The aiki site na enzyme: tsarin, Properties. Wanda ya gano aiki site na enzyme? Abin da ake kira mai aiki site na enzyme?

Mun ji duk na enzymes, amma abu ne mai wuya kowannenmu sosai san daidai da yadda wadannan abubuwa suna shirya, kuma me ya sa suke bukata. Wannan talifin zai taimaka su fahimci tsarin da kuma ayyuka na enzymes (enzymes) a general, kuma su aiki cibiyoyin musamman.

tarihi bincike

A 1833, Faransa sunadarai Anselme Payen gano da kuma bayyana da kaddarorin da enzyme amylase.

A 'yan shekarun baya, Louis Pasteur, karatu da hira da sugars a cikin barasa shafe yisti, da shawarar cewa wannan tsari ne saboda da sinadarai da yin sama da yisti.

A ƙarshen XIX karni physiologist Villi Kyune farko buga da Kalmar "enzyme".

Jamus Eduard Buchner a 1897 gano da kuma bayyana zymase - enzyme hadaddun cewa catalyzes hira da sucrose cikin ethanol dauki. A yanayi zymase tarin yawa a cikin yisti.

Shi ba a san lokacin da kuma wanda ya buɗe wa aiki site na enzyme. Wannan samu aka yaba da ta Nobel sunadarai Edaurdu Buchner, American halitta James Sumner da sauran sanannun masana kimiyya suka yi aiki a kan nazarin enzymatic catalysis.

Janar bayani game da enzymes

Ka tuna cewa enzymes - abubuwa na gina jiki yanayi, wanda yin ayyuka a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta catalysts na sinadaran halayen. A enzyme yana da rabo wanda ba kai tsaye dauki bangare a cikin shi, da ya kwarara daga cikin dauki samar da wani aiki na tsakiya na enzyme.

Ga wasu daga cikin kaddarorin da enzymes:

1) dace. A kananan adadin kuzari isa ya hanzarta a sinadaran dauki a 10 ⁶ sau.

2) bayani dalla-dalla. Daya enzyme ba duniya mai kara kuzari daga wani dauki a cikin cell. Domin enzyme bayyana bayani dalla-dalla na mataki: kowane enzyme catalyzes kawai daya ko dama irin wannan halayen da substrates (da reactant feed), amma sauran sinadaran reagents ga wannan yanayi, da enzyme iya zama mara amfani. Hulda da dace substrates da kara hanzari na dauki samar da wani aiki na tsakiya na enzyme.

3) bayyanannu Activity. A enzyme aiki a cikin cell ne kullum canja daga low to high.

4) natsuwa daga wasu enzymes a cikin cell ba m da kuma za su iya bambanta dangane da waje yanayi. Irin wannan enzymes a ilmin halitta kira inducible.

rarrabuwa na enzymes

A da tsarin, da enzymes za a iya raba sauki da kuma hadaddun. Simple kunshi na musamman na amino acid sharan, ne hadaddun maras gina jiki kungiyar na abubuwa. Complex kira coenzymes.

By irin enzyme catalysed halayen kasu kashi:

1) Oxidoreductases (tsara redox halayen).

2) Transferases (canjawa wuri zuwa raba kungiyoyin na kwayoyin halitta).

3) Lyases (manne sinadaran shaidu).

4) Lipase (dangane form a cikin halayen saboda da makamashi na ATP).

5) Isomerases (uchuvstvuyut halayen interconversion na isomers).

6) Hydrolases (tsara sinadaran halayen da narkewa da shaidu).

Structure enzyme

Enzyme - wani hadadden uku-girma tsarin, wanda aka hada da yafi amino acid sharan. Har ila yau, akwai} afar roba kungiyar - wani bangare ne na ba-gina jiki yanayi, hade da amino acid sharan.

Enzymes - yafi globular sunadaran da cewa za a iya hada a rikitarwa. Kamar sauran proteinaceous abubuwa, enzymes ake denatured ta kara yawan zafin jiki, ko kuma ta hanyar daukan hotuna zuwa wasu sinadarai. A lokacin denaturation dabam manyan enzyme tsarin da kuma ta haka ne da kaddarorin da aiki cibiyar na enzymes. A sakamakon haka, da enzyme aiki rage-rage da cika fuska.

Catalyzed substrate ne yawanci yawa fiye da karami da enzyme kanta. A mafi sauki enzyme kunshi sittin amino acid sharan gona, da kuma ta aiki cibiyar - biyu kawai.

Akwai enzymes catalytic site amino acid din da ake ba wakilta, da kuma Organic} afar roba kungiyar, ko (mafi sau da yawa) inorganic asalin - cofactor.

A ra'ayi na aiki site

Sai kawai karamin sashi na enzyme kai tsaye da hannu a sinadaran halayen. Wannan bangare na enzyme kira da aiki site. The aiki site na enzyme - a sia, 'yan amino acid sharan ko} afar roba kungiyar, da ta ɗaure su a substrate da catalyzes dauki. A amino acid sharan na aiki site iya mallakar wani amino acid - iyakacin duniya, nonpolar, caje, aromatic uncharged.

The aiki enzyme cibiyar (wannan sia, amino acid da wasu abubuwa iya maida martani tare da reagents) - mafi muhimmanci na enzyme, ba tare da wadannan abubuwa zai zama mara amfani.

Yawanci, da enzyme kwayoyin yana daya kawai aiki site, dauri da daya ko fiye da irin wannan reagents. A amino acid sharan na aiki cibiyar kafa hydrogen, hydrophobic ko covalent shaidu, kafa wani enzyme-substrate hadaddun.

A tsarin da aiki cibiyar

The aiki site na enzymes, sauki da kuma hadadden ne a aljihu ko Ramin. Wannan tsarin da aiki cibiyar na enzyme dole ne yayi daidai geometrically da electrostatically da substrate, tun wani canji a cikin manyan tsarin da enzyme iya canza aiki site.

Nauyin da catalytic cibiyar - yankunan da aiki cibiyar na enzyme. Babu shakka, da nauyin site "cak" substrate karfinsu, kuma yana hade da shi, da kuma catalytic cibiyar da aka kai tsaye da hannu a cikin dauki.

Dauri na aiki cibiyar na substrate

Domin bayyana yadda da aiki site na enzyme hade da wani musamman reagent, da dama theories an samarwa. Mafi mashahuri na su - Fisher ka'idar, shi ne ka'idar "kulle da kuma key". Fisher da shawarar cewa akwai wani enzyme fi dacewa dace to kowane substrate a cikin jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties. Bayan samuwar wani gyare-gyare ba ya faruwa enzyme-substrate hadaddun.

Wani American masanin - Daniel Koshland - kara Fisher zato na da ka'idar cewa aiki site na enzyme iya canza su conformation muddin ba ya shige wani musamman substrate.

The motsi na enzymatic halayen

Features enzymatic dauki ake karatu Biochemistry kamfanoni masu zaman kansu - enzyme motsi. Wannan musamman kimiyya karatu na halayen da daban-daban yawa na enzymes kuma substrates, da dogaro da dauki kudi a kan zafin jiki cikin cell da kaddarorin da aiki site na enzymes dangane da jiki da kuma sinadaran sigogi na matsakaici.

Enzyme motsi aiki Concepts kamar dauki kudi, kunnawa da makamashi, kunnawa shãmaki, kwayoyin aiki, musamman aiki da sauransu. Ka yi la'akari da wasu daga cikin wadannan matsalolin.

Cewa akwai wata nazarin halittu dauki, da reagents dole don canja wurin wasu makamashi. Wannan makamashi da ake kira kunnawa makamashi.

Bugu da kari na da enzyme da reactants don rage kunnawa makamashi. Wasu abubuwa amsa a kan ba da taimakon enzymes, tun da kunnawa makamashi shi ne da muni. A dauki ma'auni ba matsawa da Bugu da kari daga cikin enzyme.

A dauki kudi - da adadin dauki samfurin bayyana ko bace a naúrar lokaci.

Dogara da dauki gudu a kan substrate taro dimensionless jiki yawa characterizes - Michaelis m.

Kwayoyin Activity - yawan substrate kwayoyin cewa ana tuba zuwa daya kwayoyin na enzyme da naúrar lokaci.