Theories na Hali Development

Don amsa wannan tambaya na sa da kuma yadda cin faruwa, shi ya kamata, na farko, don amsa wannan tambaya na abin da muke nufi da ci gaba da se. A talakawa amfani da kalmar a nan, ba shakka, fadan da kamala, amma a wani kimiyya mahallin, da abun ciki na fi ma'ana. Alal misali, mun ce: "wajen lalacewar tsari ne masu tasowa." Abin da muke nufi da wannan? Abin da muke faɗi? Babu shakka, irin wannan ci gaba ba za a iya kira. Saboda haka, shawara na cigaban dan Adam tsari, na bukatar wasu na farko haske kan.

Zauna a daya daga cikin wadannan yanayi, wanda a kanta ne daya daga cikin theories, amma - metatheory, ya bi da mutum a matsayin abu abu da kuma ruhaniya yanayin sararin samaniya. Yau da wannan matsala shi ne batun Scientology karatu, saboda gaskiyar cewa babu guda kimiyya na zamani waje ba zai iya samar da iyakarsa amsoshin tambayoyi da juyin halittar mutum.

Idan muka takaita da shawara na matsaloli na gargajiya, sociological kuma m batu filin, shi ya kamata a haifa tuna cewa a cikin wannan ma'ana, za mu magance da bincike na da wani abu (mutum, a wannan yanayin), asali sun wanzu a cikin wani na farko a jihar.

A ranar, da mafi m ka'idar hali ci gaba (ko na ra'ayi ra'ayi, rungumar dama theories), waxanda suke da matukar rigima, haka ma, an} arancinsu. Wannan rashin ci gaban saboda gaskiyar cewa su ne, a cewar daya daga cikin mashahuran masu bincike na wannan matsala, Maslow, "wani mataki na abstraction."

Mun kira da kuma dubi wasu daga cikinsu.

Psychosexual ka'idar da cigaban dan Adam (Freud), kamar yadda da rinjaye abubuwan da sanin sirri ci gaba, highlights kamar so, wani tunanin da hadaddun fasali na jima'i-rawa hali na mutum. A lokaci guda Freud da mabiyansa ne biyar babban matakai na hali ci gaba.

A irin wannan ka'idar hali ci gaba kamar yadda wani psychosocial analysis, da mawallafa (E.Erikson, El'konin), sabanin Freud, rinjaye ci gaban ganin zamantakewa al'amari. Rinjaye dalilai a wannan tsari ne zamantakewa da tarihi, al'adu da kuma na ruhi. Saboda haka, bisa ga Erikson, kowane mataki na cigaban dan Adam da ake dangantawa da shawo kan wani musamman rikici, da yanayin da ya dogara da shekaru, external haddasawa, da kuma wasu da muradi. Alal misali, makaranta rikice-rikice, kamar yadda mai mulkin, sukan rage cin nasara da sabani da cewa bayyana a cikin matasa tsakanin ji na da kasawarmu da himma, da fahimtar ka'idojin da 'yanci da kuma rashin fahimtar rawar da abi'a na hali da iyakance wannan' yanci, da dai sauransu

A ka'idar, da ci gaba da hali daga cikin shahararrun Faransa psychologist kuma malama Jean Piaget babban rarrabẽwa na ci gaba da aka ƙaddara da ilimi, fahimi Sphere, sabili da haka manufar Piaget aka mai suna fahimi. Na musamman martabar wannan ka'idar samu lokacin wani kimiyya muhawara tare da shahararren Soviet pedology Vygotsky. A batu na tattaunawa shi ne batun na firamare da kuma sakandare ilimi, da kuma ci gaba. A cewar Piaget, kowane instar ƙunshi wasu hana iyãkõkin mutum fahimi iyawarsa.

Vygotsky da mabiyansa kamar yadda - PP Blonsky kuma AN Leontiev - a cikin tsarin na aiki na hali ka'idar jãyayya da cewa wadanda iyaka kusan shawo kan tare da taimako daga waje dalilai, abin da za su iya aiki da farko ilimi da horo.

L. Kohlberg, dangane da ra'ayoyi na Piaget, ɓullo da wani ka'idar raya kasa, da na asali sharudda wanda Manuniya ne halaye na kirki. Yana bayar da hujjar cewa akwai dangantaka ta kai tsaye tsakanin ilimi da kuma halin kirki. A wannan yanayi, alama predkonventsionalny da postconventional matakai na sirri ci gaba, wadda bisa ga wakilan da koyarwa, ya kammala shekaru 25.

Behaviouristic ko halayya rukunan (L. Kolberg) ya wadãtu da ci gaban da mutum a matsayin na dindindin aiwatar da kara da kuma fadada da rawar sa, wanda aka samu da horo.

Bil'adama ka'idar (Rogers, Maslow) ya wadãtu da mutum a matsayin karshen a kanta na bil'adama a matsayin dukan. A cikin ra'ayi, yana da wuya a kafa wani regularities a muhimmancin irin wannan hadadden sabon abu, wanda shi ne mutum, da hali. Sai ya (mutumin) ne wadãtacce, masu tasowa, bisa ga nasu dokokin halitta, a cikin dabaru na ci gaba da bai kamata ba a tsoma baki a duk, za a iya kawai daidaita da shi.

Don kwanan wata, a can ya ɓullo da wani hangen nesa ta domin ci gaba da mutum batun. Bugu da kari, fahimtar yiwuwa da kuma damar iya yin komai na wani mutum da aka canja hanzari, da kuma haka ake canza da kuma fahimtar wadannan matakai. Wadannan theories la'akari kawai wasu fannoni na sirri ci gaba.