Wane ne Ivan Fedorov? Biography Ivan Fedorov taƙaice

Wane ne Ivan Fedorov sani, watakila a yau kowace makaranta. Daga tarihi litattafan to yara sane da cewa da farko Rasha buga littafin halitta wannan mutumin. Su kuma sani cewa shi ya kasance wani zamani Ivana Groznogo kuma sosai ilimi mutum da bukatunsu na cewa zamanin. Amma da yawa ban sha'awa facts daga rayuwar wannan almara adadi ba a gabatar a cikin ilimi adabi. Kazalika da kawai da yadda ƙayayuwa shi ne aiki Rasha majagaba.

A farko littafin a Rasha

Littafin farko na Littafi magabatan zamani Russia ya gana da soyayya da kuma girmamawa. Amma wanda yake Ivan Fyodorov, mazaunan Rasha, sa'an nan har yanzu ba su sani ba. Bayan duk, da samfur na zamani bazawa bayyana tun kafin haihuwar cewa mutumin. A farkon tsakiyar zamanai, littattafan da aka ba a buga da kuma kofe. Shin da shi musamman horar da mutane - malaman Attaura. The aiki na wadannan masana ya yi nauyi, da kuma aiki yawan aiki da aka kasa da hudu shafukan da rana.

A tsakiyar karni XV, da Jamusanci Johann Gutenberg ƙirƙira m haruffa ga bugu. Wannan sabuwar dabara ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa haihuwa na wallafe-wallafe da masana'antu a Turai. Amma da farko na Moscow buga gidan, kuma an halitta da aka a tsakiyar XVI karni, shi ya yi kawai a kan tushen da jiha. Kansa Ivan Grozny umurce su da su gina don wannan dalili mai raba gini, wadda bisa ga conjectural data, da kuma Ivan Fyodorov aiki. Majagaba bayani yan'uwanmu tare da buga kayan da aka buga a Moscow kawai biyu littattafai. Ba da da ewa, ya tilasta wa barin gidajensu. New, m Hanyar ba da dandano na copyists. Kuma wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda halittar typographic inji hana su babban tushen samun kudin shiga.

a gudun hijira

A farko littafin firintocinku a Rasha ba sa tausayawa ba kawai daga masu sana'a copyists, amma kuma ga firistoci. Last duba a cikin m Hanyar karkata muradi. A sakamakon makircin bugu gini, located a kan Nikolskaya Street, shi ne a kan wuta. Duk da haka, akwai wani version bisa ga abin da wannan wuta malamai da aka ba da alaka. Irin wannan sabon abu, a waɗannan kwanaki in da hali na yau da kullum da katako Moscow. Kuma master bai yi kuskure tambaye karaya Sarkin wani rance domin gina wani sabon bugu latsa.

Cikakken na asirai biography Ivana Fedorova. A takaice wanda zai iya cewa ga shekaru masu yawa na farko Rasha printer faruwa ba a Moscow, kuma a baƙuwar ƙasa. Da farko, Fedorov tafi zuwa ga Grand Duchy na Lithuania, daga baya - to Lviv, inda ya ya iya bude nasa shagon a amince.

"Manzo"

Biography Ivan Fedorov yana da yawa na fari aibobi. Mai yiwuwa, ya fara karatu a Krakow. Duk da haka, da jami'a samu wani bayani mai gaskatãwa ga Rasha majagaba horo typographic art.

Tare da kayan yau da kullum na yammacin Turai bugu Fedorov ya saba. Amma ga littafin na littattafai a Rasha kamata haifar da wata wasika, jawo a kan hadisai na Rasha wallafe-wallafe. A kan ta farko da littafin Fedorov yi aiki a dukkan shekara. Taimaka a wannan harka shi bayar da abõkinsa Peter Mstislavets. A littafin da aka kira "The Manzo." Font a cikin wannan aiki na typographic art aka musamman izuwa kuma kama da rubutun. Kowane sakin layi fara da wani babban ja haruffa, wanda aka za'ayi a nagartaccen kowanne kofa style. A cikin wannan littafin, marubucin ya kuma ba links to da Greek da Venetian alamu.

A sabon edition da biography Ivana Fedorova aka gabatar. A takaice majagaba ruwaito game da karatun. A cewar shi, typographic art sanar da shi wani Danish master.

"Breviary"

Shi ba a san da wannan rana, don haka idan abin dogara bayani game da ilimin majagaba. Rayuwa na cike da asirai Ivana Fedorova ta sayen magani na shekaru. Amma, ba shakka, wannan mutumin yana da duk fasahohin da hannu a cikin bugu na lokaci. Shahararren Rasha majagaba aiki a matsayin sassaƙa, typographer, da kuma haifar da nasu fonts.

Wannan art marubucin na farko Rasha littattafan da ya rubuta a matsayin kyauta, ya aiko daga sama. Ayyukansa ayan da ta ruhaniya ciki. Saboda haka ba abin mamaki bane cewa na biyu edition na Fedorov da Mstislavets ya tarin addu'o'i. "Chasovnyk" wakiltar daya daga cikin farko misalai na litattafan. Bisa ga littafin, wanda ya aljihu format, yara shekaru da yawa don koyi karanta.

Biography Ivan Fedorov taƙaitaccen shaida game da ayyukan da na ƙasar Rasha. "Breviary" shi ne na biyu, kuma na karshe littafin, da aka buga a cikin Moscow bugu gidan. Amma da bin typographic art Fedorov bai rasa sauran kwanaki.

"Bishara"

A hanya mai girma a hali ne ko da yaushe rikitarwa da kuma ƙayayuwa. A tarihin na farko littafin-printer - wani m misali. Biography Ivan Fedorov arziki bakin ciki events. Mutane da yawa matsaloli jiran shi a rayuwa. Amma kasancewa a cikin zaman gudun hijira, shi ne babu kasa nace a cikin halittar littafin halittun. Bisa a Duchy na Lithuania, Fedorov ya iya ci gaba da aiki na dukan ransa. Tare da Gregory Hetman Chodkiewicz ya ya iya saki wani "malamin bishara."

"Zabura"

Biography Ivana Fedorova da kuma aiki suna hade da sunaye kamar Grigoriy Hodkevich, Peter Mstislavets. Wadannan mutane a daban-daban sau, sun abõkan tarayya na wannan mutum mai girma a bugu. "Zabura" - wani littafi cewa Fedorov ya riga ya saki nasu. Chodkiewicz da cewa lokaci daina daukar wani amfani a bugu saboda tsufa. Mstislavets a bisa gayyatar da Lithuanian abokan aiki koma Vilna.

"Manzo": Lions

Wane ne Ivan Fedorov, Lviv san kowane haskaka mutum. A Ukraine, sa samun abinci ji rashin da aka rubuta kalma. Yawo for shekaru da birane da kuma kasashen, Fedorov ya samu wucin gadi tsara a nan, da kuma godiya ga wani m daraja mutane zai iya kafa bitar. sabon "Manzon" da aka buga a cikin wannan birni. Ko da yake gida yawan da kuma bukatar da za a ilimi, da bugu gidan da aka zarar lalace.

A gabatarwar kayayyakin da aka bayar a} asashen waje, Ivan Fedorov kayyade masu karatu game da zalunci da littafin firintocinku daga Moscow coci.

"Share fage"

A cikin tambaya na wanda shi ne Ivan Fedorov, ba shi yiwuwa ba a daya-kalmar amsar. Wannan mutumin shi ne m adadi na lokaci, shi ne mahaliccin da Rasha da rubutu, da m na farko littafin. The saba "share fage" ga hasken godiya ga wannan fice hali.

Za ka iya ƙirƙirar wani m bayanin Ivan Fedorov a kan tushen da tarihi data da kuma Monuments na Rasha art na bugu. Ya kasance mutum mai wuce yarda jure wahaloli da yawa, kuma tenacious. Har karshe kwanakin ransa ya taɓa daina aiki yadda ake gudanar ba kawai a cikin tsari na yau da kullum da bugu, har ma wani mãkirci, soja jefa real gun. Abin baƙin ciki, ya tsare-tsaren ba materialize saboda kwatsam mutuwa.

kurkuku

Last bitar Fedorova gari a cikin birnin kurkuku. A shirya wannan bugu latsa don ya taimake shi ya mai gida yarima, wanda mazaunin aka ada zama a cikin County al'adu da ilimi cibiyar. doguwar hasumiya da aka kasaftawa ga bitar littafin firintocinku, aka located a kan bankunan na kogin. A nan, master gudanar ya buga game da littattafai biyar. A farko Eastern Slavic Littafi Mai Tsarki shi ne na karshe da kuma most Rasha wallafe-wallafe majagaba. Its wurare dabam dabam wuce dubu kofe, wanda a wancan lokaci ya kasance wani gagarumin factor.

A cikin shirye-shiryen da bugu na Littafi Mai Tsarki, wanda aka kira "Ostrog", shi ya zuwa tsirar da portrayal na haruffa gabatar a biyar sabon fonts. Mutane da yawa kurakurai dauke a cikin kwafin ta hanyar aika Ivanom Groznym, rage gudu da aiwatar da samar da wannan littafi. Don shirya bukata takwarorinsu a waje harsuna.

Duk da irrepressible babbar sha'awa da kuma m himma, majagaba na Rasha wallafe-wallafe mutu a ƙasƙanci talauci. Aka binne shi a baƙuwar ƙasa, kuma ƙarni biyu bayan mutuwar wani dutsen kabari tare da kabarinsa bace.