lõkacin da aka mafitar star na kungiyar. Nuni a cikin wannan ma'ana, da metamorphosis na bayyanar, wanda ya halartar Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, wanda photo a karshen karni riga zahiri m, bayyana a cikin hotuna na karshe lokacin da ba sarki, don gane da muhimmancin traversed hanya.