Socialist-Revolutionary Party a Rasha. A tsari na gwamnati na SR jam'iyyar

Kowa ya sani cewa a sakamakon da Oktoba juyin juya halin da kuma tarzomar, yakin basasa, Bolshevik Party to ikon zo a Rasha, wanda, a daban-daban vibrations na ta general line, jagorancin zauna kusan har lokacin da rarrabuwa da Tarayyar Soviet (1991). Official Soviet historiography shekaru wahayi zuwa ga mutane da ra'ayin cewa shi ne wannan karfin dadin mafi girma goyon bayan da talakawa, yayin da duk sauran siyasa kungiyoyi a hanya daya ko wani ya nema ya raya tsarin jari-hujja. Wannan ba quite gaskiya. Alal misali, Socialist-Revolutionary Party ya uncompromising a kan dandamali, a kwatanta da abin da matsayi na Bolsheviks a sau da jũna gwada da lumana. A daidai wannan lokaci da Social yunkuri soki "yaki da karfi na proletariat", karkashin jagorancin Lenin ga usurpation na ikon da zalunci na dimokuradiyya. Saboda haka abin da irin jam'iyyar ta wannan?

Daya da duk

Hakika, bayan da yawa m images halitta da Masters na "gurguzu mai neman na hakika art", a sinister look a idanun mutãne na Soviet Socialist Revolutionary Party. SRs tuna lokacin da labarin ya game da yunkurin Lenin a 1918, da kisan Uritsky, da Kronstadt fitina (fitina) da kuma sauran m facts na gurguzu. Yana da jũna, cewa su, "zuba a cikin hannãyenku daga" counter-revolution, kokarin makara da Soviet ikon da kuma zahirance kawar da Bolshevik shugabannin. A lokaci guda ko ta yaya manta da cewa kungiyar ya jagoranci wani iko karkashin kasa da gwagwarmaya tare da "sarauta hakimai", sai ya ciyar da wani m adadin harin 'yan ta'adda a lokacin da biyu Rasha juyin, da kuma a lokacin yakin basasa ya sa da yawa daga matsaloli fadar White motsi. Irin wannan shubuha ya kai ga cewa Socialist-Revolutionary Party ya maƙiya a kusan dukan yaƙe jam'iyyun, shigar da su a cikin wucin gadi ƙawance da kuma qarasa sallame guda domin cimma nasu zaman kanta a raga. Abin da ya? Wannan shi yiwuwa a fahimci ba tare da karanta jam'iyyar shirin.

Origins da halittar

An yi imani da cewa halittar Social Revolutionary Party faru a 1902. Wannan a hankali gaskiya ne, amma ba quite. A 1894 Saratov Mutane ta Freedom Society (clandestine, ba shakka) ya ci gaba da kansa shirin, wanda ya ɗauko wani ɗan more m fiye da da. shekaru biyu suka tafi zuwa cikin samar da shirin, tura shi waje, wallafe-wallafe, bugu leaflets, ya cece su a Rasha da kuma sauran jan hade tare da fitowan a cikin harkokin siyasa sararin sabon karfi. Sa'an nan a kananan da'irar a farko gangarawa wani Argun, wanda sake masa suna da shi, da ake kira "Union of Socialist yunkuri." A farko awo ya halittar wani sabon ƙungiya rassan da kuma kafa wani barga dangantaka da su, ga alama quite ma'ana. Offices aka kafa a manyan birane na daular - Kharkiv, Odessa, Voronezh, Poltava, Penza kuma, ba shakka, a cikin babban birnin kasar, St. Petersburg. Lashe aiwatar da jam'iyyar gini bayyana sashin jiki. Jaridar "Revolutionary Rasha" shirin da aka buga. Wannan sharhi ya sanar da cewa halittar Social Revolutionary Party wani fait accompli. Shi ne a cikin 1902.

a raga

Duk wani siyasa karfi ayyukan, shiryar da shirin. Wannan daftarin aiki, soma da mafi rinjaye da kafa majalisa, ya sanar da manufofi da matakai, masõya, da kuma abokan adawar, babban tuki sojojin da cikas da za a shawo kan. Bugu da kari, da kayyade management jagororin, gudanarwa da kuma yanayi na membobinsu. SRs jam'iyyar ayyuka tsara a cikin wadannan hanya:

1. The kafa a Rasha na wani free da mulkin demokra] jihar da na tarayya da tsarin.

2. Ba duk 'yan ƙasa daidai wahala.

3. The jawabi, da kuma cikin 'yanci na sanin yakamata, latsa, jawabin, jam'iyya, ƙungiyoyi da sauransu.

4. A daidai to ilimi kyauta.

5. Kau da sojoji a matsayin wani m jihar tsarin.

6. The takwas-hour rana.

7. The rabuwa da coci da kuma jiha.

Akwai 'yan maki, amma sauran da suka fi mayar da maimaita taken na Mensheviks, da Bolsheviks da kuma sauran kungiyoyin kuma nemi su kama ikon kamar yadda SRs. A jam'iyyar shirin ayyana guda dabi'u da kuma burin jama'ar.

Generality daga tsarin bayyana a cikin matsayi da aka bayyana shatan. Nau'i na gwamnati Socialist Revolutionary jam'iyyar kunshi biyu matakan. Congresses da kuma majalisa (a mezhsezdovsky lokaci) don yin dabarun yanke shawara cewa an sanya na kwamitin tsakiya, da zartarwa jiki.

Yunkuri da kuma agrarian tambaya

A ƙarshen XIX karni, Rasha ya mai yawanci m kasar, inda manoma dokoki masu rinjaye na al'ummar jihar. A ajin cewa Bolsheviks musamman, da kuma Social Democrats kullum dauke da baya da baya a siyasance fallasa zaman kansa-mallaka gabbai, da kuma dawo dasu daga cikin mafi talauci na kawai rawar da mafi kusa ally na proletariat, da locomotive na juyin juya halin. Da dama daban-daban ra'ayi a kan wannan batu SRs. A jam'iyyar shirin hada da socialization ƙasar. A wannan yanayin, shi ya ba game da nationalization, watau miƙa mulki ga jama'a dukiya, amma ba da rarraba ta ma'aikata. Kullum, bisa ga Socialist-yunkuri, da gaskiya dimokuradiyya zo ba daga kauye, da kuma mataimakin versa. Saboda haka, masu zaman kansu da ikon mallakar noma da albarkatun kamata soke sayarwa da kuma hana su canja zuwa kananan hukumomi, wanda zai rarraba duk "mai kyau" a cewar abokin ciniki bukatun. Gabã ɗaya, da shi aka kira da "socialization" na ƙasar.

Farmers

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa ta furtawa kauyen tushen gurguzanci, jam'iyyar mallakar Social yunkuri da mazauna tare da isasshen taka tsantsan. The manoma sun ba da gaske bambanta musamman siyasa rubuce-rubuce. Abin da ya sa ran shi wadannan shugabanni da daraja da kuma fayil membobin kungiyar ba su sani ba 'yan kyauyen rayuwa ya dan hanya a gare su. Socialist-yunkuri "rashin lafiya kurwa" da raunana mutane, da kuma, kamar yadda aka sau da yawa sun gaskata cewa san yadda za a yi farin ciki, mafi alhẽri daga gare shi. Su sa hannu a cikin majalisarku da abin da suka taso a lokacin da na farko Rasha juyin juya halin, ƙarfafa rinjayar da biyu da manoma da kuma aiki yanayi. Amma ga proletariat, sa'an nan zuwa gare shi ya kasance cikin hali na m. A general, da taro na ma'aikata dauke su amorphous, kuma ya kamata su sa a matsayin wani kokarin hada kai da shi.

ta'addanci

Socialist-Revolutionary Party a Rasha ya sami shahararsa a cikin shekara ta kafa. Ministan cikin gida na Sipiagin aka harbe ta Stepan Balmashev da kuma shirya da kisan G. Girshuni, wanda ya jagoranci soja reshe na kungiyar. To, akwai mutane da yawa hare-haren ta'addanci (cikin shahararrun daga gare su, suna dauke udavshiesya yunkurin S. A. Romanova, kawun Nicholas II da kuma ministan Plehve). Bayan juyin juya hali, da jam'iyyar na Hagu SRs ci gaba damning jerin wadanda suka kamu da mutane da yawa shugabannin Bolsheviks, wanda akwai gagarumin bambanci. A ikon tsara mutum ayyukan ta'addanci da kuma ramuwar gayya kan mutum abokan adawar da AKP iya ba gasa da wani daya jam'iyyar siyasa. SRs gaske shafe ta da kai na Petrograd Cheka Uritsky. Game da kisan gillar da aikata ta Michelson factory, da labarin shi ne m, amma gaba daya fitar da mulki da hannu ba zai iya zama. Duk da haka, sikelin da taro tsõro a kansu kafin Bolsheviks sun nisa. Duk da haka, watakila, idan sun zo don ikon ...

Azef

A almara hali. Yevno Azef ya jagoranci mayakan kungiyar da kuma an ƙarshe tabbatar, hada kai tare da jami'in sashen na Rasha Empire. Kuma mafi muhimmanci - a biyu daga cikin wadannan, don haka daban-daban a raga da kuma manufofin, structures, sun yi matukar farin ciki. Azef ya shirya wani jerin hare-haren ta'addanci da wakilan da sarauta gwamnati, amma m sabis mika wata babbar lamba na 'yan tawaye. Kawai a 1908 sun fallasa SRs. Wanne jam'iyyar za su sha wahala a da darajõji irin wannan m? Kwamitin tsakiya tsĩrar da hukunci - mutuwa. Azef ya kusan a hannun tsohon yan'uwansu, amma ya ya iya wawa su kuma gudu. Yadda ya yi da shi ba gaba ɗaya bayyana, amma Gaskiyar shine har 1918 ya rayu da ba su mutu ba daga cikin guba, noose ko harsashi, da kuma koda cuta, wadda "sana'anta" a Berlin kurkuku.

Savinkov

Social Revolutionary Party janyo hankalin da yawa adventurers a ruhu, wanda ya nemi batu na aikace-aikace na laifi Talanov su shikan. Daya daga cikinsu shi Boris Savinkov, wanda ya fara harkar siyasa a matsayin wani sassaucin ra'ayi, sa'an nan ya koma 'yan ta'adda. A jam'iyyar na Social yunkuri zo a shekara bayan halittarsa, shi ne na farko mataimakin Azefs, ya halarci a cikin shirye-shiryen da yawa hare-haren ta'addanci, ciki har da mafi resonant, hukuncin kisa, suka gudu. Bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin suka yi yaƙi da Bolshevism. Iƙirarin zama m ikon a Rasha, na yi aiki tare da Denikin, ya saba da Churchill da Pilsudski. Savinkov kashe kansa bayan kama da KGB a 1924.

Gershuni

Grigoriy Andreevich Gershuni kasance daya daga cikin mafi yawan aiki mambobi ne na soja reshe na Socialist Revolutionary Party. Ya directed da wasanni na ayyukan ta'addanci da ministan Sipiagin, ƙoƙari ya kashe gwamnan Harkova Obolenskogo da kuma wasu ayyuka tsara don cimma kasa wadata. Ya yi aiki a ko'ina - daga Ufa da Samara zuwa Geneva - yin ƙungiya aiki da kuma daidaituwa na gida karkashin kasa da'irori. A shekarar 1900, an kama shi, amma Gershuni gudanar kauce wa fanarite, kamar yadda ya, a cikin warwarewarsu jam'iyyar xa'a, suna tsananta kai ƙararrakinsa hana wani hannu a cikin clandestine tsarin. Amma duk da haka akwai wani rashin cin nasara, kuma ya bi da hukunci a 1904 a Kiev: link. Tserewa jagoranci Gregory A. zauna a Paris, inda ya mutu. Shi ne mai gaskiya artist ta'addanci. Babban cizon yatsa ransa ya mai cin amana Azefs.

Party a yakin basasa

Obolshevichivanie Soviets shukakkun, bisa ga Socialist-yunkuri, artificially, kuma conductive m hanyoyin kai ga janyewar su jam'iyyar wakilan. Bugu da ari ayyuka sun harben. A SRs shiga wani wucin gadi ƙawance da fari, da ja, da kuma bangarorin biyu fahimci cewa hadin kai da aka shibtarsu ta kawai gajere na siyasa ba. Bayan samu rinjaye a cikin majalisar da aka kafa, jam'iyyar kasa m nasara. A shekara ta 1919, da Bolsheviks, idan akai la'akari da darajar da kwarewa na kungiyar 'yan ta'adda, ya yanke shawarar ya halatta da ayyukan a cikin kasashen da ke karkashin iko, amma wannan mataki yana da wani sakamako a kan tsanani da anti-Soviet. Duk da haka, da SRs sau ayyana wani moratorium a kan yi, da goyon bayan daya daga cikin husũma. A 1922, 'yan AKP gaba daya "da fallasa" kamar yadda makiyan juyin juya hali, da kuma fara da cikakken kawar da dukan ƙasa na Soviet Rasha.

a gudun hijira

A waje tawagar AKP fito tun kafin ainihin shan kashi na jam'iyyar a 1918. Wannan tsarin da ba a amince da kwamitin tsakiya, amma, duk da haka, sun wanzu a Stockholm. Bayan wani a zahiri shine ban a Rasha a zaman talala, su kusan dukkan tsira da sauran wakilan jam'iyyar a manyan. Suna da hankali, yafi a Prague, Berlin da kuma Paris. Ya gangarawa aikin waje Kwayoyin, Victor Chernov, suka gudu kasashen waje a 1920. Bugu da kari to "Revolutionary Rasha", da aka buga a cikin zaman gudun hijira da kuma sauran periodicals ( "Gama mutane!", "Modern Notes"), wanda ya nuna babban ra'ayin na cewa kama tsohon karkashin kasa kwanan nan ya yi yaƙi da exploiters. By karshen 30s, suka gane da bukatar maido da tsarin jari-hujja.

Ƙarshen Socialist-Revolutionary Party

The yaki tare da KGB tsira SRs ya zama batu na da yawa m litattafan da fina-finai. A general, da juna na wadannan kayayyakin dace da zahirin gaskiya, ko ciyar da gurbata. A gaskiya ma, cikin SR motsi da tsakiyar 20-ies da nasaba da siyasa gawar, kaucewa m ga Bolsheviks. Tu Soviet Rasha SRs (tsohon) damƙar kama, da kuma wani lokacin zaman jama'a-neman sauyi ra'ayoyi ko da dangana ga mutane, kada su raba. A nasara aiki na luring musamman ga zama abin ƙyãma mambobin jam'iyyar a cikin Tarayyar Soviet aka yi nufi ga karatu more nan gaba ramuwar gayya yi kamar yadda duk wani mai daukan hotuna na karkashin kasa da anti-Soviet kungiyoyi. A wurin da SRs dok zarar ya dauki Trotskyites, Zinoviev, Bukharinites, Martovites da sauran tsohon Bolsheviks, ya zama ba zato ba tsammani nin. Amma cewa shi ne wani labarin ...