Redox halayen

The kalmar "hadawan abu da iskar shaka" da aka asali nufi wani takamaiman abu hulda da oxygen ta samar da wani oxide, kamar yadda oxygen da tarihi da aka gane a matsayin na farko oxidant. By oxidizing gane oxygen connection, kuma a karkashin maido - mayar da ita. Saboda haka kalmar "hadawan abu da iskar shaka - maido" ya dade sarrafa sunadarai. Redox halayen daga baya zo a yi la'akari da irin wannan tafiyar matakai a sakamakon abin da akwai canja wuri na electrons daga daya zarra zuwa wani, don haka wannan lokaci ya samu gagarumar ma'ana. Alal misali, lokacin da magnesium konewa a oxygen: 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO electron canja wuri ya auku daga magnesium zuwa oxygen.

Redox halayen halin a cewa sun yi mu'amala tare da reagents sani oxidants da reductants. Abubuwa kwayoyin zarra da sadaka electrons dauke rage jamiái. A sinadaran mahadi wanda kwayoyin halitta dauki electrons kira oxidants. The sama dauki wani magnesium rage wakili kanta ne oxidized, Ina nufin aika wani electron. Oxygen an rage - daukan wani electron da wani oxidizer. Wani misali: CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O. Lokacin da mai tsanani, da jan karfe oxide a hydrogen rafi jan ions yarda electrons daga hydrogen. Kamar yadda wani oxidizing wakili, su an rage wa elemental tagulla. Hydrogen atoms da sadaka electrons, a matsayin rage wakili kanta ne oxidized da hydrogen.

Saboda haka, hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kuma rage matakai dauki wuri lokaci guda: oxidized rage da oxidizing jamiái an rage. Redox halayen ana haka ya kira domin akwai wani inextricable mahada tsakanin juna tafiyar matakai. Wannan shi ne, idan akwai kwayoyin zarra da sadaka electrons, cewa ne ko da yaushe ba, kuma irin wannan cewa electrons yi. A lokaci guda a matsayin cewa daga cikin oxidizer da kuma rage wakili a canza mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka. A sakamakon sinadaran mahadi za a iya kafa da wani irin kwayoyin halitta a sunadaran kwayoyin.

The main iri redox halayen:

1. Intermolecular - oxidizable da reducible atoms kunshe a cikin kwayoyin na daban-daban sunadarai, misali: 2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2 ↑ (tutiya - reductant hydrogen cation - oxidant).
2. Intramolecular - oxidizable da reducible atoms kunshe a cikin kwayoyin na wannan sinadaran abu, misali: KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 ↑ (a cikin kwayoyin na potassium chlorate oxygen - reductant chloro - oxidant).
3. Autoxidation-kai-waraka ko disproportionation - wannan sinadari a dauki ne rage wakili da oxidizing wakili, misali: 3HNO2 → HNO3 + 2NO ↑ + H2O ( a nitrogen zarra na nitrous acid ne da wani rage wakili da oxidizing wakili, da hadawan abu da iskar shaka samfurin - a nitric acid, rage samfurin - nitrogen monoxide).
4. Comproportionation reproportsionirovanie ko - wanda kuma wannan kashi da ciwon daban-daban mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga cikin kwayoyin, sakamakon guda hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar, misali: NH4NO3 → N2O + 2H2O.

Redox halayen aka gabatar a wani janar nau'i ko electronically. Daya iya la'akari da misalin sinadaran hulda: 2FeCl3 + H2S → FeCl2 + S + 2HCl. A nan, da baƙin ƙarfe zarra ne oxidizing wakili, saboda yana daukan daya electron da kuma canje-canje da mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na +3 zuwa +2: Fe + ³ + e → Fe + ². Ion sulfur rage wakili ne oxidized, electrons da ta aika ya canjãwa hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar a -2 to 0: Sˉ² - e → S °. electron ko ion-electron balance hanyoyin da ake amfani da shi don jeri na stoichiometric coefficients a cikin lissafi.

Redox halayen ne tartsatsi da na bayar da muhimmanci, tun da sun underlie da konewa tafiyar matakai na lalace lalace, numfasawa, metabolism, assimilation na carbon dioxide da shuke-shuke, kazalika a kan wasu nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai. Har ila yau, suna amfani da daban-daban da masana'antu don samar da karafa da kuma wadanda ba karafa daga mahadi. Alal misali, wadannan su ne bisa shiri na ammonia, sulfuric da nitric acid, wasu kayan gini da magunguna da wasu kayayyakin muhimmanci. Suna kuma amfani da hikimar tantance sunadarai for kayyade daban-daban sinadaran mahadi.