Suka gano da kuma abin da su ne ka'idodin von Neumann

Kila ba zan zama kuskure idan na ce cewa, mafi yawan mutane a rayuwar yau da kullum sami cewa kwamfuta da kuma duk da alaka da shi - yana da kimiyya nasarori na karshe shekarun da suka gabata na karshe karni. A gaskiya, da ka'idodin von Neumann ta aikin kwamfuta, da msar tambayar tushe na kwamfuta sadarwar, an tsara a farkon rabin karni na ashirin da.

Babban developer na kwamfuta kimiyya a wancan lokacin shi ne shahararren lissafi Dzhon Fon Neyman Amurka. By hanyar shi ya kamata a ce cewa wasu daga wannan ya faru dangane da wani hatsari. Neumann a shekarar 1944 da aka hada a gudanar da bincike kungiyar, wanda ya yi aiki a kan halittar farko fitilar lantarki kwamfuta ENIAC. Ko ta yaya lokacin na yau da kullum tattaunawa tare da abokan aiki masanin kimiyya ba haka cike da amincewa samarwa a fundamentally sabon ra'ayi ga halittar sarrafa kwamfuta na'urorin. Don mamaki na Neumann, da abokin tarayya G. Goldstein kuma A. Burks Neumann goyon bayan ra'ayin, kuma akwai wata kimiyya takarda a cikin shekaru biyu. Yana yayi wani gaba daya a baya ba a sani ba ka'idojin sarrafa kwamfuta na'ura, sa'an nan ya karbi sunan "ka'idojin von Neumann." An rabin karni tun farko jama'a gabatar da ra'ayoyi Neumann, amma wannan rana, al'amurran kamar kwamfuta gine ka'idojin von Neumann yi gargajiya ka'idar ginin kwamfuta tsarin. A bambancin da ke tsakanin sabon ra'ayi shi ne cewa aka samarwa ya motsa daga cikin saba gidan goma tsarin na bayanai ajiya da kuma juyawa zuwa binary. Ya fi dace domin irin wannan amfani da samar da yawa fiye da damar da za ka kara da girma na wannan bayani, duka biyu cikin sharuddan da ajiya da kuma watsa.

Bugu da kari, da ka'idodin von Neumann sanya shi yiwuwa a aiwatar ba kawai na lamba bayanai, amma kuma rubutu, sauti da sauransu.

Wani gagarumin samu Neumann ne ya mafita ga ajiya na bayanai. A baya can, wannan aikin da aka za'ayi kusan hannu, ta ~ in wadata masaniya zama dole aka gyara na da kwamfuta tare domin tabbatar da musayar bayanai da aka adana a cikin kowane daga cikin wadannan compartments. A cikin muka ambata a sama ENIAC kwamfuta, wannan hanya daukan akalla kwanaki da dama, da kuma sau da yawa sosai a gudanar da wannan dabara hanyoyin rushe - malfunction daga cikin fitilar. Neumann kuma samarwa ya sauya sheka shirin kuma shigar wanda ke aiki a cikin nau'i na binary code da kuma adana a kwamfuta kanta.

The masanin kimiyya ne ba kawai tsara ra'ayoyin cewa daga baya ya zama yadu da aka sani a matsayin ka'idojin von Neumann, amma kuma ci gaba da fasaha na kwamfuta tsarin, wannan ra'ayi ne sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin "kwamfuta gine". Babban aka gyara daga wani sabon gine-gine, Neumann ya kamata:

- wani iko na'urar.

- dabaru naúrar.

- a tsakiyar aiki naúrar.

- memory hadaddun hada da ciki da kuma na waje.

- I / Yã na'urar.

A haka gina tsarin a kwamfuta an karanta musamman umarnin daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, sa'an nan kuma akwai aka aiwatar da wani processor. The domin na kisa na dokokin da aka ayyana ta da musamman shirin counter. A gaban irin wannan na'urar ne yanzu daya daga cikin siffofin na da kwamfuta gine-gine, samarwa da Neumann.

A general, ɓullo da, a gaskiya, ya gwada da kuma aiwatar da shi, da yanke shawara a kan gine-gine na kwakwalwa, sun zama haka duniya, da kuma muhimman hakkokin, da cewa ko da a yau a cikin sana'a yanayi na inji gina bisa ga waɗannan ka'idodi, da ake kira - von Neumann na'ura. Wannan ba tambaya kawai ga waɗanda inda babu wani shirin counter.

Zai yiwu tashi daga wadannan ka'idojin mai yiwuwa ne kawai a nan gaba, a lokacin da dalilin da ci gaban kimiyyar kwamfuta, da ra'ayin za a sa dabaru aiki.