The Golden Bulla Karla 4 na 1356. Dokoki yi na Allah Mai Tsarki Roman Empire

Czech ta shahara, tare da isowa na King Charles IV. Hakika, Golden Bull - shi ne mai matukar muhimmanci yi, amma shi ne ba kadai.

Yana da aka superbly ilimi mutumin. Ya ƙaunar shayari, kusa da abokai da Petrarch, m, a biyar Turai harsuna. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa Charles IV taimaka wajen kafa a Prague archiepiscopal kujera da kuma bude farko jami'a a wannan bangare na Turai.

Mark a kan tarihin

Jamhuriyar Czech ne cike da tarihi shafukan da dangantaka da ayyukan Charles IV, - Sarkin Bohemia, wanda ya zama sarki na Ruhu Mai Roman Empire. Wannan kuma sanannen dima jiki garin Karlovy bambanta da castle a Hradcany da Charles Bridge a kan Vltava da castle Karlštejn.

Soja kamfen kusan ba da ake bukata, da kuma girmama sarki aka ba ƙaddara ta su a matsayin mai haskakãwa kuma yi janyo hankalin shi yafi. Sunan ya zama majiɓinci Al'adu da Kimiyya, tallafi Gold bijimai da gaske da aka rubuta da zinariya haruffa a cikin tarihin duniya.

farko

Carl aka haife shi a gidan sarauta, a Prague. Mahaifinsa - Yahaya Blind - fito daga Luxembourg sarauta gidan, shi da uwarsa - Eliška - 'yar sarki Vaclav II. Ya girma a wani yanayi na soyayya, dabba ba a kanta, smyshlonym, m.

Karl ya yi sa'a ya yi nazarin a Faransa a kotu na Philip VI a nan gaba Paparoma Clement VI - wani sosai ilimi mutum, mai girma bãwa daga tarihi, Al'adu da Kimiyya. A shekaru na goma sha biyar, Charles ya riga ya fara mulkin jihar, da farko uba ya koya masa don Luxembourg, sa'an nan Moravia, da kuma bayan mutuwar dansa bar dukan Jamhuriyar Czech.

Ko kafin sa kambi na Karl tattauna da kuma yarda da halittar wani sabon Crown, da aka sani a karkashin sunan St. Wenceslas. A wannan bikin da kuma kafa wani sabon - shi ya fara a Visegrad, sa'an nan, magargaɗa koma rantsuwarsu a cikin Tsohon Town Square a Prague Castle fadin Vltava. A bikin da aka dukkan mutanen da suka wajaba dadin sabon sarki, daga baya ya kira shi da uba na motherland. Ba wai kawai da Jamhuriyar Czech amma kuma dukan Turai ji alheri ta sarautar Charles IV.

halittar

A zamanin mulkin Charles ya iya biya kashe duk soja rikice-rikice ne a zahiri a cikin toho, sabili da haka bai hana yaki, cewa Sarkin sosai iko, ka dauki cikin hannuwansu. Peacetime - alherin domin raya birane, jami'ar ta kafa, gina gidaje da hanyoyi, da kiwon babban matakin Aikin Gona (Faransa Lorraine inabi da plums a Jamhuriyar Czech - shi ne gaba ɗaya da abin yabo daga Charles).

Bugu da kari, ya sanya da Vltava navigable ba tafkunan domin kiwon kifi. Duk da cewa Karl ya yi, ko da wuya a lissafa. Duk da haka, ya karanta kawai mai yawa, ya rubuta wani tarihin rayuwar for masana tarihi.

sarki

Daga cikin wadanada Turai Charles dadin wani babban suna a matsayin kasuwanci da gaskiya gwamnan, ba combative. Kuma ko yin shi sarki? Alfarma Roman Empire aka ba tsayayya. Bugu da ƙari, sosai ra'ayin yiwuwa je sama tare da malaminsa - Paparoma Mai haquri, riga zaune a kan kursiyin, a Avignon. Wannan dalibi ne mai zunubi ba don tallafawa.

Mukaddashin zalla lumana, Karl ya steadily fadada ikon mallakar. By sayen Estate a Silesia, Thuringia, Saxony, ya ƙarfafa m ikon ta haɗa m ƙasar. Kamar wancan a cikinta, kuma koma Luzatsiya Margravate Brandenburg. The hali tafi duk amma jayayya: sayen, kwangila, aure.

A kasar yana fuskantar wani tattalin arziki albarku yau, iyalinsu fake da karfi. Ya tashi da kuma ta shahara, da ruwan inabi, da gandunan daji da kuma kamun kifi, cinikayya da sana'o'i. A sarauta da iko aka ƙarfafa, kuma wannan ya kasance steadily. Duk da haka, Carl sa'an nan ba ya so ya bari events riƙi hanya.

Golden sa

Babban maƙasudin na Czech sarki ya karfafa gwamnatin ta samar da sabon dokokin. Golden Bull a 1356 kuma ya zama na daftarin aiki da cewa har zamani yayi a cikin ƙasa na kasar.

A musamman, shi ya aka kwatanta da jũna, kursiyin ko da yaushe ke da babban dan sarki, Ladies iya gada ikon kawai in babu wakilan da namiji irin. Idan tseren aka tsaya ga wani dalili, da kambi samun wani zabi na rage cin abinci. Very HIKIMA kuma pragmatically mãkirci. Wahala domin Sejm ma ya tabbatar da aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki cikin Golden Bull a 1356

Wani sabon kundin tsarin mulki kafin a shiga tattauna da mulki dogon da wuya a Reichstag a Nuremberg da Metz. Finalization na daftarin aiki da aka yi wa ado da zinariya da hatimi, da zinariya hali. Saboda haka sunan - Golden Bull. Tun da shi ya bayyana cewa abun ciki a cikin wannan daftarin aiki muhimmanci a tsawon shekaru. Ya yi aiki har zuwa karshen ɗaukaka da Jamusanci Empire (har 1918!) The muhimman hakkokin dokar da kungiyar da kuma gini na wannan tsakiyar Turai kasar. Wannan ya tabbatar da sake yadda Golden Bull ne m.

Abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin sabon dokar

Papal hannu a zabin da mulkin kasar ne gaba daya shafe ta. A baya can, babu m ya ba nuna irin wannan matakin, su raba tsakanin wadanda mutane da kuma ecclesiastical dalĩli. Sai da na ɗauki Golden Bull. Janar halaye na ta dokokin nuna cewa sababbin abubuwa kawo rai mai yawa batutuwa. Yana shãfe dukan ƙasashe, da dukan yadudduka da jama'ar na da na da daular.

A tallafi na Golden Bull ƙaddamar riga an kafa al'ada da Sarkin sarakuna zaben. Da farko, bakwai sarakuna-masu za ~ e dauki bangare a cikin zaben. (Uku ecclesiastical da hudu wadanda mutane).

The Golden Bulla Karla 4 ikirarin da inviolability daga cikin sarakunan da hakkin zuwa ga mafi girman kotu. Sarakuna ne kadai ya iya ci gaba hakar ma'adinai ma'adanai, da ya shifida kudi, ya dauki kwastan wajibi kuma ko da bin doka a yaki tare da makwabta. Kuma kawai vassals da bãbu wani hakki a yi aiki a kan Ubangijinsa. Tare da duk wannan birni da aka tsananin haramta shiga cikin wani ƙawance. Kamar wancan Amurka su hana ganawarsu.

Masu za ~ e ma iyakance dama zuwa yankin rabo daga cikin za ~ e, da kuma shi ne da bin doka tabbatar da Golden Bull. Janar halaye na daftarin aiki a tambaya ya nuna cewa fiye da kawai kula da Charles IV na Bohemia 'yan qasar, cewa shi ne, da Czech mulki: mafi girma gata damu daga waɗannan ƙasashe da kuma masu su ba.

Location bayyanar Golden Bull

Kamar yadda babban birnin kasar na Ruhu Mai Roman Empire, Roma da aka sani kawai, nominally, da sarki mafi ƙaunar zuwa rayuwa a cikin ƙasar haihuwarmu - a Prague, Karl ya zaba cikin birnin Nuremberg, inda ya ciyar da babbar fadar Diet - tarin daga cikin mafi tsada cikin Tsakiya Turai.

A can da cewa Golden Bull aka amince a 1356. A Jamus, shi ya ba ta rasa karfi ko da bayan rushe Mai Tsarki Roman Empire a 1806. Nuremberg zama tsakiyar birnin a cikin Roman Empire: Charles IV ya ziyarci 'hamsin da biyu sau da shi ko da yaushe a zaman ranar hutu. Entrance bikin ya ban sha'awa da kuma m kayan ado na wani wasa, da kuma zama sosai Sarkin sarakuna da kotu a birnin ta hanyar mu'ujiza canza rayuwar mazaunan.

Cewa babu daya ne kawai batu na amfani alaka da wani taron kamar cewa soma da Golden Bull. Yana Männleinlaufen - "Gudun Men" - m sa'o'i a Frauenkirche, bude kowace rana da tsakar rana. Daga cikin dari a can kira yanã, da mawaƙa, da sarki, da sanannen bakwai masu za ~ e, wanda kewaye da sarki ya sunkuyar da sau uku. Sarauta girgiza sanda, biyu Figures watchmakers hana tsakar rana, da kuma dukan procession a kan dare buya a ciki da agogo. Wadannan jan hankali tare da sau na Charles IV a Nuremberg akwai da yawa sosai.

Mulkin gargajiya fragmentation na dokar

Iyakokin shika-shikan da zarar kuma domin dukan, Mai Tsarki Roman Empire a cikin XIV-XV ƙarni bai yi saboda sun canza da yaki, dynastic aure, da kuma yi talakansa dangantaka sãɓã wa jũna canzawa. Amma shi ne daidai wadannan ƙarni ya zama lokaci mafi kyau ga flourishing Jamus birane don ci gaban da kuma ci gaba na duk crafts da kuma cinikayya.

Cities nuna kayayyakin musamman ga nasu gida kasuwanni. A hankali, duk da haka, akwai irin wannan cibiyoyin, wanda kayayyakin da aka sayar ba kawai a ko'ina cikin kasar amma kuma kasashen waje. Lokacin da Charles IV sana'a fito fiye da hamsin masana'antu, ciki har da typographic da manufactory. Viticulture da dabbobi tsiwirwirinsu nauyi a cikin fāɗin duniya flourishing aikin noma.

asasshe

The siyasa ci gaban da daular a tsakiyar zamanai kange musamman sarakuna, wanda ya yi ƙyãmarsu da tabbatarwa daga fadar mulki, kuma da manufar da muguwar sha'awa da aka ba da ƙungiyar, da kuma karkashin shugabancin tsakiya a cikin wani karamin yanki.

Carl, gabatar da tattaunawa na farko majalisu ayyukan, ba shakka, shi ya ɗauki la'akari da bege na batutuwa. Ya gudanar da daular a cikin hannun da tabbaci, amma a hankali, a cikin ƙawance da popes kuma mafi girma aristocracy. Kuma ya kula da farko game da tattalin arziki da al'adu ci gaba da ƙasa wakkala a gare shi. Farko - cikin Czech Republic, sa'an nan sauran. Saboda haka yana da matukar dace domin German masu za ~ e na Golden Bull an halitta. A sifofinsu wannan lokaci: siyasa da kuma yankin fragmentation samu a cikin dokar.

M da siyasa matsayi na daular, ba shakka, sun kasance. Jamus polycracy hatsari, misali, da ake kira Gold Bull FK Schlosser. Amma a ra'ayin mazan jiya da'irori da wannan girmamawa bayyana abin da Golden Bull. A definition ya bayyanannu, kuma daidai: shi ne muhimman hakkokin dokar na daular, wanda a yarda da shi don su yi yabanya. Wasu ma ya bayyana cewa, wannan ne na farko Jamus tsarin mulki.