Prokaryotes: tsarin da kuma siffofin na rayuwa

A wannan labarin, za mu duba a cikin tsarin prokaryotes da eukaryotes. Wadannan kwayoyin suna sosai daban-daban matakan da kungiyar. A dalilin wannan - tsarin fasali na kayyade bayani.

Features na tsarin prokaryotic Kwayoyin

Prokaryotes kira duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta wanda Kwayoyin dauke da nuclei. Wakilai daga biyar zamani Sama'ila namun daji, ciki su ne kawai da abu daya - Kwayoyin cutar. Prokaryotes, tsarin da muke la'akari, kuma sun hada da wakilan blue-kore algae da archaea.

Duk da rashin dai da da zuciyar Kwayoyin, kwayoyin abu da suka dauke. Wannan ba ka damar adana da kuma aika da kwayoyin bayani, amma ya takaita ta hanyoyi da dama na haifuwa. Playing duk prokaryotes faruwa ta rarraba su a cikin biyu Kwayoyin. By mitosis da meiosis su ba su iya.

A tsarin da prokaryotic da eukaryotic

Features na tsarin prokaryotes da eukaryotes, waxanda suke da daraja, quite gwaji. Bugu da kari ga tsarin da kwayoyin abu, wannan kuma ya shafi mutane da yawa da wasu gabbansa. Eukaryotes, wanda sun hada da tsire-tsire, fungi da dabbobi, dauke a cikin cytoplasm mitochondria, Golgi na'ura, endoplasmic reticulum, da yawa plastids. A prokaryotes, suna bace. Cell bango, wanda shi ne, da su, da kuma sauransu, daban-daban da sinadaran abun da ke ciki. A kwayoyin cuta, shi ne hada da hadaddun carbohydrates, pectin ko murein, alhãli kuwa a tsire-tsire shi dogara ne a kan cellulose, da kuma fungi - chitin.

Tarihi na samu

Features na tsarin da kuma aiki na prokaryotes zama sananne ga masana kimiyya ne kawai a cikin 17th karni. Kuma wannan duk da cewa wadannan halittu sun wanzu a duniya tun da aka kafa ta. A 1676 da suka kasance na farko yayi nazari tare da wani Tantancewar microscope ta mahalicci Antoni Van Levenguk. Kamar dukan microscopic kwayoyin, da masanin kimiyyar kira su "animalikulami". Kalmar "kwayoyin" ya bayyana ne kawai a farkon karni na 19th. Yana miƙa sanannun Jamus halittu Kirista Ehrenberg. Kalmar "prokaryotes" zo daga baya, a wannan zamanin na cikin halittar wani na'urar hange. Kuma a farko, masana kimiyya sun ƙaddara cewa bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin da kwayoyin na'ura na sel na halittu daban-daban. E. Chatton a 1937 samarwa ci a kan tushen da kwayoyin a cikin ƙungiyõyi biyu: pro- da eukaryotes. Wannan rabo wanzu a wannan rana. A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na 20th aka gano bambanci tsakanin prokaryotes kansu: archaea da kwayoyin.

Features na na'ura surface

Surface prokaryotes na'ura kunshi wani membrane da cell bango. Kowace daga cikin wadannan sassa na da halaye. Su membrane ne kafa ta biyu Layer na lipids da kuma sunadarai. Prokaryotes, wanda tsari ne wajen m, iri biyu cell bango tsarin. Saboda haka, a gram-tabbatacce kwayoyin shi ne hada da yafi na peptidoglycan, shi yana da kauri daga 80 nm da bãyukansu ga membrane. A halayyar alama wannan tsari ne gaban pores a cikinta ta hanyar abin da ke shiga a dama da kwayoyin. Cell bango na gram kwayoyin ne bakin ciki sosai - to a kalla 3 nm. Shi ne m zuwa membrane m. Wasu wakilan prokaryotes ne har yanzu a waje da kuma mucous kwantena. Yana kare jiki daga bushewa, inji lalacewa, halitta wani ƙarin osmotic shãmaki.

wasu gabbansa prokaryotes

tsarin tantanin halitta na prokaryotes da eukaryotes yana da muhimmanci bambance-bambance, wanda yafi kunshi a gaban wasu wasu gabbansa. Wadannan m Tsarin sanin matakin kwayoyin a matsayin dukan. A prokaryotes, mafi yawansu suna bace. Gina jiki kira a cikin wadannan Kwayoyin faruwa ribosomes. A cikin ruwa prokaryotes dauke da aerosomy. Wannan gas cavities cewa samar da buoyancy kuma daidaita da mataki na nutsewa kwayoyin. Kawai a prokaryotic Kwayoyin dauke da mesosoma. Wadannan folds cytoplasmic membrane faruwa ne kawai a lokacin da yin amfani da sinadaran kam hanyoyin lokacin shiri na prokaryotic Kwayoyin da bincike da madubin likita. Organelle motsi kwayoyin da archaea ne cilia ko flagella. Kuma abin da aka makala ga substrate daukan shan. Wadannan Tsarin kafa ta gina jiki-Silinda engine, wanda kuma ake kira villi da fimbriae.

Mene ne nucleoid

Amma mafi muhimmanci bambancin shi ne tsarin da prokaryotic da eukaryotic gene. Halitta bayanai mallaki by duk wadannan kwayoyin. A eukaryotes, shi aka yi wa ado a ciki da tsakiya. Wannan dvumembrannaya organelle na da matrix, da ake kira nucleoplasm, chromatin da kuma fata. Akwai ne da za'ayi ba kawai ajiya na kayyade bayani, amma kuma kira na RNA kwayoyin. A nucleoli suna baya kafa subunits na ribosomes - da wasu gabbansa da alhakin gina jiki kira.

A tsarin da prokaryotic genes sauki. Su kayyade kayan da aka gabatar nucleoid ko nukiliya filin. DNA a prokaryotes ba kunsasshen cikin chromosomes kuma suna da wata rufaffiyar annular tsarin. A abun da ke ciki kuma ya hada da kwayoyin nucleoid RNA da kuma gina jiki. Recent Feature kama eukaryotic histones. Sun shiga a cikin wani maimaitawan wannan DNA, RNA kira, sinadaran tsarin da kuma maido discontinuities nucleic acid.

Features na rayuwa

Prokaryotes, wanda tsari ne daban-daban wuya, da yi fairly hadaddun matakai na rayuwa. Wannan abinci, numfashi, haifuwa na da nasu irin, motsi, metabolism ... Kuma duk wannan shi ne iya daya kawai microscopic cell wanda girma Range daga 250 mm! Saboda haka abin da game da primitiveness iya zama zumunta.

Features na tsarin prokaryotes sa da sunadaran da su Physiology. Alal misali, suna iya samar da makamashi a hanyoyi uku. Na farko shi ne fermentation. An za'ayi da wasu kwayoyin. Dalili na wannan tsari ne redox dauki a wadda ATP da aka hada kwayoyin. Wannan sunadarai fili, a cikin abin da tsagawa cikin dama, saukarwa makamashi da aka saki. Saboda haka, an sau da yawa ake kira "cell baturi". A ci gaba da hanyar da aka numfashi. Jigon wannan tsari da yake a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kwayoyin abubuwa. Wasu prokaryotes ne iya photosynthesis. Misalai daga gare su blue-kore algae, da shunayya, kwayoyin dake dauke da plastids a Kwayoyin. Amma Archaea ne iya ba chlorophyll photosynthesis. A wannan tsari, akwai wani kam na carbon dioxide, da kuma ATP kwayoyin kanta suna kafa. Saboda haka, a gaskiya, shi ne a halin yanzu phosphorylation.

irin abinci

Kwayoyin cutar da archaea - a prokaryote, wani tsarin wanda damar su gudanar da aiki a ikon da hanyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin su ne autotrophs. Wadannan kwayoyin kansu haduwa gudanar da mahadi a lokacin photosynthesis. A cikin irin wannan prokaryotic Kwayoyin ne chlorophyll. Wasu kwayoyin samun makamashi da tsagawa wasu kwayoyin mahadi. Su irin abincin da ake kira chemotrophic. Wakilai na wannan kungiyar ne da baƙin ƙarfe - da kuma sulfur kwayoyin. Wasu sha kawai ƙãre fili. Su kira heterotrophs. Mafi yawansu ba su kai wani parasitic rayuwa da kuma rayuwa ne kawai a cikin sel na sauran halittu. A bambancin da wannan kungiyar ne ma saprotrophs. Suka ciyar a kan sharar kayayyakin ko rubabben kwayoyin halitta. Kamar yadda ka gani, prokaryotes ikon hanyoyin su ne quite bambancin. Wannan hujja da gudummawar su fadi rarraba a duk wuraren.

siffofin haifuwa

Prokaryotes, tsarin da aka wakilta daya cell, ta tara da ta rabo a cikin sassa biyu ko dake tasowa. Wannan yanayin ne saboda su kwayoyin tsarin da na'ura. Binary fission tsari ne wadda ta gabãta daga maimaitawan, ko DNA kwafi. A wannan yanayin da nucleic acid kwayoyin ne na farko unwound, sa'an nan kowane tufka ne duplicated a kan qa'ida ta complementarity. A sakamakon chromosomes diverge wajen zura sandunan ɗaukarsa. A Kwayoyin kara a size, kafa tsakanin constriction da kuma karfafa su karshe rabuwa faruwa. Wasu kwayoyin ne ma iya kafa sel sake yiwuwar tohowarsu - spores.

Kwayoyin cutar da Archaea: siffofin

Na dogon lokaci, tare da archaea kwayoyin sun wakilan mulkin Monera. Lalle ne sũ, suna da yawa irin wannan tsarin fasali. Wannan shi ne da farko da size da kuma siffar su Kwayoyin. Duk da haka, biochemical karatu sun nuna cewa sun na da yawan irin wannan fasali da eukaryotes. Wannan yanayin da enzymes karkashin mataki na wanda aiwatar da kira na RNA da kuma sunadarai na gina jiki.

By hanyar da ciyar da yawancin su ne chemotroph. Haka kuma, abubuwa wanda ake cleaved a kan aiwatar da samun makamashi archaea ne mafi bambancin. Wannan hadadden carbohydrates da kuma ammonia, kuma karfe mahadi. Akwai tsakanin archaea da autotrophs. Sau da yawa sosai sun shiga cikin wani dankantakar halitta. Parasites tsakanin archaea ba. Mafi sau da yawa samu a cikin yanayi da kuma commensals Mutualists. A cikin farko case, archaea ana ciyar da rundunar abu, amma ba ku zo da shi wata cũta. Ba kamar irin wannan symbiotic dangantaka da mutualistic amfanin samu duka biyu kwayoyin. Wasu daga cikin su ne metagenami. Irin wannan archaea zauna narkewa kamar tsarin da mutane da dabbobin da muke kiwo dabbobi masu shayarwa, haddasa matsanancin gas samuwar a cikin hanji. Wadannan kwayoyin ninka binary fission, dake tasowa ko da fragmentation.

Archaea sun ƙware kusan duk wuraren. Su ne musamman bambancin a plankton. Da farko, duk archaea kasance a cikin rukuni na extremophiles domin suna iya zama a maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi, da kuma a kududdufai da high gwargwado, kuma zurfin da babba matsa lamba.

Tamanin da prokaryotic a cikin yanayi da kuma rayuwar mutum

Rawar da prokaryotes a cikin yanayi ne mai muhimmanci. Da farko, su ne na farko rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da cewa ya samo asali a duniya. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa kwayoyin cuta da kuma archaea bayyana game da biliyan 3.5 da suka wuce. Symbiogenesis ka'idar shawara cewa ya sauko daga gare su, kuma wasu wasu gabbansa da eukaryotic Kwayoyin. A musamman, muna magana ne game da plastids da mitochondria.

Mutane da yawa prokaryotes ana amfani da fasahar binciken halittu ta samar da magunguna, maganin rigakafi, enzymes, hormones, takin zamani da herbicides. Man ya dade da aka ta amfani da m Properties na lactic acid kwayoyin cuta domin samar da cuku, yogurt, yogurt, fermented kayayyakin. Tare da wadannan kwayoyin ta hanyar tsabtace tafkunan da kuma ƙasa miya na daban-daban karafa. Kwayoyin cutar samar da hanji microflora mutane da yawa dabbobi. Tare da archaea su motsa jiki da yawa zagayowar abubuwa: nitrogen, da baƙin ƙarfe, sulfur, da kuma hydrogen.

A daya hannun, da yawa kwayoyin ne causative jamiái na hatsari cututtuka da gudãnar da lambobi na mutane da yawa jinsunan shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Su ne mai annoba, syphilis, cutar kwalara, Anthrax, diphtheria.

Don haka ya kira prokaryotes kwayoyin wanda Kwayoyin rasa nuclei bayar. Su kayyade abu yana dauke da nucleoid kunshi wani madauwari jigidar halittar DNA. Daga zamani kwayoyin zuwa prokaryotes hada da kwayoyin cuta da kuma archaea.