Silicon da mahadi. Silicon a yanayi. A amfani da silicon

Daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri a cikin art da kuma masana'antu na abubuwa ne silicon. Wannan shi gare ta sabon abu kaddarorin. Yau akwai mutane da yawa daban-daban mahadi wannan kashi, wanda taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kira da halittar fasaha kayayyakin, glassware, gilashin, kayan aiki, kayan gini, kayan ado da sauran masana'antu.

Janar halaye na silicon

Idan muka yi la'akari da matsayin da silicon a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin, yana yiwuwa ya ce:

1. IV aka located a cikin babban subgroups na kungiyar.
2. A jerin lamba 14.
3. Atomic taro 28,086.
4. A sunadarai alama ce Si.
5. Name - silicon, ko a Latin - silicium.
6. A lantarki sanyi na cikin matsanancin Layer 4e: 2e: 8e.

A crystal raga na silicon ne kama da lu'u-lu'u raga. A nodes an shirya kwayoyin halitta, ta irin - fuska-tsakiya cubic. Duk da haka, saboda da mafi tsawon na sadarwar jiki Properties na silicon karfi bambanta daga Properties na carbon allotropic gyara.

Jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties

Akwai biyu allotropic gyara daga cikin kashi: amorphous da crystal. Su ne sosai kama. Duk da haka, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da wasu kayan, babban bambanci tsakanin su - da crystalline silicon raga.

A wannan yanayin, duka biyu versions - wani foda na launi daban-daban.

1. Crystalline silicon ne m duhu launin toka foda-kamar karfe. Its tsarin yayi dace da lu'u-lu'u, amma daban-daban Properties. Yana yana:

• fragility.
• low taurin.
• semiconductor Properties.
• Da narkewa zafin jiki na 1415 ⁰ C;
• yawa 2,33 g / cm ^3;
• cikin ruwan zafin jiki na 2700 ⁰ C.

Its sinadaran aiki ne low idan aka kwatanta da sauran allotropic form.

2. amorphous silicon - launin ruwan kasa-kasa foda, yana da tsarin silnorazuporyadochennogo lu'u-lu'u. Reactivity ne babban isa.

A general, ya kamata a lura da cewa amsa silicon ki. Don yin shi amsa, dole zafin jiki ba kasa da 400-500 ⁰ C. Various sinadaran mahadi an kafa na silicon karkashin wadannan yanayi. Kamar:

• oxides.
• halides.
• halaka kai.
• nitrides.
• borides.
• carbides.

Zai yiwu hulda da silicon da nitric acid ko wani Alkali, wanda aka kira wani etching tsari. Tartsatsi silicones, wanda yanzu zama more kowa.

Kasancewa a cikin yanayin

Silicon ne ta halitta samu a quite wani gagarumin adadin. Shi ne na biyu a wuri bayan oxygen ruwan dare. Its nauyi sulusi da murabba'i ne game da 30%. Seawater ma ƙunshi wani aiki kashi a wani taro na 3 MG / L. Saboda haka, ba za mu iya ce cewa silicon a cikin yanayi - shi ne mai rare kashi.

A akasin wannan, akwai mutane da yawa daban-daban kankara da kuma ma'adanai, a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da shi ya auku, kuma daga abin da za a iya cirewa. Mafi na kowa halitta silicon mahadi:

1. Silica. A sunadarai dabara Sio _2. Akwai quite mai salo da dama na ma'adanai da kuma kankara a karkashi: yashi, duwatsu, feldspar, ma'adini, rock crystal, amethyst, chalcedony, carnelian, opal, Jasper, da sauransu.
2. Silicates da aluminum silicates. Kaolin, feldspar, Mika, silicic acid salts, asbestos, talc.

Saboda haka, baza yadu a cikin yanayi silicon da mahadi rare da bukatar mutane ga yin amfani da fasaha dalilai.

Silicon da mahadi

Tun da m dauke zama kashi iya ba, saboda haka, suna da daban-daban muhimmancin ta mahadi. Daga cikin sinadaran ra'ayi yana iya zama uku hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +2, +4, -4. A ci gaba daga wannan, kuma ma saboda su inertia, amma musamman a crystalline raga tsarin, shi ya haifar da wadannan main iri abubuwa:

• binary mahadi da wadanda ba karafa (silane, carbide, nitride, phosphide, da sauransu.
• oxides.
• silicic acid.
• karfe silicates.

Bari mu bincika yadda muhimmanci da silicon da mahadi, sun fi na kowa, kuma m ga mutane.

silicon oxides

Akwai iri biyu na abubuwa bayyana ta da dabara:

• Sio.
• Sio _2.

Duk da haka, mafi yadu amfani yana dioxide. Yana wanzu a yanayi a cikin wani nau'i na da kyau sosai Semi-duwatsu masu daraja.

• agate.
• chalcedony.
• opal.
• carnelian.
• yasfa.
• amethyst.
• rhinestone.

A amfani da silicon a cikin wannan tsari ya samu da aikace-aikace a cikin kayan ado. Wuce yarda da kyau zinariya da azurfa kayan ado da aka yi da wadannan semiprecious da semiprecious duwatsu.

A 'yan bambancin da silica:

• ma'adini.
• kogin da kuma ma'adini yashi .
• duwatsu.
• feldspars.

A amfani da silicon a irin iri aiwatar a yi, aikin injiniya, Electronics, sinadaran masana'antu, metallurgy. Tare, da aka jera oxides koma zuwa guda abu - silica.

Karbid Kremniya da kuma ta yin amfani da

Silicon da mahadi - wani abu na gaba da na yanzu. Wata irin wannan abu ne silicon carbide ko carbide na kashi. A sunadarai dabara na SiC. Yana auku a cikin yanayi kamar yadda ma'adinai moissanite.

A m nau'i na carbon da silicon fili - yana da kyau, m lu'ulu'u, lu'u-lu'u-kamar tsarin. Duk da haka, domin fasaha dalilai mori fentin a kore da kuma baki launi kayan.

Main halaye na abu, kyale ta yin amfani da masana'antu, da fasaha, da sinadaran masana'antu, da wadannan:

• m rata semiconductor.
• sosai high ƙarfi (7 Mohs sikelin) .
• resistant zuwa high yanayin zafi.
• m elektroustoychivost kuma thermal watsin.

Duk da wannan damar da yin amfani da silicon carbide matsayin abrasive kayan a metallurgy da kuma sinadaran kira. Har ila yau, shi ne tushen LEDs nuna mai fadi bakan na mataki, sassan da gilashi makera, nozzles, jiniyoyi, kayan ado (moissanite yaba FIANITE sama).

Silane da muhimmanci

Hydrogen silicon fili ne silane da sunan ba za a iya samu ta hanyar kai tsaye kira daga fara kayan. Don samun daban-daban karfe silicides ake amfani, wanda an hõre acid magani. A sakamakon haka, da silane gas da aka saki da kuma siffofin da karfe gishiri.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa fili a tambaya ya taba samar kadai. Ko da yaushe a dauki na cakuda mono-, di- da Trisilane a wadda silicon kwayoyin halitta suna ciri daidai a cikin marũruwa.

A kan kaddarorin wadannan mahadi - karfi rage jamiái. Da kansu kamar haka sauƙi oxidized da oxygen, wani lokacin explosively. M dauki tare da halogens ko da yaushe tare da makamashi mai yawa saki.

A aikace-aikace na da wadannan silanes:

1. Halayen na Organic kira, a sakamakon wanda yana da muhimmanci silicones - silicone, roba, sealants, lubricants, emulsions da sauransu.
2. Microelectronics (LCD zaune a yanki, Hadakar fasaha zane-zane, da dai sauransu).
3. High tsarki polysilicon.
4. Dental prosthetics.

Saboda haka, silanes a cikin zamani duniya ne high.

Silicic acid da kuma silicates

Hydroxide na kashi - su ne daban-daban silicas. rarrabe:

• meta.
• o;
• polysilicon da sauran acid.

Dukan su da na kowa siffofin - matsananci rashin daidaituwa a free jihar. Suna iya bazu da zafi. Karkashin al'ada yanayi, akwai short-rayu, juya farko a cikin wani Sol sa'an nan a gel. Bayan da bushewa, da silica mala'iku, irin Tsarin ake kira. Suna amfani da adsorbents a tacewa.

Muhimmanci daga ra'ayi na masana'antu, ne salts da silicic acid - silicates. Su ne tushen shiri na irin wannan abubuwa, kamar:

• gilashin.
• kankare.
• ciminti.
• zeolite.
• kaolin.
• ain.
• earthenware.
• crystal.
• tukwane.

Alkali karfe silicates - narkewa, da sauran - babu. Saboda haka, sodium da kuma potassium silicate ake kira ruwa da gilashi. Al'ada stationery m - wannan ne sodium gishiri da silicic acid.

Amma mafi ban sha'awa mahadi duk wannan gilashi. Wanne ne kawai zaɓuɓɓuka saboda wannan abu ba ra'ayin! Yau, ba masu launin, Tantancewar, Matte zabin. Glassware ne mai ban mamaki a cikin ƙawa da bambancin. A lokacin da ƙara wani karfe da kuma nonmetal oxides zuwa cakuda iya samun wani iri-iri iri gilashi. Wani lokaci ko da guda abun da ke ciki, amma daban-daban percentages aka gyara take kaiwa zuwa wani bambanci a kaddarorin da abu. Misalai ne ain da earthenware, wanda dabara Sio ₂ * AL ₂ Ya ₃ * K ₂ O.

Ma'adini gilashi - shi ne wani nau'i daga high tsarki samfurin, wanda abun da ke ciki shi ne aka bayyana a matsayin silica.

a cikin silicon mahadi Discovery

A cikin shekaru 'yan shekaru, karatu sun nuna cewa silicon da mahadi - mafi muhimmanci da mahalarta a cikin al'ada jihar na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. C rashi ko wuce haddi na wani ba kashi hade cututtuka kamar:

• ciwon daji.
• da tarin fuka.
• amosanin gabbai.
• cataracts.
• kuturta.
• dysentery.
• rheumatism.
• hepatitis da sauransu.

Tsufa matakai da kansu suke kuma hade da gwada yawa abun ciki na silicon. Wurare da dama a gwaje-gwajen a dabbobi masu shayarwa sun nuna cewa rashin wani kashi da ciwon zuciya harin, shanyewar jiki, ciwon daji da kuma hepatitis C cutar da aka kunna.