Dutse ne mafi yawa a nahiyar ɓawon burodi magmatic intrusive dutse. Sunan wannan kyau kwarai halitta abu ne saboda ta porous-hatsi tsarin (daga Latin granum -. "Hatsi"). Dutse yana nufin acidic jinsunan saboda da cewa shi ya ƙunshi babban adadin silicon dioxide - SiO2. Har ila yau, wannan kashi ne kunshe a cikin dutse Alkali, kuma magnesium, baƙin ƙarfe da alli. Wannan dutse da aka dauke su daya daga cikin mafi m, m, kuma m, ta yawa daidai 2600 kg cubic mita. A wannan labarin, za mu duba a cikin abun da ke ciki na dutse, kazalika gaya muku game da data kasance sukayi fassara na dutse mai bayyana ta ga dũkiyarsu da kuma halaye.
Asalin dutse da kuma wurin da ya faru
An yi imani da cewa granites aka kafa a kan wani dogon lokaci na yanki tarihi a duk faɗin duniya. Versions na dauke biyu breeds na asali. A farko jihohin da dutse da aka kafa a sakamakon da crystallization tsari magmatic narke. Kamar yadda na biyu ka'idar, dauke da mu da dutse da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ultrametamorphism. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar matsa lamba, zafi da ruwa tanã fita daga zurfin yadudduka na kasa, kai granitisation tsari. A manyan yawan kudaden da wannan nauyi-taƙawa dutse, ciki har da Amurka, China, Brazil, Scandinavia da kuma Ukraine. A kasar, akwai kuma arziki adibas na wannan halitta abu. An samu a hamsin dutse quarries, ciki har da Arkhangelsk da Voronezh yankuna, kazalika a cikin Caucasus. Sau da yawa m zuwa ce tama adibas ne daban-daban, ciki har da kuza, da jan karfe, tutiya, tungsten, molybdenum da gubar.
Ka yi la'akari da wannan bangare na dutse. Feldspar da ma'adini
A cewar ta yayan, wannan dutse nasa ne polymineral, cewa ba hada da guda bangaren, amma da dama. Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwa da cewa yin up da dutse ne feldspar. Yana da wani silicate ma'adinai kungiyar. Matsayin mai mulkin, da dutse ya ba kasa da 50%, sa'an nan duk na 60! Wannan dutse-kafa ma'adinai ne ba a cikin dutse a cikin nau'i na potassium feldspar (orthoclase, adular) da kuma acid plagioclase (oligoclase, bytownite, Labrador, da sauransu. D.). Wani muhimmin bangaren dutse ne ma'adini - mai wuya dutse-kafa ma'adinai Mafiya yawa igneous kankara. Its rabo ba fiye da 30% na jimlar shawara na irin. Saka shi kama da kananan hatsi na vitreous. A cikin halitta jihar na ma'adini ne colorless, amma a matsayin dutse hada da dutse daukan kan launi daban-daban - rawaya, ruwan hoda, ja, da shunayya, da sauransu ..
Duhu-canza launin ma'adanai da kuma sauran impurities a cikin abun da ke ciki na dutse
Bayan ma'adini da feldspar, a cikin dutse yana dauke acidic da sauran inclusions. da suka saba yi ba fiye da 10% na jimlar. Yana biotite, lithium Mica, muscovite da hornblende. A kananan rabo dauka m - kamar apatite kuma zircon, kuma alkaline ma'adanai - Tourmaline, garnet, kuma tofaz. Saboda haka, mun yi nazari da abun da ke ciki na dutse. Students misalta da asali da aka gyara wannan halitta abu.
irin dutse
Dangane da halaye na ma'adinai da kuma sinadaran abun da ke ciki na dutse, gano wasu da iri. Daya hanyar ranking aka gina a kan wani kaso na plagioclase a cikin dutse. Wadannan iri dutse:
- Alkali feldspar (kasa da kashi 10% plagioclase).
- dutse kanta (daga 10% zuwa 65% plagioclase).
- granodiorite (daga 65% zuwa 90% plagioclase).
- Tonalite (a kan 90% plagioclase).
Bugu da kari yawan feldspar, a matsayin dalilin bambanta tsakanin iri na dutse dauka a karkashin shawara da abun ciki na qananan mafic ma'adanai. A cewar wannan rarrabuwa, bambanta da irin wannan nau'in jinsi: Alaska - dutse, ba ciki har da wani duhu-launin karfe da kuma leykogranit - da ciwon low abun ciki na su. Biyu-Mica dutse - ne, kuma feldspar da ma'adini, muscovite da biotite, kuma ma ƙunshi wani alkaline aegerine da amphibole.
Tsarin fasali na irin
Akwai wani rarrabuwa dangane da tsarin da kuma textural fasali na ce dutse. Advantageously, dutse yana granular crystal tsarin, amma wani lokacin shi porphyry. A yanayi ne m abu yadudduka, an kafa ta sanyaya na magma. Saboda gaskiya cewa shi freezes unevenly dutse da aka kafa da ciwon daban-daban tsarin, ciki har da lafiya da kuma m. Samfurori da karshen an kira dutse porphyry. An misali dutse porphyry dutse rapakivi iya yin m tsarin (Finland). Ya na da inclusions na orthoclase girman kaza ta kwai.
canza launi dutse
A ma'adanai da yin sama da dutse iya fentin a kan duwatsu a launuka iri-iri. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi kayyade launi na dutse orthoclase. Mafi na kowa ne wani haske launin toka launi. A Rasha, yadu circulated abu ja. A ma'adinai abun da ke ciki na dutse tare da haske launi hada feldspar da ciwon hematite lu'ulu'u, ko - baƙin ƙarfe oxide. Su ba da dutse mai jini-ja dafa. Har ila yau a fadin duwatsu rawaya, shudi da kuma ruwan hoda launuka. Emerald ya dafa irin na'am saboda kore potassium feldspar - amazonite. Wani lokaci sami dutse m iridescent launuka. Yana auku saboda feldspar, mallakan iridescence. Sau da yawa shi ne oligoclase da labradorite ba wani kyakkyawan iridescent shimmer, musamman m lokacin juya dutse. Ga shi ne irin wannan ban sha'awa abu, dutse.
A abun da ke ciki da kuma kaddarorin da dutse
Wannan halitta abu yana da yawa na babban fasali cewa yin shi irreplaceable a yankunan da yawa, musamman a fannin gine-gine masana'antu. Da farko, dutse ne m. Yana iya bauta na dogon lokaci yayin da rike ta asali bayyanar. Wani lokaci shi ne ake kira da mutane "madawwami dutse," kuma duk saboda babu abin da ya faru da shi a kan ƙarni. Abu na biyu, wannan abu ne da wani musamman high ƙarfi. Products sanya daga gare shi ne ba batun sa. Ma'adini - mai ma'adinai hada da dutse - sa wannan dutse shi ne da karfi da cewa a lokacin da aka sarrafa, nika da yankan amfani da wani sawa tare da wani musamman lu'u-lu'u shafi. Na uku, daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci Properties na dutse ne ta jure kowane muhalli tsoma, da kuma acid. Yana ba ya bukatar magani da kuma kariya daga da dama oxidative da jiki sakamakon. Kawai a yanayin zafi sama da 600 digiri, ya iya canja tsarin ko fatattaka. A nan, dutse ne resistant ga laima, shi ne kusan watertight, ba sha ruwa kuma an ba hõre wulakanci saboda hazo. Don ƙarni, gine-gine da kuma Monuments sanya daga dutse iya ta riƙe da asali bayyanar. Kuma a karshe, ba ko kadan, abin da dutse ne m. Shi ne gaba daya lafiya ga mutane. Duk wadannan kaddarorin sa dauke dutsen m gini abu.
A amfani da dutse
Ya ce dutse ne yadu amfani for yi da kuma tiling, kamar yadda su ne m, resistant zuwa muhalli da tasirinsa da kuma musamman karko. Saboda jure abrasion da kuma matsawa, shi ne sau da yawa amfani a ciki da waje da ado. Dutse ne sosai resistant zuwa samu, don haka shi ne sau da yawa amfani a yi na handrails, matakala, ginshikan, countertops, taga sills, mashaya counters. Sau da yawa tare da dutse fireplaces da marẽmari suna sanya, domin shi ne resistant zuwa da zazzabi canje-canje da kuma, da kuma zuwa sha na danshi. A waje da wannan irin sukan yi amfani da matsayin ta, masonry ko gini abu. Dutse dutse tubalan yada sidewalks, hanyoyi da kuma gadoji sukan datsa Piers, quays tituna da kuma murabba'ai. Ya sanya daga dutse fences, rikewa ganuwar, suke ƙawata facades da ganuwar gine-gine. Kuma ga wannan irin za a iya amfani da mai fadi da launuka iri-iri. A Rasha, da aka fi amfani ne m, da fari, ja da launin ruwan kasa iri. Abin baƙin ciki, da hakar kuma aiki na igneous kankara ne da wuya da kuma m, duk da haka, wannan abu ba safai ba amfani domin gina al'ada gine-gine. An yafi amfani ga ado na abubuwa da muhimmanci gine-gine da darajar.
Zanen Monuments na dutse
Bayan dace nika dutse surface zama madubi, yayin da nuna da kuma mamaye haske haskoki. Saboda haka, dutsen dubi sosai arziki da kuma ban sha'awa, shi za a iya amfani da yi na monumental sculptures da kuma gine-gine qagaggun. Wani misali na kyakkyawa, ladabi da karko na dutse za su iya aiki Monuments, tarihi gine-gine da kuma Tsarin gina a cikin kasashe da dama, ciki har da a Rasha. Duk wani dutse tsari ne na musamman girma da kuma monumentality, dũkan da tunanin da iko da kuma kyakkyawa.