Abin da ya Alexander 2? da sarki ta hali. Biography, a zamanin mulkin

Da farko spring rana a 1881 da aka tsoma a cikin jini da Sarkin sarakuna, ya shiga a cikin tarihi na Rasha a matsayin wani babban shugaba na sake fasalin, cancanci da epithet bã shi da mutane liberator. A wannan rana da Sarkin sarakuna Alexander 2 (sarautar - 1855-1881) an kashe wani bam jefa ta Narodnaya Volya Ignatius Grinevitsky.

Farkon shekaru magaji

Afrilu 17, 1818 kan Moscow share tsawa da wasan wuta - da ya zauna a cikin gidan da bishop na na sarki biyu da aka haife magaji a kan karaga, samu a Mai Tsarki Baftisma da sunan Alexander. A m harka: bayan mutuwar Bitrus I da tafin kafa mulkin Rasha, haife a zamanin d babban birnin kasar, ya kasance da - nan gaba Sarkin sarakuna Alexander 2.

Tarihinsa ya nuna cewa yara magaji a kan karaga ya faru a karkashin m ido mahaifinsa. Sarkin sarakuna Nicholas I biya sosai kusa da hankali ga ilimin da ɗansa. Ayyukan malami na Alexander aka wakkala a cikin shahararrun mawãƙi V. A. Zhukovskogo, wanda ba kawai sanar da shi nahawu da Rasha harshen, amma kuma dasa yaron janar tsarin al'ada. Musamman ma batutuwa kamar waje harsuna, soja mai kula da harkokin shari'a da kuma alfarma tarihi, ya aka sanar da mafi kyau malaman lokaci.

An m matasa soyayya

Watakila lyrics gidansa malamai, da kuma sauran manyan V. A. Zhukovskogo bar su alama a sani na matasa Alexander. Bisa ga memoirs na Sahaban, akwai nan da nan ya fara nuna hali ya romantic infatuation, wanda ya sa rashin biyan bukata mahaifinsa, wani mutum, ta hanyar, kuma ba marar zunubi. An sani cewa a lokacin tafiya zuwa London, Sasha da aka fascinated da wata yarinya - nan gaba Korolevoy Viktoriey, amma wadannan ji an qaddara da Fade tafi.

Fara jihar ayyuka

Sarkin sarakuna Nicholas nan da nan na fara shiga da danta a harkokin jama'a. Kawai kai ƙarfinsa, ya aka gabatar a majalisar dattijai da kuma Ruhu Mai taron majalisar Krista. Don ganin nan gaba monarch har na daular, wanda ya na da a gudanar da mahaifinsa ya aiko shi a 1837 a kan tafiya zuwa Rasha, a lokacin da Alexander ziyarci ashirin da takwas larduna. Bayan haka, sai ya tafi zuwa Turai don kari da ilimi da kuma kammala da ilimi.

Board Alexander 2 ya fara ne a 1855, nan da nan bayan da mutuwa ta katse shekaru talatin na mulkin mahaifinsa Nicholas I. The Legacy ya gaji matsaloli hade da baƙauye tambaya, da matsalar kudi da kuma rashin rasa Crimean War, to sa Rasha a Jihar duniya kadaici. Dukan su bukatar nan da nan mafita.

The gaggawa bukatar sake fasalin

Domin kawo kasar daga cikin rikicin da ake bukata gyara, da bukatar wanda shibtarsu da rayuwar kanta. A farko daga cikin wadannan da aka abolition na soja ƙauyuka, shigar da baya a 1810. Sarkin sarakuna aika daya bugun jini na alkalami a baya tsaoho, shi ba ya amfana da Army da tsokana a zaman fashewa. Tare da wannan sosai gaggawa hali da kuma ta fara mai girma canji Alexander 2.

A yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom

The aka yi harsãshinsa. Bayan haka, sarki Alexander 2 za'ayi da kisan da manyan tarihi manufa - abolition na serfdom. An sani cewa da bukatar da wannan aiki na rubutu mafi Empress Catherine II, amma a waɗannan shekaru da sani na jama'a ya kasance ba a shirye domin irin wannan m canji, kuma mai mulkin su prudently kaurace.

Yanzu, a cikin tsakiyar XIX karni, Alexander 2, wanda ainihi aka dimbin yawa ta hanyar sosai daban-daban tarihi suke da su, da sanin cewa idan ba ka kau da bautar ta hanyar kafa dokoki, da shi zai yi aiki a detonator ga Yunƙurin a kasar sauyi fashewa Hazard.

A wannan ra'ayi ne da aka gudanar da mafi m statesmen na da muhallin, amma a kotu da'irori kafa babban kuma m 'yan adawa, hada da jami'an na karshe sarautar, ya kawo har cikin bariki da ba komai haqqinsa ruhun Nicholas I.

Duk da haka, a cikin 1881 da garambawul da aka aiwatar, da kuma miliyoyin serfs sun zama daidai jama'a na Rasha. Duk da haka, wannan ya haifar da wani sabon matsalar, wanda aka warware Alexander 2. A takaice, tana tafasa saukar da gaskiyar cewa daga yanzu a kan free manoma ya zama dole don samar da wani arziki, da cewa shi ne, ƙasar da take ta gidan haya. A warware wannan matsala jan a tsawon shekaru da dama.

Finance da kuma gyara daga mafi girma ilimi

A gaba muhimmanci mataki, wanda alama ta mulkin Alexander 2 ya kudi garambawul. A sakamakon da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom a Rasha kafa wani gaba ɗaya daban-daban irin tattalin arzikin - jari hujja. A kudi tsarin na jihar, dangane da zabe haraji bai sadu da bukatun na lokaci. Domin ta zamani a 1860-1862 biennium. Yana halitta wani sabon ma'aikata ga kasar - a jihar banki. Bugu da kari, daga yanzu a kan kasafin kudin daidai da gyara amince da kasar Sin, da Sarkin sarakuna da kaina.

Shekaru biyu bayan da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom, lokacin da ya zo yin canje-canje a cikin mafi girma ilimi. Wannan muhimmanci himma sadaukar a 1863 ya latest gyara daga Alexander 2. A takaice za a iya bayyana a matsayin da kafa wani takamaiman hanya ga kungiyar na ilimi tsari, a jami'o'i. Fair a ce wannan garambawul shi ne mafi m dukkan gudanar a lokacin m mulki.

Da kafa Zemstvos da sabunta aikace-aikace

Muhimmanci majalisu ayyukan sun zama yankunan karkara da kuma shari'a da sake fasalin, a aiwatar a cikin 1864. Duk da yake cikin gaggawa bukatar rubuta su duka manyan jama'a Figures. Wadannan muryoyin tsayayya duk wannan 'yan adawa, wanda ra'ayi ba zai iya taimaka amma saurare, Alexander 2.

The hali na wannan monarch aka fi mayar da halin da m so daidaita tsakanin biyu daban-daban sandunan da ra'ayi - da m kawo dukkan kuma ra'ayin mazan jiya kotun. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan yanayin da ya nuna tauri.

A sakamakon za'ayi sun biyu mafi muhimmanci sababbin abubuwa ga jihar - da sake fasalin cewa sake tsara duk rayuwarsa rabu amfani tsarin shari'a a Turai iri, da kuma na biyu, to canja tsari na administrative shugabanci.

Juyawa a cikin sojojin

Daga baya da suka kasance sunã shiga zuwa birane garambawul gwamnati, sakandare ilimi da kuma soja, a sakamakon wanda aka aikata ta miƙa mulki daga jawo ra'ayinsu to conscription. Su main Oganeza kuma jagora a rayuwa ya kasance, kamar yadda kafin, Alexander 2.

Tarihinsa ne wani misali da wani m da ƙwazo aiki, amma ba ko da yaushe m gwamnan jihar. Kokarin hada ayyuka da sabani cikin bukatun da zamantakewa strata, shi ne sakamakon juya a kira su da wani baƙo da kuma juyin juya halin Musulunci shiryayye ƙananan azuzuwan na al'umma, da kuma aristocratic saman.

The rayuwar iyali na monarch

Alexander 2 - Multi-faceted hali. Tare da sanyi rationality, akwai zamani Ana zargin wannan a cikin matasa a penchant ga romantic harkarsa. A jerin wucewa salon rikici tare da kuyanginku na girmamawa da yadi da aka ba katse ko bayan ya aure tare da Princess Mariey Avgustoy na Hesse, wanda ya dauki sunan Orthodoxy Maria Alexandrovna. Ta kasance mai auna matarsa, baiwa da kyauta da wani m gãfara. Bayan ta mutuwa da lalacewa ta hanyar da tarin fuka, da sarki aure ya madugun farka Ekaterina Mikhailovna Dolgorukova ga wanda ya ban tausayi mutuwa ne m duka.

Karshen rayuwa na mai girma kawo canji

Alexander 2 - da mutum a nasu ban tausayi. Duk da ƙarfi, kuma da makamashi ya kishin Yunƙurin na Rasha da Turai matakin, amma su sun fi mayar da ayyuka ba impetus ga nascent a lokacin a kasar na hallakaswa sojojin, da jihar vvergshim daga baya a cikin wani mummunan juyin juya halin. Kashewar Alexander 2 ya da karshe mahada a wani jerin hare-hare a kan kasanta da shi. Wanda akwai bakwai.

A karshen, wanda kudin da rai na sarki, aka sanya Maris 1, 1881 a Catherine Canal Embankment a St. Petersburg. Yana da aka shirya da kuma aikata ta, wata ƙungiya daga 'yan ta'adda suka kira kansu "Narodnaya Volya". Yana da aka hada da mutane daban-daban na zamantakewa strata al'umma. Suna da kadan ra'ayin yadda za a gina wani sabon duniya da aka kullum magana, Duk da haka su a haɗe da so don halakar da tushe na haihuwa.

Don cimma wannan burin da Mutane kare ba ya kuma da karin wasu rayuwar mutane. A cikin ra'ayi, da kisan da Alexander 2 ya zama da sigina na janar tawaye, amma a gaskiya shi ne ya halitta a ji na tsoro da rashin bege a cikin al'umma, ko da yaushe bayyana a lokacin da dokar da aka tattake ta zaluncin karfi. Yau Monument ga Tsar Liberator ne haikalin "Mai Ceto a kan Blood", gina a shafin da ya mutu.