Abin da ya sa da samuwar aeolian landforms? Kan aiwatar da kafa wani sauƙi

A karkashin taimako fahimta samar da surface na duniya tamu, wanda aka dauke a dangane da wani matakin. A wasu kalmomin, shi ne duk da tafka magudi a ƙasar, da teku, da kuma teku bene. Daban-daban na taimako suna bambanta da su size, shekaru, da kuma tarihi na ci gaba.

Yana yana da muhimmanci musamman ga la'akari da wannan a cikin zane lokaci da kuma a lokacin da gina hanya, dogo da kuma wasu cibiyoyin sadarwa. Halayyar taimako (duwatsu, m, lebur da sauransu. D.) Ma zai shafi adadin aiki da kuma kudin.

Movement of landforms

All ƙasar magudi kasu kashi:

1. Mountain. Wannan mazugi-dimbin yawa landform, falalen sama da kewaye ƙasa. Tsororuwar dutse da ake kira koli, wanda zai iya zama ko dai m, ko dauki wani nau'i na site (tudu). A kaikaice surface na irin elevations kunshi skates. Wannan line, wanda yake nuna Fusion duwãtsu da suke kewaye da ƙasa, wani tushe ko tafin kafa.

2. tono. Wannan nau'i na taimako gaban dutsen da yake a rufaffiyar ciki. The mafi ƙasƙanci batu na cikin ramin ya kira saukar. A gefe saman kamar landforms aka kafa, da kuma line na ci tare da kewaye yankin - Brow.
3. ridges. Yana ba kõme ba sai wani tudu, ya miƙa a wani shugabanci, da kuma hankali rage tsawo. All jeri da biyu gangara, wanda ci a saman, forming wani layin na watershed.
4. Dell. Irin wannan landforms m ridges. Suna elongated, kullum faduwa tududa wanda suke bude a daya karshen. Dell yana da biyu gangara a haɗa zuwa ga watershed line, yanã tafiya da gaggãwa tare da kasan wannan ilimi. An misali na irin wannan wani nau'i zai iya bauta wa kwarin da gully. A cikin farko idan ba za mu iya magana da wani m m, da ciwon lebur, Turf-rufe gangara. Gully, ta sha bamban daga irin wannan samuwar. Shi ne kunkuntar kwazazzabo, wanda gangara ne m, kuma suna da wani tun daga tushensa.
5. sirdi. Wannan wuri fara a bangarori ci skates da kuma karya tsakanin biyu m dutsen. Wani lokaci da sirdi aka located a kan site na ci watershed ridges. A karkararta, kamar yadda mai mulkin, mutane suna bayar da damar gudanar da yin yawo en ko hanyoyi, ya kira su wuce. Daga cikin sirdi mika a gaban kwatance Hazel.

Duk na sama iri sauƙi ne babban.

ilimin hanyoyin

A surface sauƙi - mai raba convex ko concave tafka magudi, wanda za a iya lura a ƙasa. Its siffofin sauye a size da kuma asali. Saboda haka, duk data kasance a kan mu duniya m ƙasa, yanã ga Mega, micro, meso da Nano-taimako. Haka kuma, su samuwar za a iya lalacewa ta hanyar ruwa-erosive ko volcanic, glacial ko karst, tectonic ko aeolian tafiyar matakai. Kowace daga cikin wadannan tafarkin da yake wani irin motsi da makamashi da kuma kwayoyin halitta a cikin zurfin ko surface na ɓawon burodi.

Iri sauƙi-kafa matakai

Duk abubuwan da tasiri da samuwar da surface na duniya tamu, ya kasu kashi na ciki da kuma exogenous. Duk da bambance-bambance, su ne ko da yaushe tare. Duk da haka, da rinjaye rawar da daya daga cikinsu ya dogara da halayyar da taimako a wasu yankunan.

Game da exogenous dalilai, suka ko da yaushe faruwa a farfajiya na Duniya. Ɗaukar hoto na irin matakai - marinjãya ɓangare na gona. Wannan taimako samuwar dalilai kamar yashewa da weathering, abrasion da denudation, da tasiri na glaciers da t. D. Haddasawa a irin wannan sakamako da harshen damo na kwayoyin, nauyi, da kuma rinjayar da hasken rana radiation makamashi. Exogenous dalilai da shafi a kan babba Layer na duniya ta ɓawon burodi da nunawa, kamar yadda mai mulkin, meso- da microforms surface. Wannan shi ne saboda su bai isa a kula tasiri a kan ma'aunan kasa tsarin da duniyar tamu.

Manyan landforms aka kafa a sakamakon daukan hotuna zuwa na ciki dalilai. Yana matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin hanjinsu na duniya, wanda ake sa ta da gravitational karfi da kuma ciki makamashi. Major landforms bayyana saboda wasu dalilai tasowa a sakamakon juyawa daga wannan duniya tamu. Ta yaya za a iya bayyana na ciki matakai? Su gaban nuna mana da ayyukan laka volcanoes, magmatism, tectonic ƙungiyoyi, da sauransu. D. Kuma duk wadannan cututtuka suna lalacewa ta hanyar rinjayar thermal makamashi na duniya sakamakon rediyoaktif lalata abin da ke faruwa a cikin alkyabba. Yana da daraja yana cewa na ciki matakai na duniya ta ɓawon burodi kasu iri biyu - da Oceanic da kuma nahiyar.
Effect na ciki zafi makamashi sa yunkuri na lithosphere. Wannan muhimmanci musanya taimako taswira. Kafa zunubanku, kuma folds, tsaunuka da kuma depressions daga cikin manya Layer na duniya ta ɓawon burodi.

Mene ne misalai na taimako kafa ta mataki na na ciki matakai? Da farko, shi ne laifuffukan Duniya ta ɓawon burodi. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin size da kuma siffar, kazalika da lokaci na samuwar. A mafi zurfi daga wadannan laifuffukan - a manyan block na fuskantar da a kwance, kuma a tsaye hijira. Sau da yawa tsare shaci na nahiyoyi. Manyan tubalan na Duniya ta ɓawon burodi ne a zahiri Ribar da kananan laifinsu. Mafi sau da yawa shi ne kogin kwaruruka, tsaunuka da filayen kwarinta. Kuma duk wadannan siffofin, kamar yadda mai mulkin, yin zamani tsaye motsi a cikin ko dai shugabanci. Saboda haka, Upland, a cikinsa shirya Kurskaia, Voronezh Belgorodskaia yankin, kuma yana da m dagawa gudun 4 zuwa 6 millimeters a kowace shekara. Amma da Oka-Don kwaruruka, a maimakon haka, an tsallake. A kudi na wannan tsari da nawa zuwa 2 mm. Ya kamata a ce cewa topography da kuma binciken kasa ta duniya ɓawon burodi suna a hankali nasaba. Ancient ƙungiyoyi na duniya tamu tubalan an nuna a yanayin da ya faru kasancewa a cikin su kankara.

Don kwanan wata, daya daga cikin abubuwan da shafi da canji a tadawa, ne mutum tattalin arziki aiki. Akwai da tasiri kai tsaye a kan ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi a lokacin karafa, a lokacin yi, kazalika da a ci gaba da filayen ga namo kayayyakin gona.

iska mataki

Exposure da iska taro da kwarara zuwa cikin yanayi ne ubiquitous. iska da kuma taimako-aiki ne mai factor cewa yana da wani musamman babban tasiri a kan ƙasa na fako. Daban-daban duniya surface roughness a wannan yanayin ya faru dangane da aiki na deflation tsari. Wannan hurawa yashi taro.

Har ila yau, su canja wuri ya auku da kuma kara shaida (jari). Wadanda landforms cewa kafa a sakamakon iska, an kira aeolian. Kuma wannan ba abin mamaki bane, kamar yadda Aeolus - sunan da tsoho Greek bautãwa na iska. Mene ne asalin irin wannan ƙasa? An kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wadannan matakai:
- deflation - sako-sako da ƙasa hurawa.
- lalata - nika da nika sawmills.
- canja wuri da ƙasa iska gudana;
- jari na kayan.

Iska gudun aka kai tsaye alaka da canja wurin na kasar gona barbashi, located a bãyan ƙasa. Saboda haka, a lokacin da iska taro kwarara daya na biyu a nesa na 4,5-6,7 mita iya koma 0.25 mm yashi hatsi. A mafi girma gudu (11,4-13 m / s), adadin da zai iya zuwa har 1.5 mm.

Forms deflationary sauƙi

Matakai hurawa sako-sako da ƙasa sau da yawa faruwa a arable ƙasar ba bisa ga ƙasar noma. Abin da ya sa da samuwar aeolian landforms a cikin wannan hali? Deflation tsari ne saboda asarar tsarin a cikin humus sararin sama plowing sakamakon a wani dogon lokaci. Ƙasa farawa sauƙi a cikin ƙaho, har wannan sabon abu to kai 125 ton a kowace kadada. Deflation matakai faruwa a cikin Rasha Tsakiya Black Duniya yankin. Alal misali, a 1967, a kudu da Voronezh yankin bugãwa ƙura hadari rushe game da 60 ton a kowace kadada na gona.

Description na taimako yankunan a cikinsa akwai wata partially gyarawa da ciyayi, shi ne wani canzawar deflation daruna da suke tsakanin partitions. Wannan ake kira salula wuri mai faɗi da yashi kafa ta iska talakawa alternating kwatance a sababbu deflation na kasar gona barbashi. Lokacin da ci iskõki tasa zama jinjirin dimbin yawa, kuma suna da wani fuskantarwa. Suna da ake kira kamar haka: rami Hakika aeolian Sands. The most irin siffofin ne har zuwa saba'in mita zurfin. Suna sau da yawa samu a Arabia, inda aka kira su fuldzhi.

Siffofin lalatattu sauƙi

Fir taro na yashi cikin ƙaho sau da yawa kara da kara kashe surface yadudduka na dutse, wanda ake samu a cikin hanyar su motsi. A wannan yanayin, da samuwar:
- lalatattu maharibai.
- "dutse ginshiƙai".
- aeolian "dutse namomin kaza".

Game da lalata maharibai, su ilimi daukan wuri, a matsayin mai mulkin, a wani sauƙi destructible kankara. Su ne misali, marls da sandstones. Idan sako-sako da dutse rufe tare da m, to, akwai samuwar "dutse namomin kaza" ko "dutse ginshiƙai". Shi ne mai ban mamaki a cikin kyakkyawa landforms. Suna iya kama sandunan, hasumiya, da fungi.

Yadda shi kafa wannan halitta abin mamaki? Air taro kwashe tare da kankanin rafi weathering kayayyakin, kazalika da fluttering jari na sako-sako da kaya. Manyan in ikon yinsa, talakawa na yashi a lamba tare da dutse. A wannan yanayin da kasar gona barbashi aiki a matsayin wani abrasive kayan. Sun kara da kara surface kankara. A sakamakon irin wannan illa da kuma masu peculiar eolian tsari a matsayin ginshiƙai da fungi.

Wani lokaci iska ta fãɗa da a sako-sako da kaya daga dukan tasa. Wannan m ko zagaye siffar da ciwon da dama dubun zuwa dama daruruwan mita fadin. Wani lokaci deflation daruna kamar furrows. Sa'an nan kuma suna kira yardang. Wadannan GROOVES sukan kafa tare da hanyoyi ko wasu sifofi da elongated girma.

accumulative siffofin

Duk wani daga cikin iska taro kwarara yana iyãwarsa, ikon da jikewa. A farko nuna alama cewa characterizes adadin yashi iya matsawa da wannan iska da karfi. Ikon aka ƙaddara daga real yawan gona-haifa barbashi. Kuma abin da ke cikin jikewa da iska take kaɗawa? Wannan ikon rabo da airflow iya aiki. Domin kananan dabi'u na wannan siga faruwa deflation, da kuma na manyan - accumulative. Ka yi la'akari da mataki na karshe na su.

Abin da ya sa da samuwar aeolian siffofin accumulative irin taimako? All guda aiki iska shari yashi barbashi. Lokacin da a cikin hanyar irin wannan taro ya gana da Bush ko wani cikas, sa'an nan a tudun navevaniya. Tara yashi gaba daya maida hankali ne akan shuka.

Akwai daban-daban misalai na taimako kafa ta jari tafiyar matakai. Amma a dukan siffofin ya kasu kashi biyu iri:
- a tsaye.
- giciye.

By tsaye siffofin hada da yashi ridges, wanda kuma ake kira ridged Sands. Su samuwar ne saboda da mataki na iska a cikin akai shugabanci. Wannan tsari yana sa da hurawa yashi daga nisin da lokaci daya saki da shi a cikin kafa tare da elevations ko ridges. Lokaci guda, akwai wani motsi da ƙasa barbashi zuwa ga iska ƙungiyoyi tare da kunya, game da shi tsawon kwanakinka a ci gaba da form.

Daga mai gangara accumulative eolian tsarin ne dunes, kuma sarkar barkhan dunes. Bari mu bincika su daki-daki.

dunes

A hamadar sau da yawa samu tuddai jinjirin wata siffar, da na fi wanda ake nuna da kuma mika wa m sakamakon iska talakawa. Wannan ne dunes. Abin da ya sa da samuwar aeolian landforms na da irin wannan? All guda aiki na iska. Dunes da asymmetric gangara. Its lebur gefen fuska da Windward gefe, da kuma m - to leeward. Dunes - wani mobile nau'i na m taimako. Su motsi ne jinkirin, amma kwari. A lokacin shekara, shi ne 50-60 mita. A Karakums wannan gudun ne da yawa mafi girma. Shi ne 12 mita a cikin watan da ya gabata.

Abin da ya sa da samuwar aeolian landforms na da irin wannan? Hakika, da aikin na m da kuma tsananin iska. Duk da haka, akwai wasu sauran abubuwan ƙarƙashin rinjayar da akwai dunes. Wadannan sun hada da:
- karamin adadin hazo.
- aiki jiki weathering na ƙasar kankara.
- karamin yawan ko total rashi na ciyayi.

kafa irin wannan taimako a kowane hali? Desert sauyin yanayi, da kuma wurare masu zafi temperate latitudes ne sosai moriya zuwa fitowan na dunes. A tsawo daga cikin yashi tsarin, kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne ba fiye da takwas mita. Amma wasu daga cikin mafi m na wanda za tashi zuwa 40 m.

barkhan sarkar

Wannan aeolian landforms cewa ya tashi sama da surface na duniya mutum ridges. Su wakiltar dama Fused dunes. Description na taimako na irin wannan sau da yawa ya ƙunshi wani nuni ne na gaban ãyõyin ripples, wanda aka located a kan Windward gangara. Wadannan su ne kananan, a layi daya directed yashi rollers, wanda tsayinsa ne a cikin kewayon 2-5 cm. The bayyanar alamun ripples lalacewa ta hanyar vibration na iska taro.

dunes

A cikin wadanda ba na wurare masu zafi Hamada ne sau da yawa ta yiwu su tsayar da samuwar mai gangara aeolian siffofin. Yana dunes. A karkashin mataki na iska iya daukar irin wannan tsarin da kuma a tsaye view. Wani lokaci dunes kama ta bayyanar dunes hankali. Duk da haka, a bambanci, da "zankayen" na irin tsarin umarni da iska. A shaci contours kamar dunes kira parabolic.

Me kuma suke aeolian landforms? Wadannan sun hada da wadanda dunes cewa an jingina da pyramidal. Similar tsarin su ne mafi girma daga cikin Aeolian. Su za a iya gani a Asiya ta tsakiya da kuma a cikin Sahara. Pyramidal dunes aka kafa a lokacin da iskõki busa a cikin daban-daban kwatance. Wani lokaci wadannan siffofin isa wani tsawo na 150 mita. Jingina a kan dunes aka kafa a kusa da dutsen jeri. Wannan shi ne na musamman m sawu, wahayi zuwa gare ta iska talakawa a kan gangara. Jingina a kan dunes sau da yawa da tsawo na 200 m.

Sauran aeolian ilimi

Sau da yawa da motsi na gona barbashi iyaka ciyayi, located a kan ƙasa na su rarraba. Saboda haka, a gaban rare fauna yadudduka an kafa m Sands. A cikin yashi kwari da a bakin tekun akwai Kuchugury. Wannan ake kira cumulus Sands.

A kan ƙasa na m kasashen yada ba kawai yashi, amma kuma m, kuma lãka Hamada. Inda za ka iya tsayar da samuwar siffofin daban-daban na deflation. Saboda haka, tsinkaya daga duwãtsu a cikin m Hamada sukan rufe da wani da ake kira hamada varnish. Shi ne mai tsananin haske ɓawon burodi kafa a sakamakon capillary zane dutse Saline mafita. Mafi m da hannu a cikin wannan tsari da kuma micro-kwayoyin, maida hankali hydroxides da oxides na baƙin ƙarfe, manganese da sauran abubuwa.

A surface daga lãka Hamada ne rawayar} asa irin. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa taimako a cikin wannan yankin da aka sanya na rufaffiyar m depressions da lebur kasa. Takyrs kira wannan samuwar. Su surface an rufe tare da mudcake, wanda ya raba da wani dukan cibiyar sadarwa na fasa. A rare shawa takyrs accumulates a cikin ruwa, da sealing Layer daga cikin manya.

Domin taimako da kuma yankunan m ne halin da magudanun ruwa daruna. Tara tara ruwan sama a kansu da wani dakin don fita. Similar cavities iya mika ga daruruwan kilomita, kai zurfin mita 200. Irin wannan tsarin za a iya gani a Libya hamada. Yana Qattara mawuyacin, cikakkar alamar wanda shi ne debe 134 mita. A samuwar irin siffofin ya ƙunsa ba kawai iska. A muhimmiyar rawa a nan sanya lithological da kuma tsarin-ma'aunan kasa yanayi. A wasu wurare, kamar ciki binne a karkashin wani Layer na yashi.

Sha'awa, da takyrs kullum kara bunkasa. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa iska naushe da halaka da tace cake a farfajiya. Irin wannan deflation matakai kai ga samuwar lãka dunes. Wadannan siffofin za a iya samu a Mexico.

A wuri mai faɗi da subtropical da kuma wurare masu zafi da zones qawatawa relict ko insular yankunan, kazalika da denudation filayen. Wadannan siffofi suna kafa a sauran canjin yanayin da, amma har yanzu su ne mafi hali na Hamada.

A cikin sauƙi na Asiya ta tsakiya ba denudation rabe tuddanta, wuya cin abinci alãma tuddai. Wannan tsibirin ridges da lebur fi da kuma m gangara ne m. Irin wannan siffofin a Central Asia ne Turtkul sunan. Su samuwar iya yi da farko da gudummawar da yashewa daga cikin wadanda ba na dindindin magudanai, kuma bayan da babban rawa da aka sanya wa deflation matakai lalacewa ta hanyar iska aiki.