S-125 "Neva": zane, yi halaye, gyare-gyare

S-125 "Neva" - anti-jirgin sama da makami mai linzami tsarin (ADMS), short-range, kerarre a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. A fitarwa version na hadaddun kira "Pechora". A cikin rarrabuwa na NATO, shi ne ake kira da SA-3 Goa. A cikin makamai da Tarayyar Soviet da hadaddun da aka soma a shekarar 1961. Babban developer na Sam sanya NPO "Almaz" mai suna Raspletina. Yau za mu dubi tarihin Sam "Neva" da bayani dalla-dalla.

labarin

Iska tsaro makami mai linzami tsarin na daga cikin tsaro na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma aka yi nufi ga kariya na masana'antu da kuma soja kayayyakin more rayuwa daga tasirin wani irin hanyar iska hari, yawo a matsakaici da kuma low altitudes. Yana iya shafar m, mayaka, multipurpose jirgin sama da kuma cruise da makamai masu linzami tare da watsi yadda ya dace da fiye da 0.2 m ^2.

Development fara a cikin Sam NGO "Diamond" a 1956, a mayar da martani ga halittar jirgin sama, yadda ya kamata aiki a low altitudes. The fasaha aiki na zayyana wani hadadden nuna yiwuwar zuwa neutralize hari tashi a wata tsawo na 0.2 zuwa 5 km, a wata fuska daga 6 zuwa 10 kilomita a gudun 1500 km / h. A farko sa na gwaje-gwaje da nake aiki tare da wani roka 5V24. Wannan jummai tabbatar arancinsu tasiri, don haka da aiki da aka sanya wani ƙarin umurni - to daidaita shi zuwa ga sabon makami mai linzami 5V27, kenan tare da teku "kalaman na hadaddun. Wannan bayani ya ma inganta yi halaye (yi halaye) na tsarin. A shekarar 1961, da hadaddun ya soma, a karkashin nadi S-125 "Neva".

A nan gaba, da zarar da tsarin ba a modified. Its mambobi hada da kayan aiki don magance tsangwama GSHM, gani hari shagala PRR, ganewa, sauti iko, kazalika da shigarwa na waje nuni SRP. Saboda inganta a zane, Sam ya iya neutralize hari da suke a nesa har zuwa 17 kilomita.

A shekarar 1964, wani modernized version of Sam da aka soma a karkashin sunan S-125 "Neva-M". A fitarwa version na shigarwa kira "Pechora". Tun shekara ta 1969, ya fara samar da hadaddun a Warsaw yarjejeniyar kasashen. Just a shekara daga baya, don bayar S-125 fara a wasu kasashe, kamar Afghanistan, Angola, da Algeria, da Hungary, da Bulgaria, India, Korea, Kyuba, {asar Yugoslavia, da Habasha, Peru, Syria, da kuma waɗansu da yawa. A wannan shekarar 1964 a kan makamai da aka soma 5V27 makami mai linzami da suka ci gaba ICD "Tocilan.

A shekarar 1980, a karo na biyu, kuma na karshe yunkurin zamanintar da hadaddun. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na zamani na designers miƙa:

1. Fassara da makamai masu linzami shiriya tashar a kan wani elemental dijital database.
2. Yi decoupling makami mai linzami da kuma manufa tashoshi ta bayar da biyu iko tashoshin. Wannan sanya shi yiwuwa a kara da iyakar kewayo na kashi roka zuwa 42 kilomita, da amfani da hanyar na "cikakken preemption."
3. Yi tashar abin da ya ƙunsa makamai masu linzami.

Saboda damuwa cewa bita "Neva" hana samar da sabon S-300P bayyana bada shawarwari da aka yi wa kãfircin. A halin yanzu, a version na hadaddun, wanda ya karbi nadi C-125-2, ko "Pechora-2".

tsarin

A tsarin kunshi iska tsaro makami mai linzami tsarin, da kuma surface-to-air makami mai linzami fasaha nadi nufi.

Sam ya hada da irin jamiái:

1. Radar (RLS) SNR125M ga manufa tracking, da shiriya, daga makamai masu linzami da kan shi. Radar located a kan biyu Trailers. Daya ne UNK gida management da kuma a cikin sauran - eriya post. SNR125M aiki tare da radar da kuma tashoshin talabijin da goyon baya, a manual ko atomatik halaye. A tashar sanye take da atomatik farawa na'urar APP-125, wanda ya kira da iyakoki da abin ya shafa yankin na makamai masu linzami, kazalika da lura na roka da manufar taron. Bugu da kari, ya yanke shawarar da ya fara aiki.
2. Makami mai linzami baturi, wanda ya kunshi hudu launchers 5P73 model, kowanne daga wanda aka sanye take da 4 makamai masu linzami.
3. Energy wadata tsarin kunshi wani dizal-lantarki tashoshin na rarraba da kuma gida.

shiriya

A hadaddun na biyu-tashar da kuma guda-tashar makami mai linzami a cikin manufa. Makiya abu iya daukana up kawai biyu makamai masu linzami. Bugu da ƙari, tare da Sams za a iya sarrafa radars domin ganewa da kuma niyya, model P-12 ko P-15. Complex kudi suna sanya a Semi-Trailers da Trailers, da kuma dangantaka tsakanin su ne via igiyoyi.

A bayani na wannan matsalar, kamar yadda halittar wani low-tsawo makami mai linzami tsarin, bukata ta designers sabon abu mafita. Wannan shi ne dalilin wannan sabon abu bayyanar da eriya kafuwa.

Don buga wani manufa, wanda shi ne a nesa na 10 km da kuma kwari a gudun 420 m / s, a wata tsawo na 200 m, shi wajibi ne don kaddamar da wani makami mai linzami a daidai lokacin da manufa aka located a nesa na 17 km. A kama da tracking na hari a fara a duk a nesa na 24 km. A wannan yanayin, da ganewa kewayon irin wannan low tsawo hari ya zama daga 32 zuwa 35 km a cikin ra'ayi na lokaci da ake bukata domin dopoisk. A wannan halin da ake ciki, da kwana na manufa sarari a lokacin da ganewa ne kawai 0,3 °, kuma a shan a kan autofollow - game 0,5 °. A irin wannan kananan kusassari da nuna radar sigina daga ƙasa shiriya tashar wuce da sigina nuna daga cikin manufa. Don rage wannan sakamako, C-125 outfitted da biyu eriya tsarin. Na farkon su - ba a leka, shi ne ke da alhakin mai karɓa kuma watsarwa. Kuma na biyu - A Dauki hoto - aikata kawai liyafar.

Lokacin aiki a low altitudes aika da eriya sa a 1 °. A watsawa haka irradiates surface na duniya kawai da gefen lobes na eriya zane. Wannan rage siginar nuna daga ƙasa da dama, sau. Don rage manufa tracking kuskure hade tare da ya faru na "specular gani" (wakiltar tsangwama tsakanin kai tsaye da kuma multipath sakonni daga ƙasa manufa), biyu sami antennas da jirage suna juya su da 45 ° da a kwance. Saboda wannan eriya post Sam, kuma ta samu ta halayyar bayyanar.

Wata matsala hade tare da low tsawo tashi maƙiyi manufa, - da shiri na MTI (motsi manufa nuna alama), wanda za a iya yadda ya kamata ware manufa sigina, daga m tunani daga ƙasa, kuma sigina kowane irin hayaniya. Don wannan shi an halitta cherezperiodnoe proofread ta na'ura aiki a kan m UDL (ultrasonic bata lokaci Lines).

Sigogi kayyade MTI sun fi mayar wuce da sigogi na duk pre-data kasance radar aiki tare da pulsed radiation. Danniya na amo tasowa daga m abubuwa kai 33-36 DB. Domin dattako da maimaitawa lokaci na probing hatsaisai, da synchronizer adapts da bata lokaci line. Daga baya ya juya daga cewa wannan shawarar ne daya daga cikin disadvantages na tashar, kamar yadda shi ya sa ya yiwuwa a canja maimaitawa mita zuwa tune daga turu amo. Don magance jamming tsarin Jump watsawa na mitar an bayar, wanda ya auku a cikin taron cewa kutse ya wuce wani qaddara matakin.

makami mai linzami na'urar

Surface-to-air makami mai linzami (Sam) 5V27 ci gaba da ICD "Tocilan", wani biyu-mataki da kuma gina a kan nata irin sanyi "duck". A mataki na farko na roka kunshi wani m roka kara amfani. hudu cakosoban sauke bayan farkon. da kuma biyu daga airfoils shirya a haɗa da sashe, kuma wajibi ne ga rage gudu gudun bayan totur manzilõli sashe. Nan da nan bayan matakai a karkashin wadannan saman ana ci gaba, wanda entails nauyi juyawa, da rata tabbatar da dorewar Consoles da karshe braking totur tare da m shiririta fall.

A mataki na biyu na Sam ma yana da wani m-propellant mota. Its zane kunshi jerin compartments, wanda aka located: Control raka'a, fuze, yaki da high-m fragmentation na kan-jirgin kayan aiki, motor da karɓa iko ya umurci.

jirgin hanya iko da makami mai linzami da kuma shiriyarsa to manufa ne da za'ayi ta hanyar rediyo iko, ya yi aiki tare da kasa radar shiriya. Haifar warhead faruwa a lokacin da gabatowa da makami mai linzami da abokan gaba manufa a wani dace nesa don rediyo sarrafawa fis din tawagar. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu undermining daga cikin tawagar da shiriya tashar.

An fara ukoritel gudanar biyu zuwa hudu seconds, da kuma tafiyar - har zuwa 20 seconds. A lokacin da ake bukata domin makami mai linzami kai-halaka, - 49. Obalodi Zur rawar daji ne 6 raka'a. Da makami mai linzami aiki a mai fadi da yawan zafin jiki fuska - daga - 40 ° zuwa + 50 ° C.

Lokacin dauke da makamai masu linzami da aka dauka a-601P, da zanen kaya fara aiki a karfafa anti-jirgin sama da makami mai linzami tsarin. Wadannan matsaloli hada da wadannan canje-canje: da dakarun hari motsi a gudu har zuwa 2500 km / h, ci transonic (motsi a gudun tafiyar kusa dana gudun sauti) don hari a tsawon 18 km, kazalika da ƙara amo rigakafi da kuma buga yiwuwa.

makami mai linzami gyare-gyare

A ci gaba da irin wannan gyare-gyare da makamai masu linzami da aka halitta da fasahar:

1. 5V27G. A index "T" tsaye ga "hatimce".
2. 5V27GP. "P" index nuna wani karu a kusa da shan kashi na iyaka zuwa 2.7 km.
3. 5V27GPS. Index "C" ya nuna kasancewar wani zabi naúrar, rage alama na atomatik mataki a lokacin da fuze siginar gani daga kewaye karkara.
4. 5V27GPU. A index of "Y" yana nufin cewa akwai wata kara prelaunch. Rage na shirye-shiryen lokaci aka samu da ake ji da jirgin kayan aiki daga high ƙarfin lantarki da samar da lantarki, a lokacin da prelaunch yanayin na dumama na'ura. Kayan aiki prelaunch located in UNK gida, kuma ya samu wani m bita.

All gyare-gyare na makamai masu linzami da ta samar a Kirov factory lambar 32. Special horo ga ma'aikata da shuka samar girma da nauyi, tsaga da kuma ilimi model na makamai masu linzami.

fara linzami

The jefa ne da za'ayi daga wani shirin mai gabatarwa (PU) model 5P73, wanda aka jawo a tadawa kuma azimuth. Chetyrehbalochnaya hawa shirin mai gabatarwa da aka tsara a cikin KB SM karkashin jagorancin BS Korobov. Ba tare da shasi da gazootrazhateley shi za a iya hawa da mota Yaz-214.

Lokacin da harbi a low-tashi hari m farawa kwana na da makami mai linzami zuwa 9 °. Don hana kasar gona yashwa a kusa da shirin mai gabatarwa Multi-bangaranci madauwari faduwa roba-karfe shafi. PU aka caje a cikin jerin tare da biyu kai-caji inji, gina a kan tushe na ZIL-131 da kuma ZIL-157 tare da waye, maneuverability.

Ikon tashar da aka za'ayi amfani da wani mobile gidan wuta substation, saka a baya na wani trailer. Stations hankali da kuma niyya na P-type da kuma P-12 nm 15 manned m ikon kafofin BP-10-T230.

Kasa da jirgin sama ƙaddara da radar interrogators.

modernization

A farkon 1970s, anti-jirgin sama da makami mai linzami hadaddun "Neva" An sabunta hanyoyin. Inganta radar kayan aiki a yarda a kara amo rigakafi a gaban manufofin da management da wani roka. Godiya ga gabatarwar kayan aiki, "Karat-2" nufi ga talabijin-Tantancewar gani da goyan baya, da damar bi da bombard maƙiyi hari ba tare da radar radiation a cikin sarari. Sauya sheka manufa tashar watsawa kai a kan eriya post. Aiki a kan jirgin sama tsoma baki aka muhimmanci alleviated bayar na gani da ya buga.

A daidai wannan lokaci shi ne a cikin Tantancewar sighting tashar da kuma kasawan. A m yanayi, da kuma lokacin da kyan gani a cikin shugabanci na rana, ko gaban wani wucin gadi haske Madogararsa saka a kan abokan gaba jirgin sama, tashar dace rage-rage da cika fuska. Bugu da kari, gaban talabijin-Tantancewar Hanyar iya ba samar da shuka sadarwarka game da manufar da data kewayo. Wannan ya takaita yiwuwa ga zabar da hanyoyin da shiriya rage tasiri na kai hari gudun dalilai.

A cikin rabi na biyu na 70 S-125 samu da kayan aiki, da kara ingancinsu na ta yin amfani da lokacin da harbe-harben a hari motsi a low altitudes, kazalika da ƙasa, kuma surface hari. Har ila yau, modified makami mai linzami 4V27D aka halitta, wanda ya karu airspeed yarda to bombard hari "a bi". Makami mai linzami tsawon karu, da kuma taro ya karu zuwa 0,98 tons. Tã sam shirin mai gabatarwa caje a cikin 3 guda. May 3, 1978 sa na S-125M1 tare da jefa version 5V27D sun soma.

versions

A cikin shakka daga hadaddun gyare-gyare Wadannan gyare-gyare da aka sanya.

Domin kāriyar da Tarayyar Soviet:

1. S-125 "Neva". Basic version tare da wani makami mai linzami 5V24 Range up to 16 km.
2. S-125M "Neva-M". A hadaddun samu 5V27 da makamai masu linzami da kuma ya karu zuwa 22 km nesa.
3. C-125M1 "Neva-M1." Daban-daban daga version "M" ta ƙara amo rigakafi da kuma sabon linzami 5V27D tare da yiwuwar wani harin a bi.

Domin Soviet Navy:

1. M-1 "Kalaman". Jirgin analogue version na C-125.
2. M-1m "Wave-M." Jirgin analogue version na C-125M.
3. M-1P "P-kalaman". Jirgin analogue version na C-152M1, tare da Bugu da kari na Telesystems 9SH33.
4. M-1H. "Kalaman-H". A hadaddun da nufin magance low-tashi RCC.

Don fitarwa:

1. "Pechora". Export version of Sam "Neva".
2. "Pechora-M." Fitar da embodiment Sam "Neva-M".
3. "Pechora-2m". Export version of Sam "Neva-M1."

S-125 "Pechora-2m" shi ne har yanzu akwai a wasu kasashen.

halaye na

Basic dabara da kuma fasaha halaye na Sam "Neva":

1. Range kashi Heights - 0,02-18 km.
2. Iyakar kewayo na kashi - 11-18 km, dangane da tsawo.
3. Yiwuwar bugawa da manufa daya roka - 0.25.
4. Autolock lokaci tracking na hari - 8.
5. Aiki yanayin fara na'urar - Semi-atomatik.
6. Samar da lokaci data - 7.
7. Forecast daidaito taron batu - 1.5-3 km.
8. A nesa tsakanin cibiyar matsayi da kuma kula da gida - 20 m.
9. A nesa tsakanin gida da kuma kula da Starter - 70 m.
10. Makami mai linzami tsawon - 5948 mm.
11. A diamita na 1st mataki na roka - 552 mm.
12. A diamita da 2nd mataki na roka - 379mm.
13. An fara nauyi da makamai masu linzami - 980 kg.
14. Jirgin gudun linzami - har zuwa 730 m / s.
15. A iyakar halatta gudun manufa - 700 m / s.
16. Weight na wani makami mai linzami - 72 kg.

amfani

Sam-125 low kewayon amfani da daban-daban soja rikice-rikice na gida irin. A shekarar 1970, 40 battalions na "Neva" tare da Soviet ma'aikata tafi Misira. Akwai, suka sauri tabbatar da tasiri. A Soviet Sam 16 harbe-harben buga da kuma lalace 9 3 Isra'ila jirgin sama. Bayan haka, Suez da fahimtar juna.

A 1999, a lokacin da NATO fitina a {asar Yugoslavia, ta S-125 karshe amfani a fagen yaƙi. By farkon tashin {asar Yugoslavia, yana da 14 S-125 da batura da 60 launchers. Wasu daga cikin su aka sanye take da talabijin kyamarori da kuma Laser rangefinders, wanda a yarda fire da makamai masu linzami ba tare da niyya. Duk da haka, overall yadda ya dace da tsarin amfani da {asar Yugoslavia, an gurgunta saboda gaskiyar cewa suna da lokaci da oda shi ne m da kuma bukatar yau da kullum ana gyara. Mafi yawa daga cikin makamai masu linzami da amfani a cikin abun da ke ciki na S-125, saura rai kuwa shi sifili.

Hanyoyin hanyoyin lantarki da sojojin NATO ke bayarwa sun tabbatar da tasiri sosai wajen fuskantar makamai masu linzami na Rasha. Har zuwa ƙarshen rikici, kawai kashi biyu daga cikin kashi takwas na tsarin tsaro na iska S-125, wanda ke aiki a kusa da Belgrade, ya kasance a shirye-shirye. Domin rage yawan asarar, sassan "Neva" sun yi amfani da radars don 23-25 seconds. Irin wannan lokacin ya ƙidaya hedkwatar ne saboda sakamakon asarar farko da aka samu tare da HARM makamai masu linzamin NATO na NATO. Lissafi na makamai masu linzami ya kamata su kula da wani ɓoye na ɓoye, suna ɗaukar sauyawa canje-canje da kuma harbi daga "makamai." A sakamakon haka, shi ne tsarin tsaro na iska S-125, wanda muka dauke TTX, cewa an kashe jirgin saman Amurka F-117.