The sosai farko wayewa a Duniya

A alfijir na mutãne da kudancin Bagadaza, wanda yake a cikin gargajiya zamanin kira Babila, kawaici a cikin sosai farko wayewa a duniya. Yanzu shi ne yankin ƙasar ba-rana Iraki, wanda lullube daga Bagadaza zuwa Persian Gulf, wani yanki na da duka na game da 26 dubu sq. M. km.

A wuri yana da matukar bushe da zafi sauyin yanayi tare da hadayun da weathered, nizkoplodorodnymi kasa. River bayyana, bã tãre da duwatsu da kuma ma'adanai, Marshes, an rufe shi da kyauro, da cikakken rashi na itace - irin wannan shi ne ƙasar fiye da dubu uku da suka wuce. Amma mutanen inhabiting wannan yankin da kuma aka sani a duniya a matsayin Sumerians, aka bai wa wani hukunci, kuma enterprising disposition, wani m hankali. Ya juya da m bayyana a cikin wani lambu blooming kuma Ya halitta, abin da daga baya za a kira ba kawai a matsayin "na farko wayewa a duniya."

Asalin da Sumerians

M bayanai game da asalin na Sumerians akwai. Har yanzu, masana kimiyya-masana tarihi da kuma archeologists wuya a ce ko sun kasance ainihin mazauna Mesofotamiya, ko ya zo da wannan ƙasa daga waje. Na biyu embodiment aka dauke a matsayin mafi m. Wai wakilan da tsoho wayewa zo daga Zagros Mountains, da Iran tudu , ko India. Sumerians kansu game da asalin bai rubuta wani abu. A shekarar 1964, ya aka farko da shawarar da la'akari da wannan batu daga daban-daban al'amurran: ilimin harshe, kome launin, kabilanci. Bayan haka, search for gaskiya karshe shiga cikin harsuna a gano kwayoyin links Sumerian, bisa ga halin yanzu ya zama ruwan dare.

A Sumerians, wanda aka kafa ta farko wayewa a duniya, kansu, sabõda haka ba kira. A gaskiya, wannan kalma tana nufin ƙasa, kudu da Bagadaza, a cikin Akkadian harshe. A Sumerians kira kansu "blackheads".

A harshen Sumerians

Masana harshe ayyana Sumerian harshen kamar yadda agglutinative. Wannan ya nuna cewa samuwar siffofin da kuma Kalam ne ta ƙara unambiguous affixes. Sumerian harshen kunshi yafi na monosyllabic kalmomi, da wuya su yi tunanin yadda da yawa akwai - wannan sauti, amma ya bambanta a ma'anar. A zamanin d kafofin, bisa ga masana kimiyya, akwai game da dubu uku. A wannan yanayin fiye da 100 kalmomi da ake amfani da kawai 1-2 sau, kuma mafi sau da yawa amfani na 23.

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, daya daga cikin manyan fasali na harshe - yawan homonyms. Mafi m, akwai wani mai arziki tsarin na sautunan da laryngeal sauti, wanda da wuya a karanta ginshiƙi lãka Allunan. Bugu da kari, na farko wayewa a duniya da biyu yaruka. Wallafe-wallafen harshen (eme-gir) an yi amfani da mafi yadu, da firistoci, suka ce asiri yare (eme-Sal), gada daga kakanninsu da suke kusantar ba da sautin.

Sumerian ya matsakanci kuma an yi amfani da a karkarar kudancin Bagadaza. Saboda haka, shi ne, ba dole ba ne da jigilar kaya da aka ƙabilun wakilin wannan tsoho mutane.

rubuce-rubuce

Da kafa wani Sumerian rubuce-rubuce da ya rage rigima. Duk da haka, gaskiyar ita ce, suna da shi kammalã da kuma canza kama zuwa cuneiform. Suka gaske yaba da art da rubuce-rubuce da kuma hada da bayyanar da farkon halittar da su wayewa. Shi ne wata ila cewa a alfijir na tarihi na rubuce-rubuce ne ba lãka amfani, da kuma sauran, mafi saukin halakar abu. Saboda haka, da yawa bayanai da aka rasa.

The sosai farko wayewa a duniya kafin Kristi, ya zama m, Ya halitta da kansa tsarin da rubuce-rubuce. The tsari da aka tsawo da kuma rikitarwa. Ancient artists wanda aka nuna barewa - shi ne ma'adanin ko wani sako? Idan ya yi shi a kan wani dutse, a wuraren da yawa daga dabbobi, shi zai zama mai cikakken sako ga comrades. Ya ce: "Akwai mai yawa na bareyi", kuma haka zai kasance mai kyau farauta. Saƙon iya da kyau hada da wasu zane zane. Alal misali, yana da daraja kara zaki, da kuma riga yayi kashedin: "Akwai yawa bareyi, amma akwai hadari." Wannan tarihi lokaci ne dauke da mataki na farko wajen halittar rubuce. A hankali sāke Figures, simplifies ya fara sa a Schematic hali. A hoto za ka iya ganin yadda wannan canji ya faru. Mutane sun lura cewa, yana da sauki ka yi a kan lãka kwaikwayo kara sanda, ba su kusantar. Tafi suna dukan taso keya.

A zamanin d Sumerians - na farko wayewa a duniya, wanda tsiwirwirinsu su rubuce. Cuneiform kunshi 'yan dari haruffa, mafi used ya 300. Mafi yawan su ya da ɗan kama da dabi'u. Cuneiform amfani a Mesafotamiya kusan 3000 da shekaru.

addini mutane

Aiki pantheon na Sumerian alloli za a iya kwatanta ta da dokoki da shugaban wanda shi ne m "sarki". Irin wannan taron da aka raba kara shiga kungiyoyin. Babban daga gare su ne aka sani da "Great alloli", da kuma kunshi 50 gumãka. Wannan shi ne, bisa ga wakilci na Sumerians, to tafiyad da rabo daga mutane.

Bisa ga mythology na zamanin d mutane, mutumin da aka halitta shi daga lãka, gauraye da jini daga cikin gumaka. Sararin samaniya da aka kunsa biyu halittu (manya da ƙananan) rabu da wani ƙasar. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin waɗannan kwanaki akwai Sumerian labari na Rigyawar. Bugu da kari, kafin mu ji da waka da ya gaya game da halittar duniya, mutum aukuwa wanda aka sosai a hankali rarraba da babban Kirista shrine - Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alal misali, da jerin abubuwan da suka faru, musamman, halittar mutum a rana ta shida. Gudanar da wani muhawarar game da irin wannan mahada arna addini da kuma Kiristanci.

al'ada

A Sumerian al'adu ne daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa da kuma Tsayayyar daga cikin sauran mutanen da suke zaune a Bagadaza. By da uku Millennium BC , ta kai ta ganiya. Mutane rayu a lokacin da Copper Age, aka tsunduma a cikin dabbõbin ni'ima waddan da kuma aikin noma, kamun kifi. A hankali maye gurbinsu da aikin noma na musamman Crafts: kumar kasko raya, Fitar, saƙa, da na dutse sabon masana'antu.

A halayyar fasali na gine-gine ne: da gina gine-gine a kan wucin gadi tudun, da rarraba a kusa da tsakar gida da dakuna, rabu da wani bango da a tsaye maharibai da gabatarwar launi. Biyu daga cikin mafi daukan hankali Monuments na monumental yi na 4 da dubu. BC. e. - Ibada a Uruk.

Archaeologists sun samu da yawa ayyukan art: sculptures, images saura daga cikin dutse ganuwar, tasoshin, karfe kayayyakin. Dukan su suna sanya tare da babban fasaha. Wannan akwai babban kwalkwali na zinariya (ga photo)! Daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa ƙirƙirãwa na Sumerians - da print. Su labarun mutane, da dabbobi, scenes daga rayuwar yau da kullum.

Farkon Dynastic lokaci: Stage 1

Wannan shi ne lokacin da real cuneiform ya riga an kafa, - 2750-2600 shekaru BC. e. Wannan lokaci ne halin da wanzuwar babban adadin birni-jihohi, da cibiyar da abin da yake a manyan haikali management. Waje akwai bolshesemeynye al'umma. Babban m aikin sa da ake kira haikali abokan ciniki wanda aka hana musu hakkin mallaka. Akwai riga ta ruhaniya da kuma siyasa jagorancin al'umma - da soja shugabannin da firistoci, da, daidai da, da ayarinsa.

Ancient mutane da wani m hankali da kuma a wasu inventive iyawa. A waɗannan kwanaki, mutane sun zo da ruwa da ra'ayin nazarin yiwuwar tattara da kuma shiryar da hanya a cike da laka ruwan Kogin Yufiretis, da cikin Tigris. Enriching da ƙasa a cikin filayen da gõnaki Organic, su sun karu da yawan aiki. Amma manyan-sikelin aiki ne da aka sani a bukatar wani babban aiki da karfi. A farko wayewa a duniya da aka saba da bauta, haka ma, shi ya halatta.

An sani ga wanzuwar 14 Sumerian birane a wannan lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, mafi cigaban da wadata, da kuma sadaukarwa da aka Nippur, inda akwai wani haikalin manyan bautãwa - Enlil.

Farkon Dynastic lokaci: Stage 2

Wannan lokaci (2600-2500 gg. BC. E.) ne halin da soja rikice-rikice. Century fara da shan kashi na shugaban birnin Kish, wanda mai yiwuwa ya jagoranci mamayewa ƙasar Elam - mazaunan tsoho jihar a cikin ƙasa na ba-rana Iran. A kudu, soja alliance kawo tare da wani yawan biranen-nomes. Akwai hali zuwa tara wuri ɗaya iko.

Farkon Dynastic lokaci: Stage 3

A cikin uku mataki na Early Dynastic lokaci, shekaru 500 bayan lokacin da farko wayewa a duniya (bisa ga zaton da archaeologists), girma da kuma ci gaban birnin-jihohi, da kuma cuta akwai a cikin al'umma, da girma da zamantakewa saba wa juna. A wannan hasashe, ya dada tabarbare gwagwarmayar ikon sarakuna polynomials. A soja rikici da aka maye gurbinsu da wani a cikin bin ikon ne a kan dukan birnin. A daya drevneshumerskih epics, dating baya zuwa 2600 BC. E., ya ce hadewar na Sumer a ƙarƙashin ikon Gilgamesh - Sarkin Uruk. mafi jihar da aka ci nasarar da Sarkin Akkad Bayan wani shekara ɗari biyu.

Samun karfin Kaldiyawa Empire tunawa Sumer zuwa tsakiyar na biyu Millennium BC. e., kamar yadda Sumerian harshen da ya rasa matsayi na farko faɗa. Duk da haka, har ma ga 'yan shekara dubu sai ya zauna kamar yadda a wallafe-wallafen. Wannan ne m lokaci a lokacin da Sumerian wayewa daina wanzuwa a matsayin mai jiwuwa siyasa samuwar.

Sau da yawa sosai za ka iya samun bayanai game da cewa yanci FC - wannan shi ne na farko da wayewa a duniya. Atlanta, inhabiting da shi, su ne magabatan wannan zamani suke. Duk da haka, mafi yawan kimiyya duniya ya kira wannan al'amari kome fiye da wata almarar, wani kyakkyawan labari. Lalle ne, a kowace shekara da bayanai game da m nahiyar ta samu sabon bayani, amma shi ba shi da wani reinforcements tarihin asali ko archaeological tono.

A wannan batun, kuma da sauti ra'ayi cewa da farko wayewa a duniya sun samo asali ne a cikin karni na hudu BC, kuma shi ne Sumerians.