The main iri kumbura, sakamakon da haddasawa

Kumbura - wani tsari da characterizes mafi zamani tattalin arziki. Amma a wasu kasashe da taki matsakaiciya, a wasu - wani sosai m. Tare da abin da shi za a iya haɗa? Mene ne Sanadin da la'akari da tattalin arziki sabon abu?

Jigon kumbura

Karkashin kumbura nufi da kara talakawan matakin na farashin for mafi m samfurori da kuma ayyuka da cewa an kawota ta jihar. Lokacin da ci gaba da yarwa albashi na yawan jama'ar, da hauhawar farashin kaya zai iya rage sayen ikon.

Dauke da wani tattalin arziki da sabon abu - na kullum ga mafi zamani kasa tattalin arziki. Gaskiyar cewa akwai hauhawar farashin kaya a kasar, ya nuna, a matsayin mai mulkin, a kan karfi da bukatar kayayyaki da kuma ayyuka. Deflation - a ɓõye, ko kasa tsanani baya sabon abu za a iya lura. Yana kuma dauke da kullum a wannan zamani kasuwanni.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa a lokuta biyu, a lokacin da hauhawar farashin kaya da kuma deflation ake gani a matsayin halitta mamaki ga tattalin arziki tsarin, muna magana ne game da sharuddan da dacewa Manuniya a gwada kananan yawa - 'yan bisa dari. Idan kumbura ko deflation adadin zuwa dama dubun kashi, da tattalin arziki shi ne m, akwai gagarumin matsaloli. A wannan yanayin, duka biyu sigogi ne Manuniya na rikicin trends a cikin tattalin arzikin jihar.

Mu yanzu la'akari da iri, haddasawa da kuma sakamakon hauhawar farashin kaya.

Nau'in irin kumbura: rabon na farashin girma

Akwai quite mai yawan hanyoyin da rarrabuwa na tattalin arziki mamaki karkashin shawara. Saboda haka, kowa da rarrabẽwa a kan abin da iri kumbura (da sakamakon da haddasawa - correlative tare da su) suna m kan ta rates. Saboda haka, akwai hauhawar farashin kaya:

- low.

- matsakaici.

- galloping.

- hyperinflation.

Karkashin low kumbura yana nufin da Yunƙurin a farashin a kan m samfurori da kuma ayyuka, da aka bayyana a wani yawan. A dalilan da wannan tattalin arziki sabon abu - barga albashi cewa, samar da bukatar, wanda shi ne dan kadan fiye da wadata. A sakamakon wannan hauhawar farashin kaya a kan tattalin arziki shi ne mafi kyau: tare da barga bukatar tura kaya na dukiya da kuma ayyuka, aiki, bude sabon kasuwanci, da tattalin arzikin jihar da aka tasowa nasara.

A matsakaici kumbura rates girma kamar 5-10% a kowace shekara. Kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da farko iri-iri ne dauke da wani tattalin arziki da sabon abu, da Figures da kusan babu sakamako barnatar a kan tattalin arzikin jihar da kuma gani, sake, da wuce haddi na bukatar a wadata saboda gaban a kasar ne barga albashi.

Lokacin da sha musantawa farashin kumbura tashin dama dubun kashi a shekara. A dalilan da wannan tattalin arziki sabon abu - raguwar bukatar a kasuwar saboda da dakushe samar da kayayyaki da kuma ayyuka, rage matakin na capitalization a cikin tattalin arzikin, redistribution na babban birnin kasar daga real kansu da kudi, ko kuma ko da janyewar daga iko na jihar.

Sakamakon na runaway kumbura - kamar yadda mai mulkin, da depreciation na iyali albashi (saboda gaskiyar cewa Hakkin da ba lokacin da za a fihirisa bayan wani Yunƙurin a farashin), Munã rage yawan jobs saboda da janye daga kasuwa daban-daban da kamfanonin. A jihar zamar masa dole ya amsa ga wannan Jihar harkokin cikin tattalin arzikin su gudanar da zama dole sake fasalin. In ba haka ba, galloping kumbura zai iya juya a cikin wani wanda ba a iya lura da shi ba Yunƙurin a farashin - hyperinflation, bayyana, a daruruwan kashi a kowace shekara. A wannan halin da ake ciki, jihar iya samun manyan sikelin-zamantakewa da kuma rikicin siyasa.

Open da rufaffiyar kumbura

Akwai wani rarrab da wanda ya bambanta daban-daban na kumbura (da sakamakon da haddasawa - wannan): mataki na gaskiya. Saboda haka, masana sun gano wani bude kumbura , kuma boye.

Tattalin arziki da sakamako na farko da irin aka lura kawai a lokacin da aiki da jihar kasuwar tsarin, halin da free farashin inji for asali kaya da kuma ayyuka. A hukumomi, saboda haka, kada su tsoma baki tare da hanyar da samar da sanin darajar sayar da kayayyaki da kuma ayyuka ga jama'a. A wannan yanayin, da babban tattalin arziki 'yan wasan kwaikwayo zai zama a bayyane halitta daga cikin abubuwan da influencing kumbura. Bugu da ƙari, cikin Jihar zai kasance da sauki to sarrafa tattalin arziki.

Hidden kumbura, bi da bi, ya bayyana a kuma waɗannan lokuta, a lõkacin da farashin da wani gwaji na dukiya da kuma ayyuka kawota ta Enterprises kafa administrative, tattalin arziki da iko. A wannan yanayin, kana iya samun deficits a bukatar samfurori da kuma ayyuka, don haka cewa farashin iya girma informally, a zahiri. Siffa inuwa kasuwar, daga wanda babu haraji ake biya, wanda aka ba kunshe a cikin tabbatar da dalilin da jihar key macroeconomic Manuniya, kamar GDP. Saboda haka - cikin karkashin-kudade na kasa kasuwar, da low capitalization daga cikin muhimman sassa, a sakamakon - jinkirin taki na ci gaban tattalin arziki.

Kumbura bukatar da kuma halin kaka

Wani sharudda ga kayyade wasu iri kumbura (da sakamakon da haddasawa, ba shakka, ma) - cikin abubuwan da na samarwa. A daidai da Yunƙurin a farashin za a iya lalacewa ta hanyar bukatar ko kumbura halin kaka.

Jigon da farko na tattalin arziki tsari ne cewa bukatar wuce wadata. Wannan na iya zama saboda da karuwa a kudaden shiga na jihar yawan da kasa muhimmancin bude sabon kasuwanci, hanyoyin da za a sadu da bukatar. A sakamakon - dace iri kasuwanci aka buɗe, tattalin arzikin kasar ke tsiro.

Bukatar kumbura kuma za a iya jawo da tabbatarwa daga kasafin kudin infusions na babban birnin kasar a cikin daban-daban sassa na tattalin arziki. Alal misali - a ilimi, jama'a sabis, zamantakewa da sabis, magani, sojojin. Jihar cibiyoyin da suka samu kasafin kudin kudi, kuma haifar da bukatar, wanda zai iya ba ko da yaushe a bayyana ta da data kasance sha'anin kadara aiki a kasar.

Kudin kumbura saboda wani karuwa a farashin ga kayayyakin ko ayyuka, wanda ya taso ne a sakamakon kara kudin na kasuwanci kudi, samar da ya dace samfurori da kuma ayyuka su abokan ciniki. farashin karuwa dalilai iya zama sosai daban-daban a cikin wannan harka. Daga cikin yiwu dalilai - tashi a farashin da shigo da albarkatun kasa da kuma gyara. Kamfanoni suna tilasta tada farashin, za a iya fuskantar wani rashin bukatar ciniki kaya, kamar yadda masu amfani bazai son biya domin wani samfurin tare da ƙara ta halin kaka. A sakamakon - kamfanin asusun saboda rashin isasshen gudun rage samar.

Saboda haka, bukatar kumbura rinjayar da tattalin arzikin jihar sun fi mayar da m halin kaka - korau. Sa'an nan, shi ne muhimmanci muhimmancin farashin girma. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, low ko matsakaici kumbura, kamar yadda mai mulkin, shaidar tabbatacce matakai a cikin tattalin arzikin, galloping - korau.

Daban-daban rarrabuwa sharudda suna dauke da wani tattalin arziki da sabon abu, haka shi da amfani kwatanta. Dauke da mu sharudda su gane daban-daban na kumbura, sakamakon da Sanadin kowane daga cikinsu, quite hankali da alaka da juna: kara farashin kaya a jihar ta tattalin arzikin iya lalacewa ta hanyar daban-daban dalilai a lokaci guda, wanda, duk da haka, sanin daban-daban sharudda ga rarrabuwa na kumbura. Bayan da daya a cikin tambaya, shi ya shafi kan kasafi na sosai jũna tattalin arziki trends. Duk da haka, da dalilai na bukatar da kudin-tura kumbura ne quite daban-daban. Kazalika da su sakamakon.

bisa ga mataki na farashin watsawa Bugu da kari kuma

A gaba rarrabẽwa, wanda damar zuwa rarraba da iri (jinsin) kumbura, da effects, kuma Yanã - mataki na watsawa ya kasance farashin.

Saboda haka, masana ware daidaita hauhawar farashin kaya, a cikin abin da kudin daga cikin rare samfurin Categories girma gwada ko'ina. Alal misali, lokacin da apples ne mafi tsada zuwa 3.7%, da pears - 4%. Idan shinkafa farashin tashi, misali, ta hanyar 8.4%, da karuwa a farashin a kan birgima hatsi iya zama game 9%. Akwai unbalanced kumbura, a cikin abin da akwai, bi da bi, wani gagarumin disproportion na girma a cikin farashin kayayyakin masarufi.

A Sanadin farko tattalin arziki mamaki gani wata halitta rage a cikin sayen ikon da hedkwatar kasa ga tattalin arzikin matsayin dukan. Nau'i na biyu na kumbura saboda gaskiyar cewa masu sayarwa suna fuskantar matsaloli a hanya da daban-daban kaya. A sakamakon - akwai wani kasawa, farashin tashi. Wani zai yiwu hanyar unbalanced kumbura - tashi a farashin shigo a sakamakon canje-canje a cikin kasa kudin. Wannan Trend iya samun gagarumin ta zamantakewa, a cikin taron cewa rabon shigo da kaya a bukatar a kasar yana da muhimmanci. Su ƙãra kudin, idan 'yan kasa ba girma a gwargwado ga albashi, za muhimmanci ƙara biyan nauyi a kan mabukaci.

A nuna, daidaita hauhawar farashin kaya yawanci ba ya unsa ta zamantakewa. Matsayin mai mulkin, a uniform Yunƙurin a farashin, na farko, biya diyya wata karuwa da sakamakon 'yan ƙasa, kuma abu na biyu - da mabukaci ne sauki ga sarrafa ka bayar wa, don haka ta yaya zai iya ya tabbata cewa karu a farashin a kan m kayayyakin ba zai faru.

Kumbura tsammanin ga digiri

Wadannan sharudda bambance iri, haddasawa da kuma sakamakon hauhawar farashin kaya - har ta tsammanin. Saboda haka, farashin karuwa a cikin tattalin arzikin iya zama matsananci, unpredictable. Matsayin mai mulkin, wannan ne saboda da kasawa da wadata a kan kasuwar kayayyakin tabbas dalilai ko saye da wadannan ko wasu kaya na kenkenewa matsayi a cikin kashi. Idan wadannan dalilai ne ba yanzu, sa'an nan kumbura za a iya kafa a cikin wani more tsakaita tafiyarka, wanda za a iya annabta.

kumbura dalilai

Saboda haka, mun koya da asali iri, haddasawa da kuma sakamakon hauhawar farashin kaya. A shirin na wannan labarin za a iya kammala naúra tana mafi bayyana cikakke determinants na kumbura. Masana sun gano wadannan kungiyoyin na:

- monetary.

- tsarin.

- waje.

By monetary kumbura dalilai dauka sun hada da:

- rashin daidaituwa tsakanin wadata da kuma bukatar (ko kayayyaki nauyi).

- gagarumin wuce haddi na albashi a kan mabukaci bayar wa.

- wani rashin daidaituwa a jihar kasafin kudin.

- bayyana fifiko na soja bayar wa.

- wanda ya kasa aiki zuba jari a cikin key sassa na tattalin arzikin.

- ɓarna, high muhimmancin tsabar kudi yawa.

- la'ada girma ba dangantaka tare da aiki yawan aiki.

A tsarin kumbura dalilai sun hada da:

- wani rashin daidaituwa a cikin tsarin da tattalin arzikin (misali, da yawa nuna bambanci a cikin raw kayan masana'antu da kuma rashin wadata a cikin mabukaci kansu);

- m hani karfafa muhimmancin amfani.

- kasancewar wani babban yawan monopolies a cikin tattalin arzikin jihar.

A waje kumbura dalilai iya sun hada da:

- da volatility na duniya farashin key kayayyaki, raw kayan, man fetur.

- wani gagarumin wuce haddi na shigo da kan fitar da kaya;

- kasawa da wadata su, a kasuwar na waje bashi aro.

Dalilai na kumbura kuma iya zama rikicin siyasa, kurakurai a cikin haraji da kuma zamantakewa da manufofin da ke jihar. Su sakamako ne inganta idan suka shafi tattalin arziki da matakai a lokaci guda.

Bincika a cikin mafi daki-daki ƙayyadaddu na irin mamaki kamar tashin farashin kaya, da yanayi, iri, haddasawa da kuma sakamakon da ta za mu iya la'akari da sakamakon tashin farashin a kan bunƙasa tattalin arziki da ke jihar.

A sakamakon hauhawar farashin kaya a kan zamantakewa da ci gaban tattalin arziki na jihar

Kumbura, kamar yadda muka gani a sama, ƙila a halin kamar yadda mun gwada da kananan Figures - 'yan bisa dari, kuma sosai m Figures.

A cikin farko idan, shi nuna irin tasirin da wajen m tattalin arziki matakai: da wuce haddi na bukatar a wadata saboda tashin albashi, da ma'auni na tattalin arziki, da kyau yi na fitar da kaya da kuma shigo da rabo. Amma ɓarna, high kumbura iya shafar tattalin arziki matakai barnatar.

Idan farashin a kasar suna girma, da kafa sadarwa na iya karya tsakanin kasuwanci abokai (saboda gaskiyar cewa masu amfani da ake da yaushe neman rahusa kaya), rage zuba jari (saboda gaskiyar cewa zuba jari iya ba biya wa kanta saboda da Yunƙurin a farashin) Yana bayyana zamantakewa tashin hankali (da yawan jama'a na iya ba da isasshen kudin shiga sayan asali kaya ya karu a farashin).

High kumbura kayyade:

- depreciation na banki tanadi na 'yan kasa.

- tabarbarewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da matsayi na harkar unprotected 'yan ƙasa.

- akan rage harkokin kasuwanci a kasar.

- dakushe ingancin da yawa dukiya saboda bukatar samar da su a cikin manyan yawa.

- wani karu a rance a cikin banki tsarin na jihar, da fitowan na na yau da kullum kansu.

Jigon wannan mamaki kamar yadda hauhawar farashin kaya, da ra'ayi, iri, haddasawa da nasa sakamakon, la'akari da bayani dalla-dalla na hanyoyin domin aunawa farashin girma a jihar ta tattalin arziki.

Yadda aka kumbura auna?

A general, kumbura rates aka bayyana a cikin bayar da shawara wani hulda darajar da dukiya farashin fihirisa a halin yanzu shekara idan aka kwatanta da baya. A wannan yanayin, da lambobin za a iya amfani da:

- m farashin.

- mabukaci farashin.

- da GDP deflator.

A gaskiya, da tsarin tattalin arziki na jihar za a iya halin da dama Manuniya na kumbura. A mafi muhimmanci ga jama'a da su kasance, a fili, da mabukaci farashin index. A mafi m macroeconomic nuna alama so, bi da bi, da GDP deflator.

Kumbura samuwar model

Bayan nazarin yanayi, haddasawa, iri, sakamakon hauhawar farashin kaya, za mu iya la'akari da ainihin tsarin da samuwar.

Saboda haka, zargin hyperinflation, da yawa tattalin arziki bayyana ka'idojin samarwa da Kagan. A cewar su, wannan sabon abu ne tattalin arziki qaddara dogaro na bukatar a inflationary tsammanin daga cikin daban-daban kasuwa mahalarta. Idan karbuwa daga cikin tsammanin daga cikin bayanai da aka halin da low kudi duk da cewa da elasticity na da bukatar da babban birnin kasar shi ne low, da hauhawar farashin kaya zai dace da karuwa a cikin kudi wadata. Amma idan sigogi da cewa yin up wannan model, je wani babban matakin da tattalin arziki na iya zama hyperinflation, 'yan adawa wanda yawanci bukatar da baki na jihar.

Akwai Friedmann model, bisa ga abin da real bukatar da al'umma ta birnin kasar, ya yi daidai da kuzarin kawo cikas na yawan ta samun kudin shiga, da kuma sa ran kumbura. A lokaci guda a cikin tattalin arzikin Yunƙurin a farashin ne kadan a high rates na girma na kasa da tattalin arziki. Yana yiwuwa, wanda na bukatar wani ƙarin batun na kudi - idan kumbura rates kasa wadanda dauke a matsayin mafi kyau duka.

Akwai model na Bruno Fischer, bisa ga abin da farashin Yunƙurin za a iya qaddara ba kawai da tsammanin na kasuwa mahalarta, amma kuma masu kuzarin kawo cikas na GDP. Yana iya a lura cewa wannan ra'ayi kuma ya shafi shawara a matsayin wani muhimmin siga da kasafin kudin gaira Manuniya, kazalika da hanyoyin shawo kan ta, wanda aka yi amfani da jihar. A za a iya amfani da irin wannan, misali, watsi da rance. Wannan tsari, a cewar da yawa tattalin arziki, ba ka damar bincika daki-daki cikin abubuwan kayyade sabon abu daga hauhawar farashin kaya, da yanayi, iri, haddasawa da kuma sakamakon da ta correlative tare da daban-daban rarrabuwa sharudda.

Akwai model na Sargent-Wallace. A cewar ta, da hauhawar farashin kaya da aka qaddara ta rashin daidaituwa a manufofin kudi na jiha a] a] e da kasa kasafin kudin gaira. A wani matsayi, da tattalin arziki da hukumomi da ƙara da kudi wadata, sakamakon a cikin tattalin arzikin farashin Yunƙurin. Yana iya lura da cewa, daidai da ra'ayi karkashin shawara, retaining cikin jihar siyasa a cikin filin na kudi take kaiwa zuwa wani karuwa a kumbura. Wannan shi ne saboda da tsammanin na kasuwa mahalarta game da abin da gwamnati za ta fara rama domin kasafin kudin gaira yafi saboda da batun, maimakon rance. A mafi kyau mataki rubutun tattalin arziki hukumomi a wannan harka - don rage kasafin kudin gaira.

A yaduwa daga model don bayyana ginshikai na samuwar irin wannan tattalin arziki mamaki kamar yadda kumbura ji, iri, haddasawa da nasa sakamakon, za mu iya more cikakken gano ainihin dabaru na anti-inflationary siyasa.

Anti-kumbura siyasa na hukumomi

A kasar hukuma iya amsa daban zuwa Yunƙurin a farashin a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. Amma idan muka yi magana game duniya hanyoyin - ko da kuwa wanda dauka la'akari da iri, yana sa, sakamakon hauhawar farashin kaya - inflationary matakan za a iya wakilta a cikin wadannan jerin:

- bashi tsari.

- kudi ihisani.

- deflationary siyasa.

- kudin tsari.

Dangane da tattalin arziki da halin da ake ciki, zaɓi ɗaya ko fiye na su.

Bayan hukumomin gano abubuwan da qaddara da ƙayyadaddu halaye na sabon abu na kumbura (haddasawa, iri, sakamakon), anti-inflationary siyasa ne a haɗe zuwa tsara matakin. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, domin ta aiwatar gana da babban bankin na jihar. hukumar na masana bincika babban aka gyara wannan tsari, kamar yadda hauhawar farashin kaya (yanayi, haddasawa, iri, sakamakon). Anti-kumbura siyasa ya zama daidaita da la'akari duk da babban dalilai na farashin girma a jihar ta tattalin arziki.

summary

Saboda haka, mu bincika bayani dalla-dalla na kumbura - tattalin arziki sabon abu, nuna da Yunƙurin a farashin a cikin kasa da tattalin arziki. Muna da asali halaye na da irin wannan tsari, kamar yadda hauhawar farashin kaya (yanayi, haddasawa, iri, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tasirin) an bincika. Mun gano cewa, mafi muhimmanci batu na gudanar da jerin trends a cikin tattalin arzikin jihar. The aiki na hukumomin - gane da abin da ya haddasa irin wannan sabon abu kamar yadda kumbura. Haddasawa, Nau'in, sakamakon da hanyoyin da za a shawo kan shi - a cikin iyawa daga cikin masana daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kudin jihar, da farko da Babban Bankin.

Nazarin nazarin tattalin arziki sabon abu ne ba da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin ilimi na Rasha Federation. Mutane da yawa tarbiyya, ba ma kai tsaye alaka da kudi kansu, binciken iri, haddasawa da kuma sakamakon hauhawar farashin kaya - nazarin zaman jama'a, misali. Wannan shi ne saboda a gaskiya wannan tattalin arziki aiwatar rinjayar da yawa yankunan na zamani rayuwa. Talakawa mutumin a titi, watakila ba ko da tafiyad da al'amurran da suka shafi ci gaban tattalin arziki, ya kamata sane da abin da hauhawar farashin kaya ne. Haddasawa, Nau'in, zamantakewa da kuma tattalin arziki sakamakon da shi, a kalla a cikin sharuddan na asali al'amurran zamani ilimi dan kasa ya kamata su sani ba. Wannan sha'awa da kuma gwamnatin da za a gina a sanyata tattaunawa tare da} ungiyoyin jama'a, a kan al'amurran da suka shafi na tsari na tattalin arziki.