Technopark - wani yunkuri ... A tarihin technopark

A tarihin masana'antu Parks fara a cikin hamsin hamsin na karshe karni. Sai a wannan lokaci, Stanford University, located a Jihar California (USA), aka yanke shawarar mika wuya gurbi da kuma sauran ƙasar hayan. The kwangila da aka kammala tare da daban-daban da kungiyoyi. Sun kasance biyu manyan kamfanoni da kuma kananan kamfanonin tsunduma a high-tech kasuwanci.

Dukkan wadannan kungiyoyin a lokacin kwangilolin gwamnati. Kananan samar ci gaba da kai tsaye lamba tare da jami'a. Wannan ya amfana, da kuma daya ko a daya gefen. A sakamakon haka, shi ya kafa wata al'umma da cewa da ɗan baya ya zama da aka sani da Silicon Valley.

Bugu da ari aiwatar da aikin

Domin cikakken gina up da ya maye gurbin ƙasa da kuma cire kuskure da ake bukata, shi ya ɗauki kusan shekaru talatin. Ya na farko kafa Technopark. Silicon Valley ya zama da aka sani a duniya saboda ta nasarori a high-tech masana'antu. Musamman raya a nan kamar yadda kwamfuta da bayanai da fasaha.

Kananan kamfanonin, ciki har da a cikin ma'aikatan biyu ko uku da ma'aikata, girma cikin sauri, zama wani kamfanin da bai daya dubu ma'aikata. A shekarar 1981, fiye da tamanin da kamfanonin aiki a cikin ƙasa, inda wannan masana'antu shakatawa. Wannan shi ne irin Refayawa kamar Polaroid da Hewlett-Packard, da Aerospace kamfanin "Lockheed" da sauran masana'antu shugabannin.

Tare da 80-ies a Amurka masana'antu Parks fara bayyana a manyan lambobin. Sun bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban yankin, wanda aka rufe da rashin aikin yi da kuma tattalin arziki koma bayan tattalin arziki. Kuma a yau a Amurka na da most yawan masana'antu da ilimi. A lamba, suna tambayarku daya bisa uku na duniya da lambar.

Ana zargin fasahar Parks a Turai

Babban ra'ayin tako a kan teku a 70s na karshe karni. A lokacin da wannan lokaci a lõkacin da Scottish Jami'ar Edinburgh Research Center ta samo asali. Similar kungiyoyi suka fara samar a Cambridge a Trinity College, a Belgium a Louvain-la-Neuve da sauransu. D. Tehnoparkovyh motsi a Turai da aka ƙwarai inganta saboda da rikicin a shekaru 80. A sa'an nan, domin taimaka firgita cibiyoyin kwal da kuma yadi masana'antu, Margaret Thatcher da umarnin halittar UK wani cibiyar sadarwa na masana'antu zones a data kasance jami'o'i. Wannan ra'ayin ya biya kashe. Kuma a yau a Ingila nasarar ma'aikata game da hamsin technoparks. Akwai wasu a sauran kasashen Turai. A da karkararta na irin wannan tsarin game da 260.

Turai fasahar Parks, ciki har da dubu biyu daban-daban bidi'a cibiyoyin, amfani da sabon ci gaba a} asashen waje kwarewa. Wannan yarda su tafi, ta hanyar da gajeriyar hanyar samuwar. "Raya harkar kasuwanci" a wani ɗan gajeren lokaci ya zama Popular. Su ayyuka suna amfani da kananan kamfanoni da masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni, kazalika da kungiyar na jama'a Sphere. Wace rawa aka buga da masana'antu shakatawa? Shi ne mai mahada tsakanin masana'antu da kuma gudanar da bincike filin.

Technopark motsi a China

American kwarewa a samar da musamman m zones da aka dauka a kan ta kasar Sin. A wannan filin, kasar ta samu mai ban mamaki nasarar ja hankalin na duniya al'umma. A kara raya high-tech masana'antu a kasar Sin ya yiwu ne da da gudummawar jihar.

Tuni a farkon shekarar 1986 da gwamnatin amince da shirin na ci gaba kimiyya da fasaha. A cikinta, waɗanda fifiko sassa da aka gano, wanda ya hada da masana'antu shakatawa. Space Center, kimiyyar kwamfuta da lantarki, fasahar binciken halittu da kuma kayyade aikin injiniya, fiber na gani da ãyõyinMu, da kuma makamashi-ceton fasahar ga aikin da za a sanya a cikin wannan yanki. Bugu da kari, an shirya cewa masana'antu da kuma gudanar da bincike yankin za su hada da samar da kafa na kayan likita.

gwamnatin Help

Bayan shekaru biyu ya kaddamar da wani shirin da ake kira "Tocilan", wanda shi ne mataki na gaba a cikin aikin, bisa ga abin da aka kamata su gina masana'antu shakatawa. Yana wani mataki na gwamnati, da manufar wanda ya ga kasuwar da kuma masana'antu na ci gaba riga cimma a cikin halittar kimiyya-m fasahar. A shirin "Tocilan" da hannu a samar iya aiki, da kudin na wanda wuce $ 25 biliyan.

A aiwatar da wannan aikin, irin technopark zone, wanda a Bugu da kari ga ci gaban sabuwar fasahar da kuma gabatarwa da nasu kayayyakin a gida da kuma fitarwa kasuwanni, taka leda a babbar rawar a jawo waje zuba jari da kuma ci-gaba aukuwa an halitta.

China ta farko masana'antu shakatawa - shi ne mai Beijing gwaji zone, located a lardin Haydan. Tun lokacin da aka bude, da aka gudanar a shekarar 1988, kasar ta halitta 120 irin raka'a. A wannan yanayin, da hamsin bisa dari daga cikinsu suna aiki a kan aiwatar da gwamnati da umarni.

Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi gagarumin taimako a cikin halittar fasahar Parks. Kuma ta bayyana ba kawai a cikin manyan yawa na kudi da zuba jari. A gwamnatin matakin da aka kafa da kuma m kasuwanci yanayi a wadannan yankunan. Wannan rage ko kebewa daga biyan kudin shiga da haraji amfanin a gudanar da babban birnin kasar yi, kazalika da yiwuwar wajibi-free shigarwa na shigo da kayan aiki.

Duniya Movement of technopark

A cikin eighties na karshe karni da ra'ayin halittar kimiyya da masana'antu yankunan da aka ya shahara. Industrial Parks da aka kafa ba kawai a fuskar tattalin arziki tasowa, Su yi ya fara a cikin Australia da kuma Singapore, India, da Malaysia, da Brazil da kuma Canada, kazalika da a wasu jihohi.

Fara na gina technoparks a Rasha

Halittar masana'antu da kimiyya da zones a kasar mu tsunduma a cikin 80s-90s. Shi ne mai wuya lokaci, a lokacin da a cikin farkawa daga cikin rikicin jihar ya daina kuɗaɗen da masana'antu da kuma amfani da kimiyyar. Daya yiwuwar ci gaba da m ma'aikatan ya da ra'ayin kafa wani sashi, wanda ya kamata a sanya Technopark. Cibiyar RAS a Tomsk, Rasha Ma'aikatar Higher Education, Jihar kwamitin Ilimi, kazalika da manyan kamfanonin sun zama cikin wadanda suka kafa na farko daga cikin wadannan tsarin. Wannan masana'antu shakatawa ne jama'a dukiya.

Daga baya ya faru garambawul. Technopark zama JSC. A daidai wannan lokaci da rabo daga jihar ikon mallakar ya ragu zuwa 3% a cikin izini asusu.

A post-Soviet lokaci

Sun Rasha technoparks samu babban matsaloli. Suna fama da rashin kwarewa da management a sauya tattalin arziki yanayi. A lokacin wadannan shekaru na masana'antu da ilimi mun ba su iya yin nasara a cikin halittar sabuwar fasahar. Yana wani lokacin da a gaban wani sha'anin aiki ya ga tsira na farko. Technoparks a irin wannan yanayi da aka dauke a matsayin cibiyoyin iya samun bayyana goyon baya.

akwai wani shirin na ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki "Technology Parks na Rasha" a shekarar 1990. Yana da aka tsara don shekaru biyar. Duk da haka, kudade don wannan shirin ba su yarda saya dukiya da kuma tsara duk bukata. A kasaftawa adadin, wasu jami'o'i sun ɓullo da wani ciniki aiki, wanda ya da nisa daga kimiyya.

Bugu da ari aikin jiha

"Technopark" Association da aka kafa a wadannan shekaru. Kafin ta aiki ya yi nazarin da karbuwa na kasa da kasa kwarewa a Rasha yanayi. Bugu da kari, kungiyar da aka gudanar farfaganda na halitta da kuma ayyukan fasaha Parks, a matsayin wani tasiri mahada a cikin goyon bayan da kuma ci gaban kananan m kasuwanci.

A wannan aikin, gwamnatin Rasha shi ne ba kawai abu, amma kuma doka taimako. Duk da haka, an ji cewa wani haraji ihisani kamata ba a yi amfani da fasahar wurin shakatawa. Production shi wajibi ne don gudanar da wani karkashin wannan yanayi da cewa an kafa a ko'ina cikin kasar. Yana da aka zaci cewa, a waɗannan wurare in ba haka ba sauƙi juya zuwa ciki teku inda dukiya ana nuna.

By tsakiyar 90 ta shirin "Technopark" a Rasha ya ci gaba da samun lokacinta. Yawan irin zones ya girma. Halittarsu ya faru a kan tushen da cibiyoyin bincike na zuwa jihar. Duk da haka, akwai wasu rabuwa a ci gaba tsakanin wadannan kungiyoyi. A mafi m ne kimiyya Parks a Tomsk da Moscow, St. Petersburg da kuma Zelenograd, Chernogolovka da Ufa.

Technopark a Saransk

Bisa kasa da kasa kwarewa, zamu iya cewa da masana'antu shakatawa - shi ne na musamman tattalin arziki zone da wani hanzari girma high fasahar masana'antu. Wannan ne ya sa irin wannan raka'a su ne a karkashin musamman iko da gwamnati, da aiki da bunkasa su da aka kafa ta da shugaban kasar na Rasha Federation Vladimir Putin a shekarar 2005 Bayan shekaru biyar da aka kammala cin gaban wani tarayya shirin wajen samar da Rasha ta masana'antu da ilimi a fagen high fasahar. Don kwanan wata, kasar mu ya bude goma sha biyu technoparks. Yana da daraja yana mai cewa a watan Disamba 2014 aiwatar da tarayya shirin da aka kammala a full. Ana sa ran cewa da kasafin yi dukkan fasahar Parks za su kasance cikin 55%. A wannan yanayin, za su saki akalla 12% na fitarwa kayayyakin.

wani aikin

Daya daga cikin abubuwa na tarayya shirin ya hadaddun "Technopark na Mordovia". Its yi aka fara bayan rattaba hannu kan umurni da Putin, da aka buga 12.09.2008, jimlar yankin na tsari ne game da 6,000 sq.m. A da karkararta ne dake da kamfanoni masu tasowa software, kuma da waɗanda kungiyoyin, aiki na wanda ake dangantawa da bayanai yanayi da kuma halittar databases a kan tushen da fasahar zamani.

By karshen 2014 a wani hadadden "Technopark na Mordovia" da aka kaddamar a mataki na biyu. A ranar, da dukan ƙasar da zone ayyuka nasarar hamsin daya mazaunin kamfanin, samar da 1634 jobs. A total shekara-shekara kudaden shiga na Technopark - 1 biliyan rubles ..

Technopark a Togliatti

The most kimiyya da masana'antu sashi na Rasha shi ne a Zhiguli Valley. Wannan masana'antu shakatawa, gina a kusa da birnin Togliatti. A yankin na zone na 65.000 sq. m Babban kwatance na technopark "Zhiguli kwarin." - sadarwa da bayanai da fasaha, makamashi ceto da kuma samar da makamashi yadda ya dace, kai, sunadarai, kazalika da ci gaba a fannin nazarin sararin samaniya.

A halin yanzu, akwai 22 da kamfanoni, da yawan wanda a nan gaba ya kamata girma ga daruruwan.