Zemsky Sobor a 1613: da zaben na Mikhail Romanov. Da muhimmancin da Zemsky Sobor a Rasha

Irin wannan cibiyoyin tashi a Yammacin Turai, kuma a cikin Moscow jihar. Duk da haka, ya kan haifar da sakamakon abubuwan da suke yi sun kasance da cika fuska daban-daban. A cikin farko idan da kadarori taron aiki a matsayin wani fage don warware al'amurran siyasa a fafata domin iko, a Rasha a kan irin wa annan tarurruka aikatã game da yafi administrative ayyuka. A gaskiya, da sarki ya zama Mai ƙididdigewa ga bukatun talakawa mutane ta hanyar irin wannan abubuwan.

Bugu da kari, wadannan taron ya faru nan da nan bayan da daidaituwa na jihohi, kamar yadda a Turai, da kuma a Muscovy, don haka samar da wata cikakke hoto na halin da ake ciki a kasar, wannan jiki sun jimre kazalika zai yiwu.

Zemsky Sobor a 1613, misali, ya taka rawar da juyin juya halin Musulunci a cikin tarihi na Rasha. An sa'an nan zaune Mikhail Romanov, wanda iyali mulki kasar na gaba shekara ɗari uku. Kuma shi ya zuriyarsa kawo daga wani koma-baya a jihar na tsakiyar zamanai don sahun gaba a cikin farkon karni na ashirin.

Zemsky Sobor a Rasha

Sani kawai, waɗanda yanayi wanda Ya halitta Estate-wakilin daular mulkinsu, yarda ka bayyana da kuma ci gaba da irin wannan cibiyoyin matsayin Zemsky Sobor. 1549 an yi fice a cikin wannan girmamawa. Ivan da Munin tara mutane domin kawar da cin hanci da rashawa na gida. A taron da aka kira "Cathedral of sulhu".

The sosai guda kalma a lokacin nufi "kasa", wadda kafa tsarin na ayyukan wannan jiki.

Da muhimmancin da Zemsky Sobor ya zuwa tattauna siyasa, tattalin arziki da kuma administrative al'amurran da suka shafi. A gaskiya, shi ya sarki dangantaka da kowa mutane wucewa ta hanyar da tace bukatar boyars da kuma limaman.

Ko da yake dimokuradiyya da kuma bai yi aiki ba, amma da bukatun da ƙananan azuzuwan har yanzu dauke fi a Turai, cike da koyaswa absolutism.

All free mutanen da suka sashi a cikin irin abubuwan da suka faru, cewa ba a yarda ne kawai serfs. Kowa na da 'yancin kada kuri'a, amma ainihin kuma yanke shawara zai zama sarki.

Tun da farko Zemsky Sobor aka gudanar da Sarki ba, da kuma tasiri na ta aiki ya high isa, wannan yi ya zama fi karfi.

Duk da haka, da ayyuka na Cibiyar hukuma lokaci zuwa lokaci canza dangane da halin da ake ciki a kasar. Bari mu dubi a cikin mafi daki-daki, a wannan lokaci.

A ci gaba da rawar da babban coci da Ivana Groznogo zuwa Mikhail Romanov

Idan ka tuna da wani abu daga littafi "Tarihi, Grade 7" ba tare da wani shakka, cikin tsawon XVI - XVII ƙarni ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi m, daga Sarkin-yaro-makasan da kuma kawo karshen lokaci da matsaloli, lokacin da ta husũma moriyar daban-daban daraja iyalai da kuma zo daga babu inda jama'a heroes kamar Ivan Susanin.
Bari mu ga abin da ke faruwa a kan a wannan lokacin.

A farko Zemsky Sobor aka gudanar da Ioannom Groznym a 1549. Ya kasance ba tukuna cikakken fledged wadanda mutane shawara. Sai da na ɗauki wani aiki part malamai. A wannan lokaci, shugabannin coci cikakken ku yi ɗã'a ga sarki da kuma bauta wa fiye da mutane za su shiryar da shi.

Next lokaci ya hada da wani duhu lokaci matsaloli. Yana kara kifar da kursiyin Vasiliya Shuyskogo a 1610. Yana da aka a cikin wadannan shekaru, da darajar da Zemsky Sobor aka canza da cika fuska. Yanzu suna da ra'ayin cewa ya inganta wani sabon contender ga kursiyin. M mafita irin waɗannan tarurruka a lokacin gudu counter ga tabbatarwa daga statehood.

A na gaba mataki shi ne "zinariya shekaru" ga ma'aikata na iko. Ayyukan Zemsky Sobor hada da majalisar dokoki da kuma zartarwa ayyuka. A gaskiya, wannan shi ne lokaci na rikon kwarya kwamitin da "majalisa na Tsarist Rasha."
Bayan bayyanar wani m gwamnan fara dawo da lokaci bayan halakar jihar. Sai a wannan lokaci bukatar gwani shawara matasa da kuma saba sarki. Saboda haka, majami'u da aiki a matsayin wani shawarwari jiki. Su mambobi taimake m fahimci kudi da administrative al'amura.

A cikin shekaru tara tun 1613, da boyars da lokacin da za a shirya da tarin fifths kudi, hana sake mamayewa na Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian sojoji da kuma mayar da tattalin arzikin bayan da matsaloli.

Tare da 1622 shekaru goma na bai faru, babu wani daga cikin Cathedral. A halin da ake ciki a kasar ne barga, saboda wani takamaiman bukatar da aka ba a gare ta.

Zemsky Sobor a cikin 17th karni more kuma mafi dauka a kan rawar da kullum dalĩli a filin daga ciki, amma mafi kasashen waje da manufofin. A Accession na Ukraine, Azov, Rasha-Polish-Crimean dangantakar da yawa daga cikin al'amurran da suka shafi ake warware ta wannan kayan aiki.

Tun da na biyu da rabi na goma sha bakwai karni, da muhimmancin irin abubuwan saukad da muhimmanci, kuma ta karshen karni a duk Tashoshi. Mai sananne sun biyu na babban coci - a 1653 da kuma 1684, bi da bi.

A kashi na farko na Moscow Jihar zai ɗauki Zaporozhye sojoji, da kuma a 1684 shi ne na karshe taro. Yana yanke shawarar da rabo daga cikin Commonwealth.
A labarin ƙare da Zemsky Sobor. Musamman da gudummawar da wannan Bitrus da Great manufofin kafa absolutism a jihar.
Amma bari mu dauki wani kusa look at abubuwan da suka faru na daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci Cathedrals a cikin tarihi na Rasha.

Fage na babban coci, 1613

Bayan rasuwar Fedora Ioannovicha a Rasha zo da Lokaci na matsaloli. Shi ne na karshe daga cikin zuriyar Ioanna Vasilevicha Groznogo. 'Yan'uwansa da aka kashe a baya. Babbansu, da Yahaya, kamar yadda masana kimiyya suka yi ĩmãni, fadi daga hannun mahaifinsa, da kuma ƙaramin, Dmitri, aka rasa a Uglich. Ya aka kwarewarsa, matattu ba, amma gaskiya facts ya mutuwa a can.

Saboda haka, rikici ta fara da 1598. Consistently mulki a kasar Irina, matar Fedora Ioannovicha kuma Boris Godunov. Next zuwa kursiyin ziyarci dan Boris, Theodore, Lzhedmitry farko da Vasiliy Shuysky.

Wannan shi ne wani lokaci na tattalin arziki ƙi, rashin tsari da kuma mamayewa na makwabta sojojin. A arewa, misali, sarrafa da Swedes. A Kremlin, tare da goyon bayan da jama'ar na Moscow, ya shiga Polish sojojin karkashin jagorancin Vladislav, ɗan Sigismund III, da Sarkin Poland da kuma Grand Duke na Lithuania.

Sai dai itace, da 17th karni taka rigima rawa a cikin tarihi na Rasha. Events da ya faru a kasar, mutane suna tilasta su zo da wani na kowa so ya rabu da mu da hargitsi. Yana ƙoƙarin fitar da biyu da yawan ƙiren ƙarya, Kremlin. A farko - a karkashin jagorancin Lyapunov Zarutsky da Trubetskoy, da kuma na biyu karkashin jagorancin Minin da Pozharsky.

Sai dai itace cewa babban taron duniya na wani Zemsky Sobor a 1613 ne kawai makawa. Idan shi ba irin wannan al'amarin, wanda ya san abin da zai yi da labari, da kuma abin da zai zama da halin da ake ciki a kasar a yau.

Saboda haka, a 1612 Pozharsky da Minin ya jagoranci mutane ta mayakan fitar da Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian sojojinta daga cikin babban birnin kasar. duk abubuwan da ake bukata an halitta su mayar da oda a kasar.

kira

Kamar yadda muka sani, Zemsky Sobor a cikin 17th karni ya kasance wani kashi na gwamnati (as tsayayya da su cikin ruhaniya). Wadanda mutane ikon bukatar shawara, wanda ya yi kama da ayyuka na Slavic majalisa, a lokacin da duk abin da ya zo tare irin free maza da kuma yanke shawara m al'amurran da suka shafi.

Kafin wannan, da farko Zemsky Sobor a 1549 shi ne har yanzu da hadin gwiwa. Yana da aka samu halartar wakilai daga coci da kuma wadanda mutane hukumomi. Daga baya, kawai Lardi yi da limaman.

Wannan shi ne abin da ya faru a watan Oktoba 1612 a lokacin da, bayan niyya ga fitar da Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian dakarun wanda shagaltar da Kremlin zuciya na babban birnin kasar, ya fara jagorantar kasar domin. The sojojin Rzeczpospolita, wanda shagaltar da Moscow, da aka narkar kawai saboda gaskiya cewa hetman Khotkevich tsaya goyon bayan ta. A Poland, mun riga ya fahimci cewa a cikin gaggawa halin da ake ciki, ba za su lashe.

Saboda haka, bayan da yanã fizge tufarsu daga dukkan waje mamaye karfi shi ya zama dole, domin kafa al'ada Al'arshi mai girma. Don wannan karshen, suka aiki manzanni zuwa wurin duk da gefuna da Ikklesiya da shawara ya shiga cikin zaba mutane zuwa janar majalisa a Moscow.

Duk da haka, saboda gaskiyar cewa jihar shi ne har yanzu a kan rassanta, kuma ba sosai a kwantar da hankula, 'yan asalin sun iya zo ne kawai bayan wata daya. Saboda haka, Zemsky Sobor a 1613 da aka gudanar a kan Janairu 6.

The kawai wurin da zai iya saukar da dukan jama'ar da suka zo, ya Cathedral na ɗauka a cikin Kremlin. A cewar daban-daban kimomi, su jimla ne daga ɗari bakwai zuwa dubu mutane.

'yan takara

A sakamakon irin wannan hargitsi a cikin ƙasar da babban yawan mutanen da shirye ya zauna a gadon sarautar. Bayan tsoho Rasha ya'yan sarakuna ba iyalansu, shiga zaben tseren sauran kasashen shugabanni. Daga cikin karshen, misali, su ne Swedish kwafi Karl kuma sarkin Commonwealth Vladislav. A karshen ba kunya da cewa ya kasance ne kawai a watan da ya gabata juya daga cikin Kremlin.

Rasha ma san, ko da yake, da kuma ya gabatar da takarar domin Zemsky Sobor a 1613, musamman nauyi a cikin idanu na jama'a ba su da. Bari mu ga wanda ya yi da wakilan 'ya'yan sarakuna ba iyalan aspired zuwa iko.

Shuiskys kamar yadda aka sani zuriyar Rurik daular, ba shakka, sun quite m nasara. Amma da hatsarin da cewa su, da kuma samu kansu a cikin wani irin halin da ake ciki Godunov zai rama da masu laifi wadanda suka kifar da kakanninsu, ya sosai high. Saboda haka, su chances na lashe sun minuscule, kamar yadda da yawa daga cikin masu kada kuri'a kasance a cikin wani dangantaka da waɗanda za su iya a shafi sabon shugabanni.

Kurakins, Mstislavsky da sauran sarakunan da suke da zarar hada kai tare da Mulkin Poland da Duchy na Lithuania, har ma da sanya wani ƙoƙari ya shiga cikin gwamnati, sun gaza. Mutane ba su yafe cin amana.

Golitsyn iya sosai mulkin Moscow mulkinsa, idan sun kasance ba cikin mafi iko wakilin languishing a zaman talala a Poland.

Vorotynskys sãɓa ba a bad da, amma m dalilai na su dan takarar, Ivan Mikhailovich, yi domin kin amincewa. version da ya sa hannu a "majalisa na bakwai" yana dauke su mafi plausible.

Kuma a karshe, mafi kyau Fit ga aiki nema - Pozharsky da Trubetskoy. A ka'ida, sun iya lashe, tun bambanta da kansu a lokacin da matsaloli, koro cikin Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian sojojinta daga cikin babban birnin kasar. Duk da haka, ya kai su, a cikin idanu na gida nobility, ba sosai fice pedigree. Bugu da kari, da abun da ke ciki na Zemsky Sobor ba ta da tushe tsoron m "tsarkakewa" majalisa na kungiyar bakwai, wanda shi ne wata ila don fara harkar siyasa iya wadannan 'yan takarar.

Saboda haka, shi dai itace cewa ya zama dole a samu a baya ba a sani ba, amma shi ne quite mai daraja zuriyar 'ya'yan sarakuna ba iyali, iya jagoranci kasar.

Official muradi

Masana kimiyya da dama da sha'awar a cikin topic. Yana babu wargi - domin sanin ainihin Hakika na events lokacin da samuwar harsãshensa na zamani Rasha statehood!
Kamar yadda tarihi na Zemsky Sobor, mutane gudanar tare don yin mafi daidai yanke shawara.

Bisa ga bayanan da layinhantsaki, na farko shawarar da mutane ya da wani togiya daga jerin 'yan takara na duk kasashen waje masu nema. Babu Vladislav kuma Swedish Korolevich Karl yanzu ba su iya shiga a cikin "tseren".

A mataki na gaba shi ne zabin da dan takarar da na gida manya. Babban matsalar shi ne cewa mafi yawansu suna damuwa a lokacin da shekaru goma.

Semiboyarshina, halarci wannan yunkuri, da goyan bayan da Swedish kuma Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian dakarun - duk wadannan dalilai ne sun fi mayar da taka leda da dukan 'yan takara.

Bisa ga takardun, a karshen, daya kawai zauna, wanda muka ambata ba a sama. Wannan mutumin nan descendent na Ioanna Groznogo. Shi ne dan wa na karshe istinbadi Tsar Feodor Ivanovich.

Saboda haka, zaben na Mikhail Romanov ya fi dace bayani a gaban mafi masu jefa} uri'a. The kawai wahala ya kasance da rashin nobility. Iyalinsa zo daga wani bafada na Prussian prince Andrei Mares.

Next za mu magana game da abubuwan da suka faru manyan har da sanannen juya labarin.

A farko version of abubuwan da suka faru

17th karni a cikin tarihi na Rasha da wani muhimmanci na musamman. An daga wannan lokaci, mun san sunaye kamar Minin da Pozharsky, Troubetzkoy, Godunov, Shuisky, arya Dmitry, Susanin, da sauransu.

Sai a wannan lokaci, da nufin rabo, ko watakila Allah yatsa, amma gona da aka kafa a nan gaba na daular. Idan ba domin Cossacks, kamar yadda za mu tattauna da wani kadan daga baya, cikin shakka daga tarihi, mafi m, dã ya kasance mabanbanta.

Saboda haka, abin da yake da amfani da aka Mikhail Romanov?

Bisa ga official version, aka bayyana ta da yawa mutunta tarihi kamar Tcherepnin, Degtyarev da sauransu, akwai dalilai da dama.

Da fari dai, da mai nema ya quite bai gogu da duniya. Ya inexperience a harkokin jama'a zai yi a yarda da boyars zama "m Kadina" a cikin rawar da majalisarsa ya zama ainihin sarakuna.

Na biyu factor shi ne hannu mahaifinsa da abubuwa da suka shafi cikin arya Dmitry II. Wannan shi ne duk majalisar daga Tushino iya ba ji tsoro na biya ko horo sostorony sabon sarki.

Bugu da kari, da sarki Filaret, mahaifinsa, da dalĩli a cikin rayuwar ruhaniya na Moscow mulkinsa, kuma mafi gidajen lama goyon bayan gabatarwa.

Daga cikin dukkan nema kawai wannan HALITTAR ne karami hade da Commonwealth a lokacin "majalisa na bakwai", don haka da m ji na mutanen da suke gaba daya gamsu. Wani zai zama: ubangijina na iyali Ivana Kality, ciwon ruhaniya mutum na high daraja daga dangi, Oprichnina abokin gaba da kuma matasa da kuma "povadno" kamar yadda ya bayyana Sheremet. A nan ne dalilai, bisa ga official version of events rinjayi sarautar Mikhail Romanov.

Na biyu version na babban coci

Abokan adawar imani da babban muradi don zaben na dan takarar ake magana a kai wadannan abubuwan. Sheremet'ev quite karfi aspired zuwa ikon, sai ga hanyar shiryuwa ba su kai shi saboda commoner jinsunan. A ra'ayi na wannan, ta yaya za mu koya daga labarin (sa 7), ya ɓullo da wani unusually aiki a cikin gabatarwa na Mikhail Romanov. Ga shi, duk abin da ya m, saboda ya zabi ya sauki, unsophisticated saurayi daga cikin larduna. Ya san kome ba daga wani gwamnati, na wani birni rayuwa, babu rikici.

Kuma wanda ya gõde, zai zama ga irin karimci da kuma wanda zai saurare farko lokacin yin muhimmin yanke shawara? Hakika, waɗanda suka taimake shi ya dauki kursiyin.

Godiya ga aiki da wannan bafadan, mafi yawan wanda suka taru a Zemsky Sobor na 1613 da aka shirya yi da " 'yancin" yanke shawara. Amma wani abu da ya faru. Kuma na farko sakamakon zaben ayyana da inganci 'saboda babu yawa masu jefa kuri'a. "

The hukunci zaben da aka canjawa wuri zuwa makonni uku a gaba. Kuma a wannan lokacin akwai mai yawa muhimmanci events a cikin biyu sabani sansani.

Boyars suka yi tsayayya da irin wannan takarar, sanya wani ƙoƙari na rabu da Romanov. Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian detachment sojoji da aka aiko kawar maras so takala. Amma nan gaba, Sarkin ajiye kafin m baƙauye Ivan Susanin. Ya fara da executioners a fadama, inda suka amince da halaka (tare da kasa gwarzo).

Shuya kuma tura wani dan kadan daban-daban gaban ayyukan. Ya zo a cikin lamba tare da ataman na Cossacks. An yi imani da cewa wannan karfi da ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Accession na Mikhail Romanov.

Hakika, ya kamata ba detract daga rawar da Zemsky Sobor, duk da haka, ba tare da aiki da kuma gaggawa ayyuka na wadannan kungiyoyi a nan gaba, Sarkin zahiri ba da damar. Wannan suka zahiri tilasta sa shi a gadon sarautar. Wannan bayyana a kasa.

A karshe ƙoƙari na hana nasarar boyars Romanov ya zama hanya zuwa ga mutane, sai su yi magana, "amarya." Duk da haka, bisa ga takardun, Shuya ya ji tsoron rashin cin nasara, saboda gaskiyar cewa Michael wani mutum daga sauki da kuma jahilci. Ya iya raunana kanta idan ta ya fara ci gaba da jefa ƙuri'a. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa shi ya ɗauki wuya da kuma gaggawa mataki.

Me Cossacks shãmakace?

Mafi m saboda da aiki yadda ake gudanar da Shuya da kuma kusa da gazawar da kamfanin, kuma ma saboda yunkurin boyars "m fim din" da Cossacks, da wadannan abubuwan da suka faru ya faru.

Tamanin da Zemsky Sobor, ba shakka, mai girma, amma m da kuma zaluncin da karfi ne sau da yawa fiye da tasiri. A gaskiya ma, akwai a semblance storming da Winter Palace a karshen Fabrairu 1613.

Cossacks ya shigo cikin gidan da nema da cewa Lardi kira mutane domin tattaunawa. Sun hada baki so a ga sarki Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, "wani mutum daga blagodobrogo tushen ne mai kyau masana'antu da kuma irin daraja."
Tsorata malamin kira boyars, da kuma matsa lamba da aka yanke shawara a kan Accession na dan takarar.

Cathedral rantsuwar

Shi ne ainihin wani yarjejeniya da cewa zarcewa Zemsky Sobor a Rasha. A kwafin wannan wani daftarin aiki tawagar kuma Muka tsĩrar da na biyu na Maris a Kolomna nan gaba, Sarkin tare da mahaifiyarsa. Kamar yadda Michael a lokacin shi ne kawai shekara goma sha bakwai da haihuwa, shi ne ba abin mamaki ba cewa ya firgita, kuma nan da nan ki tãka zuwa kursiyin.

Duk da haka, wasu masu bincike jayayya da cewa lokacin da cewa ba shakka cewa shi ne daga baya ya gyara, kamar yadda babban coci rantsuwa a zahiri ya mayar da daftarin aiki karanta Borisu Godunovu. "Don amince da mutane a tunani na tufafin da taƙawa daga sarkinsu."

Duk abin da ya, Michael aka rinjayi. Kuma ya zo a cikin babban birnin kasar, inda ya aka lashe a kan Yuli 11 cikin wannan shekarar, na biyu a watan Mayu 1613.

Saboda haka, muna gana da irin wannan na musamman da kuma mini ne kawai partially karatu sabon abu a cikin tarihi na Rasha jihar, a matsayin Zemsky Sobor. Babban abu da cewa a yau ma'anar wannan sabon abu - wani bambancin daga majalisar. Duk yadda suka kama, amma na manufa ne 'yan fasali. Da fari dai, da bẽne, ya gida, da kuma babban coci - jihar. Abu na biyu, na farko yana da cikakken iko, yayin da karshen kasance har yanzu fiye da wani shawarwari jiki.