Rasha marubuci Aleksandr Ivanovich Kuprin: rai da aiki, ban sha'awa facts

Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin ya shahara da abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban, wanda rayuwarsa da aikinsa suna cike da abubuwan ban mamaki a duniya. Ayyukansa suna samun nasara tare da masu karatu da masu sana'a na yau da kullum. Yawancin labarun Kuprin sune misali na wallafe-wallafe, misali, "Staff-Captain Rybnikov." A duk lokacin da zama mashahuri irin wannan duwatsu masu daraja daga cikin taskar Rasha adabi kamar yadda "Garnet Munduwa", "Shulamith", "Oles", "Listrigony," Junker "- duk ba lissafa Me ake karanta yau yara irin labarun kamar yadda. " The White poodle " Alexander Kuprin a kasarmu yana da kyakkyawar fahimta na kasa.

Yara da matasa

An haifi marubucin gaba a watan Agustan 1880 a cikin ƙananan garin Penza. Mahaifinsa, wani jami'in kulawa ne, ya mutu lokacin da ɗansa dan shekara ne kawai. Uwar ba ta iya daukaka dan Alexander kadan ba, saboda ba shi da isasshen kuɗi, kuma ya ba yaron yaron makaranta.

Kwalejin Alexander a Moscow ya bar ba kawai tunanin tunawa ba. A nan ya wuce tsofaffi da kuma samari, akwai matakan farko na matasa, wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen, kuma mafi mahimmancin abin da Alexander Kuprin ya shiga makarantar abokai ne.

Moscow na da kyau tare da dabi'un mahaifinsa na kiristanci, ra'ayinsa na yau da kullum, da cike da girman kai (babban birnin, da aka yanki a cikin hakkin!), Tare da wakilai na gida, abubuwan da suka dace. Bayyanar birnin bai kasancewa ba kuma ba kamar wani abu ba.

Da farko daga rubuce-rubuce

Wannan binciken ya ba Kuprin cikakken ilimi: harsunan - Rashanci, Faransanci, Jamus. Fannin ilimin lissafi, ilmin lissafi, tarihin, ilimin geography da wallafe-wallafe (wallafe-wallafen). A nan shi ne na ƙarshe kuma ya kasance masa mafaka don rayuwa. A nan, a cikin makaranta, kuma an rubuta labarinsa na farko - "The Last Debut," da aka buga tare da zafi tare da zafi a cikin "Rasha satirical manzo."

Kuprin ya kasance mai farin ciki ƙwarai, ko da yake ya zauna a kan wannan aikin a cikin gidan yarinyar (wallafe-wallafen ba tare da sanin shugaban makarantar ba, amma baiyi saninsa ba, ya yi hukunci saboda rashin sani game da sabis na gida).

A karshe, aka fara sakin marubucin ne daga makaranta kuma an sanya shi a kan iyakar kudu maso yammacin Rasha, ana ba da cikakken bayani a cikin garuruwan lardin kururuwa irin wannan shirin a cikin labarin "Duel" da labarin "The Wedding".

Sabis a kan iyakokin kasar

Abubuwan da ke da kyau, har zuwa ƙarshen ayyukan da aka yi nasara, irin su "Bincike", "Nagari" da sauransu, ya zama sabis a iyakar. Duk da haka, marubucin yana tunani sosai game da aikin wallafe-wallafen sana'a. Wajibi ne don samun cikakken kwarewa ga wannan, a nan an buga shi a jaridu na lardin, kuma an dauki labarin "A Gloom" a cikin mujallar "Rumomin Rasha".

A shekara ta 1890, Kuprin, wanda rayuwarsa da aikinsa suna kama da gashinsa a cikin backwoods, ba zato ba tsammani ya zama sananne tare da Chekhov da Gorky. Dukansu maestros sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin lamarin Kuprin. Babu shakka, Alexander Kuprin aiki suka mai daraja haka sosai, har ma fiye da - da ra'ayin, kuma Chekhov kusan shirka.

Babban Theme

Ba ko ɗaya daga cikin mahimmanci ba, amma batun mafi muhimmanci, wanda a ko'ina cikin rayuwar marubucin Alexander Kuprin da ake amfani dasu, ƙauna ce. Hudu daga shafukansa sunyi haske tare da wannan tunanin, suna bayyana kansu a cikin mafi kyawun bayyanar su, ko da yaushe haske, ko da yaushe abin bala'i, tare da ƙananan 'yan kaɗan (alal misali, "Lilac Bush" - wannan labarin mai ban mamaki game da ikon zane yana daidai da "Kyautar Magi" O. Henry, Akwai duk abin da ya ƙare, sai dai saboda kunya na gwarzo-gwanin don yaron yaudara). Ga dukan mawallafin marubuta, kamar Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich, wani labari yana taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar.

"Olesya"

Aikin farko mai girma da kuma muhimmiyar aiki ya bayyana a 1898. Wannan labari shine "Olesya" - bakin ciki, ba tare da wata alamar mikiya ba, mai haske, romantic. Duniya na dabi'ar heroine shine jituwa ta ruhaniya kamar yadda ya saba da mutum daga babban birni mai tsanani. Halitta, 'yanci na ciki, sauƙi Olesya ya janyo hankalin mai gabatarwa fiye da nauyin karfe.

Jin tausayi mai tausayi ya fi karfi da ruhaniya, kusan kashe dan yarinya mai tsabta. Tsarin zamantakewar zamantakewa da al'adu na iya canzawa ko da irin wannan mutumin kamar Olesya, amma Kuprin bai yarda da hakan ba. Ko da mahimmancin ƙauna ba zai iya farfado da halaye na ruhaniya da wayewar wayewar ta rushe ba. Abin da ya sa ma'anar wannan labarin mai kyau ya yi kyau, cewa rayuwar Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich ya koyar a ko'ina don ganin duka haske da inuwa, da ruɗuwa.

"Garnet munduwa"

A mafi yawancin yau da kullum, marubuci yana nema da samo irin wadannan mutanen da masu daukar nauyin ra'ayi da tsinkayen rai zasu iya tashi sama da labarun rayuwa ko da mafarki. Koma zuwa bayanin "ɗan mutum", Alexander Kuprin, wanda littattafansa ana karantawa da gaske, suna aiki abubuwan banmamaki. Ya nuna cewa "ɗan" na Kuprin yana da hankali, ƙauna mai yalwa, rashin fata da m. Wannan wata mu'ujiza, kyauta mai ban mamaki. Ko da mutuwa, ƙauna tana ta da rai, ta rinjayi mutuwa. Kuma kiɗa, kiɗa, sake haifuwa ta ruhu. Yana sauti a cikin kowane layi, wucewa daga kallon sanyi don jin dadi na duniya.

Gaskiya platonic soyayya babu makawa ban tausayi. Tsarkin hakin gwarzo yana da iko mai zurfi. Irin wadannan ne haruffan da suka bayyana a gaban masu karatu, kamar yadda Kuprin ya gani, wanda rayuwarsa da aikinsa sun fenti mu a cikin mummunan duniya da ke ƙoƙarin karya rai marar lahani. Bugu da kari, akwai kusan rashin fahimta na jaruntaka, rashin bangaskiya ga haƙƙin mallaka da wannan mace wanda duk ainihin sha'awar shi. Duk da haka, ƙwarewar yanayi da wasan kwaikwayo a karshen ba sa barin mai karatu jin daɗi, halayen da Alexander Kuprin ya kawo wa mai karatu, litattafansa gaba ɗaya - son kai, ƙaƙurin kansa kanta. Haske mai haske bayan karantawa na dogon lokaci bai bar mai karatu ba.

"White Poodle"

Wannan labari, wanda aka buga a 1903, game da tsofaffin kwayoyin halitta, da jaririn Seryozha da majiyansu, Artod's poodle, shi ma ake kira "White Poodle" by marubucin. Alexander Kuprin, kamar yadda ya faru sau da yawa, labarin ya samo asalin halitta. A gare shi a dacha da yawa ya zo baƙi - masu sana'a, masu wucewa-da, mahajjata, da dukan iyalin Kuprins sun yi maraba, suna cin abinci tare da shayi. Daga cikin baƙi ya bayyana wani tsohuwar mutum da ganga mai gangami, karami acrobat da kwararru mai koya. A nan su ne, kuma sun shaida wa marubucin abin da ya faru da su.

Matar mai arziki ta ci gaba da sayar da wajan karamin ɗanta, dan karamin dan kadan, masu fasaha sun ƙi. Maigidan ya yi fushi, ta hayar da wani mutum don sata wani kare. Kuma Sergei ya kashe ransa, kyauta da ƙaunatacce Artoshka. Kuprin ya ce wannan labari yana da ban sha'awa saboda labarin ya kunshi biyu daga cikin batutuwa da suka fi sonsa - rashin daidaituwa da zamantakewa da zumunci, ƙauna ga dabbobi, kula da su. Sau da yawa, maimakon marubuci, yana aiki, kamar yadda Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich kansa ya ce, wani tarihin rayuwa.

"Duel"

A lokacin mai hidimar sabis a cikin Dnieper Infantry Regiment da kuma ciki, kuma ya sha wuya Alexander Kuprin "Duel." Birnin Proskurov, wanda aka gudanar da sabis, an gane shi a cikin wannan labarin. Bayan ya yi ritaya, marubucin ya fara sasanta takardunsa. Lokacin da labarin ya shirya, Maxim Gorky ya yaba ta, ya kira shi "mai ban mamaki" da "maras tabbas" ga dukan masu tunani da masu gaskiya.

Lunacharsky kuma ya ba da labari ga Pravda a Pravda a cikin kaka na 1905, inda aka gaishe shi da irin wannan zancen da rubutun rubuce-rubuce ta hanyar zancen shafuka masu kyau na rubutun Kuprin, wadanda suke kira ga rundunar soja, kuma kowane jami'in zai ji Muryarka na girmamawa mara cancanta.

Wasu batutuwa na "Duel" Paustovsky sune mafi kyawun littattafai na Rasha. Amma akwai wasu lokuttan da suka dace. Ba duk sojojin maza sun yarda da gaskiyar abin da Alexander Kuprin ya bayyana ba (rayuwa da kerawa a fili sun ce bai rubuta kalma ba). Duk da haka, Lieutenant-Janar Geisman ya zargi mawallafin maƙarƙashiya, ƙiyayya da sojojin da kuma ƙoƙari na tsarin jihar.

Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan da ake kira Kuprin a kan tarihin rikici mai suna Romashov tare da jami'in, babban jami'in matsayi. Abubuwan kirki, haɗari, ƙananan haɗin gwiwar jami'in 'yan sanda - dukkanin sassan rayuwa na gundumar lardin Kuprin ya kaddamar da yarinya a cikin duniyar yau da kullum - kuma! - hakikanin, duk mai gafartawa kuma cikakke, ƙaunar hadaya.

Labarin farko na labarin yazo tare da ƙaddamarwa ga Maxim Gorky, tun da yake duk mafi girman tashin hankali da kuma mafi girman kai a labarin ya tabbatar da tasirinsa. Kuma Chekhov bai son labarin ba, kuma yanayin jin daɗi - musamman, fiye da Kuprin ya damu da damuwa.

A cikin kaka na wannan shekara, marubucin ya ci gaba da zama a Balaklava, a Crimea, inda ya karanta wani maganganu na Nazanskiy daga "Duel" a lokacin maraice. Balaklava - birnin soja, kuma a cikin zauren a wannan lokacin ya mai yawa. Barke wata babbar abin kunya, wanda ya taimaka bice ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa, Laftana P. P. Shmidt, wata daya daga bisani ya jagoranci tawaye a kan jirgin ruwa na soja "Ochakov". Marubucin da kaina ya ga irin raunin da sojojin gwamnati suka yi tare da 'yan ta'addan suka bayyana abubuwan da suka faru, tare da aika wasikar zuwa St. Petersburg, a jarida "New Life". Saboda wannan, Kuprin daga Balaklava da aka kwashe a cikin awowi arba'in da takwas. Amma marubucin ya sami ceto daga zalunci da dama daga ma'aikatan jirgin saman "Ochakov". Game da wannan tashin hankali an rubuta labaru masu kyau: "Caterpillar", "Giant", mafi mahimmanci "Gambrinus".

Marubucin iyali

Matar farko na Kuprin ita ce Maria Karlovna Davydova, wanda ya auri a 1902 kuma ya karbi saki a 1909. Ita wata malami ce mai ilmi, 'yar wani sanannen mai wallafe-wallafe da mai wallafa. Marigayi na gaba, ta zama matar wani dan majalisa Nikolai na Jordan-Negorev. Maria Karlovna ya bar littafi na tunawa da Kuprin - "Shekaru na Matasan".

Har ila yau, sun haifa da 'yar uwa - Lydia Alexandrovna Kuprin, wanda ya mutu tun da wuri, a 1924, ya ba marubuci ɗan jikan Alexei. 'Ya'yan Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich da jikokinsa basu bar wasu' ya'ya ba, an katse iyali na Kuprins.

Matar na biyu, malaminsa da mala'ika mai kula da shi, Elizaveta Moritzevna Geynrikh, wanda ya yi marubuci a 1909. Ita ce 'yar mai daukar hoto da' yar'uwar wani actress. Elizaveta Moritzevna yayi aiki a duk rayuwarta, wanda ba shi da hali a wannan lokaci, ita 'yar'uwar jinƙai ce. Ba zan iya tsira da kewaye da Leningrad ba.

Suna da 'yar, Ksenia Alexandrovna, kyakkyawar mai basira, mai son kwarewa, ba kawai ga dukan iyalin ba, har ma mutanen da ke da ƙananan sadarwa tare da ita. Ta yi aiki a cikin fashion gidan nan kusa a lokacin da Paul Poiret, ya koyi da actress. A shekara ta 1958, ya dawo daga Faransa zuwa Amurka. Ta kuma rubuta abubuwan tunawa "Kuprin shine mahaifina". Kunna a dandalin wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow Pushkin. Xenia mai shekaru daya yana da 'yar'uwa, Zinaida, amma a 1912 ta mutu daga ciwon huhu.

Pre-war, soja da kuma bayan shekaru-baya

Kowace shekara ta 1909 ya yi aiki mai wuyar gaske - ya rubuta wani labari da yake da haɗari da kuma lokacinmu na batutuwa. Marubucin ya yanke shawarar nuna a cikin rayuwar gidan ibada a wasu larduna. Ya kira labarin "Yama". Ta rubuta na dogon lokaci. A wannan shekarar an ba shi kyautar Pushkin, da Ivan Bunin. Wannan ya riga ya kasance sanarwa daga Jami'ar Kimiyya.

A shekara ta 1911, Kuprin ya sayar da haƙƙin wallafe-wallafe zuwa cikakken aikin. Bayan ya karbi daruruwan mutane dubu dari daga marubucin, tun a shekarar 1915 marubucin ya rubuta cewa yana da bashi. Daga nan sai aka wallafa littafi mai suna "The Pamegranate Bracelet", wanda Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich ya rubuta, da labarun "Telegraphist" da kuma "The Holy Lie" - ayyukan suna da lahani, suna da bakin ciki. Sun bayyana a fili cewa ruhun marubucin a dukiya ba a rushe ba, har yanzu yana shirye ya nuna tausayi, ƙauna da kuma ta'aziyya.

A shekara ta 1914, Kuprin ya tafi yakin basasa, kuma ya sake zama wakilin. Ya yi aiki a Finland, amma ba dogon lokaci ba: an gane shi don dalilai na kiwon lafiya don rashin aiki. Ya koma gida, kuma a cikin gida: marasa lafiya na gida: Elizaveta Moritzevna da 'yar Xenia sun shayar da masu rauni ... Saboda haka shekarun yakin ya wuce. Juyin juyin juya halin 1917 Kuprin bai fahimta ba kuma bai yarda ba. Lenin bai so ba. Bayan shan kashi na farin motsi a 1920, Kuprins ya bar Rasha.

Shekaru ashirin na rayuwar Kuprin a kasar Faransa ya nuna irin wahalar da ya dace ga wani mutumin Rasha ya daidaita a waje. Ra'ayi ba. Abubuwan da suka fi shahararren marubuci sun fassara a cikin harshen Faransanci, amma ba a rubuta sabon ba. Kasuwancin kasuwancin musamman sun kasa. Babban abu - ci da rai yana marmarin. Yau matasa ne, kiwon lafiya, ƙarfin zuciya, bege ... Wannan baftisma ta cika ne ta hanyar babbar aikin da Alexander Ivanovich ya rubuta da nisa daga Rasha - littafin "Junker." Ya juya kusan kusan bayanan littattafai na makarantar soja, dumi, bakin ciki, amma tare da irin wannan ɗabi'ar na Kuprin mai tausayi. Yana da gaske, yana so ya koma gida.

Home!

Bugu da kari, mafarkin Kuprin na dawowa Rasha ya yi latti. Mawallafin marubuci marar mutuwa ya dawo gida ya mutu. Wannan taron ya kasance mai dadi sosai - yana ƙaunarsa sosai cewa kusan dukkanin Moscow sun yanke shawarar ganin shi. Abin farin ciki da Alexander Ivanovich ba shi da dadi. Masu kallo suna shaida cewa sau da yawa ya yi kuka, duk abin da ya shafi shi duka: yara duka, da wariyar gida, musamman ma hankali da ƙaunar wasu. Marubucin, duk da rashin lafiya, an wallafa shi: wata rubutun akan babban birnin kasar, "al'ummar Moscow", sa'an nan kuma tunawa da Gorky (tare da babbar murya, tun lokacin da gudun hijirar Kuprin Gorky bai biya don tallafawa da tallafawa "tsarin mulkin tsoro da bauta") ba.

A karkashin sabon 1937 Kuprins ya koma Leningrad kuma ya zauna a can, yana kula da shi da hankali. A Yuni 1938, sun ziyarci Gatchina masoyi, inda lullubi suka yi kyau sosai sau daya. Sun ƙi dukansu daga tsohuwar tsohuwar su, kuma daga kuɗin saba'in saba'in, sun zauna tare da marubucin shahararren marubucin mashahuriyar. Kuprin tafiya a kusa da kyakkyawan lambu, jin dadin zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali.

Duk da haka, cutar ta tsananta, abin da aka gano shine mummunan ciwon daji. A Leningrad, bayan dawowa daga Gatchina, majalisa ya yanke shawarar aiwatar da Kuprin. Nan da nan ya ji daɗi sosai, amma likitoci sun yi gargadin cewa babu abin da zai sa zuciya. Kuprin yana mutuwa. A kwanakin ƙarshe ya sami duk abin da zai yiwu, likitoci mafi kyau, cikakken kulawa. Amma irin wannan cigaban rayuwa ba zai iya zama har abada ba.

Rai na har abada

Literary zargi, rubuta memoirs wani m hoto na wani abun lura, da gaske Rasha marubuci, wanda ya ci gaba da mafi kyau na gargajiya hadisai na m hakikanci, m bin L. N. Tolstogo. Alexander Kuprin, wanda zancensa a cikin karni, ya rubuta fiye da daruruwan ayyuka daban-daban. Ya kasance mai gaskiya, mai gaskiya, tare da babban ɓangare na ƙayyadaddun rai a kowace kalma, ya rubuta kawai game da abin da ya fuskanta, gani, ji.

Kuprin yayi jawabi ga masu sauraro mafi girma, mai karatu bai dogara ne akan jima'i da shekarun haihuwa ba, kowa zai sami nasarorinsa, wanda yake so. Humanism, ƙaunar rayuwar rayuwa, filastik, bayyane masu kyau, wani harshe mai mahimmanci ya taimaka ayyukan Rubrin zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan karantawa har yau. Ayyukansa suna kariya, shirya da fassara cikin harsuna da dama na duniya.