The aiki na enzymes. Rawar da enzymes a cikin jiki

Enzymes - a globular sunadaran, wanda taimaka wa wuce duk salula tafiyar matakai. Kamar dukan catalysts, ba za su iya juya da baya da martani, kuma ana amfani da su hanzarta shi.

Sarrafawa na enzymes a cikin cell

Ciki da cell, mutum enzymes aka kullum dauke da aiki a mai tsananin tsare da wasu gabbansa. Sarrafawa na enzymes da aka kai tsaye alaka da aikin wanda yawanci yi aikin cell shafin.

Kusan duk na enzymes daga glycolysis suna located a cikin cytoplasm. Enzymes Krebs sake zagayowar - a cikin mitochondrial matrix. The aiki abubuwa dauke a cikin lysosomes hydrolysis.

Wasu kyallen takarda da kuma gabobin da dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke ba kawai a kan wani sa na enzymes, amma kuma ga su aiki. Wannan yanayin yadudduka amfani asibiti a cikin ganewar asali da wasu cututtuka.

Akwai ma shekaru takamaiman-fasali a cikin aiki da kuma kafa na enzymes a cikin kyallen takarda. Su ne mafi fili a bayyane a cikin tsawon tayi ci gaba a lokacin da nama bambantawa.

Nomenclature na enzymes

Akwai da dama tsarin da lakabi, kowanne daga abin da daukan la'akari da kaddarorin da enzyme zuwa sãɓãwar launukansa digiri.

• Maras muhimmanci. Sunayen da abubuwa da aka bã su bazuwar haruffa. Alal misali, pepsin (pepsis - "narkewa", GR.) Kuma trypsin (tripsis - "dilutes" Girkanci.)
• M. The sunan enzyme ne hada da substrate da kuma karshen "-ase". Alal misali, amylase accelerates da hydrolysis na sitaci (amylo - "sitaci", Greek.).
• Moscow. Yana da aka soma a shekarar 1961 ta kasa da kasa hukumar a kan nomenclature na enzymes a V International biochemical Congress. Title abu da aka hada da wani substrate da kuma dauki wanda aka catalyzed (kara) da enzyme. Idan aiki na enzymes ne don canja wurin wani rukuni na kwayoyin halitta daga daya kwayoyin (substrate) zuwa wani (Mai karɓar), mai kara kuzari ya hada da sunan da sinadaran sunan Mai karɓar. Alal misali, a cikin amino kungiyar canja wurin dauki daga alanine zuwa 2-oksiglutarovuyu acid halarci enzyme alanine: 2-oksoglutarataminotransferaza. Sunan ya nuna:
• substrate - alanine.
• Mai karɓar - 2-oxoglutaric acid.
• amino jure a dauki.

International hukumar ta wallafa jerin duk aka sani enzymes, wanda aka kullum updated. Wannan shi ne saboda da gano sabon abubuwa.

rarrabuwa na enzymes

Share enzymes cikin kungiyoyin a hanyoyi biyu. A farko offers biyu azuzuwan abubuwa:

• sauki - hada kawai na gina jiki.
• hadaddun - dauke da gina jiki part (apoenzyme) da kuma maras gina jiki kira coenzyme.

Vitamins iya kunshe a cikin maras gina jiki ɓangare na enzyme hadaddun. Hulda da sauran abubuwa na faruwa ne ta da aiki site. Total enzyme kwayoyin ba shiga a cikin tsari.

Properties na enzymes, kazalika da sauran sunadaran, an ƙaddara da su tsari. Dangane da catalysts shi ne kawai hanzarta su dauki.

Na biyu rarrabuwa Hanyar raba al'amari na gaskiya, abin da aikin da aka yi da enzymes. A sakamakon haka ne shida azuzuwan:

• oxidoreductase.
• transferase.
• hydrolase.
• isomerase.
• lyase.
• ligase.

Wannan al'ada kungiyar, da sũ suke sãɓa ba kawai a cikin iri halayen da tsara enzymes kunsa a gare su. A abubuwa na daban-daban kungiyoyin na tsari ne daban-daban. Kuma da aiki na enzymes a cikin cell, saboda haka, ba zai iya zama guda.

Oxidoreductases - redox

Babban aiki na farko da kungiyar ta enzymes - hanzari da hadawan abu da iskar shaka-raguwa halayen. A halayyar alama: da ikon samar da wata sarkar na oxidative enzymes, a cikin abin da canja wurin da electrons ko hydrogen atoms daga farko substrate zuwa karshe Mai karɓar. Wadannan mahadi aka raba bisa ga ka'ida na aiki ko a wurin aiki a dauki.

1. Aerobic dehydrogenase (oxidase) hanzarta canja wuri na electrons ko protons kai tsaye tare da oxygen kwayoyin halitta. Anaerobic ma yi wannan mataki, amma a cikin halayen da faruwa ba tare da canja wurin da electrons ko hydrogen atoms a kan oxygen kwayoyin halitta.
2. Primary dehydrogenase catalyzed aiwatar janye hydrogen atoms daga oxidizable abubuwa (da primary substrate). Secondary - hanzarta da kau da hydrogen atoms daga sakandare substrate aka shirya ta amfani da primary dehydrogenase.

Wani alama: kasancewa a biyu-bangaren mai kara kuzari tare da wata iyaka sosai sa na coenzyme (aiki kungiyar), ba za su iya hanzarta sa na dama hadawan abu da iskar shaka-raguwa halayen. Wannan aka samu da wani babban yawan bambance-bambancen karatu: wannan coenzyme iya bi don daban-daban apofermentami. A kowane hali, musamman oxidoreductase tare da kansa Properties.

Akwai wani alama na wannan kungiya na enzymes, wanda zai iya ba kasa ambaci - su bugun up sunadarai matakai hade da saki da makamashi. Irin wannan halayen ake kira exothermic.

Transferase - dako

Wadannan enzymes aiki kamar hanzari canja halayen kwayoyin sharan da aikin kungiyoyin. Alal misali, phosphofructokinase.

Ware takwas kungiyoyin na catalysts, dangane da hakuri kungiyar. La'akari kawai da wasu daga cikinsu.

1. Phosphotransferase - taimake don canja wurin sharan na phosphoric acid. Sun kasu kashi subclasses bisa ga makõma (barasa, carboxylic acid, da dai sauransu).
2. Aminotransferase - hanzarta da dauki na amino acid transamination.
3. Glycosyl - canjawa wuri glycosyl sharan na kwayoyin to kwayoyin na phosphoric esters na mono- da polysaccharides. Samar da wani bazuwar halayen da kuma kira na oligo- ko polysaccharides a tsire-tsire da dabbobi kwayoyin. Alal misali, sun shiga a cikin dauki na sucrose auka.
4. Acyltransferase canjawa wuri sharan na carboxylic acid don ya amines, alcohols da kuma amino acid. Acyl-coenzyme-A wata m tushen acyl kungiyoyin. Yana za a iya gani a matsayin wani aiki kungiyar na acyltransferases. Mafi sau da yawa jure acyl acetic acid.

Hydrolase - narkewar tare da sa hannu na ruwa

A wannan rukuni na enzymes aiki kamar catalysts ga tsakiyan nonon halayen (kira kasa) na gudanar da mahadi a cikin abin da ruwa ya ƙunsa. Abubuwa a cikin wannan kungiyar suna rike a cages kuma a cikin narkewa kamar ruwan 'ya'yan itace. catalysts kwayoyin a cikin gastrointestinal fili an hada da guda bangaren.

Place na sarrafawa daga wadannan enzymes ne lysosomes. Sun yi m ayyuka na enzymes a cikin cell: manne kasashen waje abubuwa da suka wuce, ta hanyar da membrane. Su ma cinye wadanda abubuwa da ake ba da ake bukata cell, ga abin da lysosomes aka Kwafa dubagari.

Wani daga su "laƙabi" - salula kunar bakin wake, tun lokacin da suka kasance da babban kayan aiki ga cell autolysis. Idan akwai wani kamuwa da cuta, kumburi tsari ya fara, da membrane zama permeable da kuma lysosomal hydrolase daga cikin cytoplasm, Tanã darkake kõwane abu a cikin hanyar da lalata cell.

Rabawa da dama iri catalysts daga wannan rukuni:

• esterase - alhakin hydrolysis na esters na alcohols.
• Glycosidase - hanzarta hydrolysis na glycosides, dangane da wanda isomer su aiki, emit α- ko β-glycosidase.
• peptide hydrolase - alhakin hydrolysis da peptide bond a cikin sunadaran, kuma a karkashin wani yanayi da kuma ga su kira, amma wannan hanya ba a yi amfani da gina jiki kira a rayayyun tantani.
• amidase - alhakin hydrolysis na amides, misali, urease catalyzes cikin bazuwar na urea cikin ammonia da ruwa.

Isomerase - kwayoyin hira

Wadannan abubuwa hanzarta canje-canje a cikin daya kwayoyin. Suna iya zama tsarin ko na lissafi. Wannan zai iya faruwa a hanyoyi daban-daban:

• canja wuri da hydrogen atoms.
• motsi wani phosphate kungiyar.
• canji na wuri na atomic samara da kanana a cikin sarari.
• da motsi na da biyu bond.

A isomerization iya fallasa zuwa Organic acid, carbohydrates, ko amino acid. Isomerase iya maida aldehydes da ketones, conversely, da CIS form kerata cikin wani trans tsari da kuma mayar. Don fi gane abin da aikin da aka yi da enzymes daga wannan kungiya, kana bukatar ka san da bambance-bambance isomers.

Lyase hawaye dangane

Wadannan enzymes hanzarta ba hydrolytic bazuwar na gudanar da mahadi dangantakar:

• carbon-carbon shaidu;
• phosphorus-oxygen.
• carbon-sulfur.
• carbon-nitrogen.
• carbon-oxygen.

A wannan yanayin ya hada da irin wannan sauki kayayyakin kamar carbon dioxide, ruwa, ammonia, kuma rufaffiyar biyu shaidu. 'Yan wadannan halayen iya tafi a gaban shugabanci, m ga enzymes karkashin dace da yanayi na wannan tsari ba kawai tsara da breakup, amma kira.

Nau'in lyase faruwa dangane da irin, suka karya. Su ne hadaddun enzymes.

ligase crosslinked

Babban aiki na enzymes daga wannan kungiyar - cikin hanzari na kira halayen. Su peculiarity - samar Tasrifu da Lalacewar abubuwa da suke iya bada makamashi domin biosynthetic tsari. Akwai shida ƙungiyoyin kafa ta dangane da irin. Biyar daga cikinsu ne m subgroups lyases, kuma ta shida ne ke da alhakin kafa sadarwa "nitrogen-karfe".

Wasu ligases suna da hannu a wani muhimmanci musamman cell tafiyar matakai. Alal misali, a DNA ligase da hannu a cikin kwafi na deoxyribonucleic acid. Ta sews nicked, samar da sabon phosphodiester shaidu. Ita ce ta shiga Okazaki, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa.

Wannan guda enzyme ne yadu amfani a kayyade aikin injiniya. Yana da damar da masana kimiyya ya crosslink cikin jigidar halittar DNA na zama dole guda daga gare su, da samar da wani musamman sarkar na deoxyribonucleic acid. Sun iya sa wani bayani, haka samar da wani factory domin samar da sunadarai. Alal misali, yana yiwuwa a dinka a yanki na DNA na bacteria da alhakin insulin kira. Kuma a lokacin da cell zai watsa shirye-shirye da kansa sunadarai, ta a lokaci guda bari mu sa da kuma ma'adanai da ake bukata domin likita dalilai. Ya zauna kawai share, kuma shi zai taimake yawa marasa lafiya.

A babbar rawar da enzymes a cikin jiki

Suna iya kara da dauki kudi fiye da sau goma. Yana da muhimmanci ga al'ada cell aiki. A enzymes shiga a cikin kowane dauki. Saboda haka, aikin na enzymes a cikin jiki bambancin matsayin duk abin da ke faruwa tafiyar matakai. A rushewa daga wadannan catalysts take kaiwa zuwa tsanani sakamakon.

Enzymes ana amfani da ko'ina a cikin abinci, haske masana'antu, magani: amfani ga yi na cuku, sausages, abincin gwangwani, suna kunshe a cikin abu don wanka powders. Suna kuma amfani a yi na daukar hoto kayan.