Alexander Solzhenitsyn, da Nobel Prize: ga wani samfurin kuma lokacin da aka bayar da?

Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn - Nobel Prize lashe, babban Rasha marubuci kuma jama'a adadi. Sunansa ake dangantawa da Patriarchate na duniya na gargajiya wallafe-wallafe, yana da wani muhimmi rashin tausayi da categorical farillai game da duk abin da ya faru a kasar a lokacin da yake rayuwa. Solzhenitsyn ya iya magana m, kuma m kalmomi a madadin miliyoyin, da inganta kasa shawara, bayar da shawarwari game da ãdalci da kyautatãwa.

Solzhenitsyn: Provenance

"Abin da aka sosai daraja daga mutãne ne m ga Allah!" - jayayya da m Rasha adabi ba zai yiwu ba a kwanakin nan namu. Hard-lashe aiki Aleksandra Isaevicha hidima a matsayin kai tsaye tabbatarwa da ya sani daga cikin sauki gaskiyar samuwar dan'adam. Haife marubuci a 1918 a Arewa Caucasus, ɗan baƙi daga Kuban manoma. Solzhenitsyn iyayen kasance mãsu basĩra mutane, rubuce-rubuce da kuma asali kimiyyar. Aleksandra Isaevicha Mahaifinmu ya rasu a gaban a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, bai ga ya yaro. Uwar da marubuci, Taisia Zakharovna, samu aiki a matsayin mai mai bugun tafireta bayan mijinta mutuwa, da don matsawa da kadan Sasha a Rostov-on-Don. Ga kuma yaranta gida na babban marubuci.

Soyayya na adabi daga yara

Zai ze, nan gaba Aleksandra Isaevicha wani foregone ƙarshe daga makaranta. Hakika, da malamai sha'awan da m capacities na yaro, kuma ba zai iya tunanin cewa Solzhenitsyn lashe kyautar Nobel ga "da da'a da karfi tare da wanda ya bi da ba makawa hadisai na Rasha adabi" - cewa sauti don haka na aikin sunan category. Duk da haka, da hali to a rubuta contrasting yaro bambanta da shi daga wani adadin dalibai a makarantar kwana.

Nasarar tun karatu a Rostov University kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilmin lissafi, da girma a nan gaba marubuci aka hayar da wani malamin makaranta. Rayuwa malalo marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo a daukar line: hada aikin da kuma ci gaba da koyo daga rubutu form (Faculty of Falsafa a Moscow), ya sadaukar da kayayyakin lokaci da samar da labarai, makala da waqe. Canje-canje da suka faru a cikin sirri rai: Aleksandr Isaevich aure dalibi Natalia Reshetovskaya, sha'awar wallafe-wallafen da kuma music. A kaka 1941 da marubuci aka kira su zuwa ga bauta wa. Bayan kamar wata shekaru na binciken a wani soja makaranta, Solzhenitsyn zo zuwa gaba, inda ya har yanzu gudanar da sassaƙa fitar da free lokaci ga wallafe-wallafen aiki.

A farkon na yaki da siyasa gwamnatin

Samun Solzhenitsyn Nobel Prize - ba sosai saboda na marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, ta iyawa ko da ikon ninka Lines da hankali, a sakamakon m da wuya gwagwarmayar anti-Soviet agitation. Buga na farko opus a wartime Aleksandru Isaevichu bai yi nasara ba: a cikin shekarar 1945, Solzhenitsyn, kasancewa a kyaftin, da aka kama domin tattaunawa tare da wani aboki, dauke da zargi na Comrade Stalin.
Marubucin ƙoƙari rushe ikon a kama kudin shi shekaru takwas a sansanin. Amazing nufin da kuma bukatun mutum: kasancewa a cikin kurkuku, ya ba su bar ra'ayin gaya duniya game da so da Stalinist tsarin mulki.

Creative turu Solzhenitsyn: lokacin daga shekarar 1957 zuwa shekarar 1964

Kawai a cikin shekara ta 1957, wani dan gidan fursuna da aka gyara. Kila game da Nobel Prize, Solzhenitsyn sa'an nan ba su yi tunani, amma shiru game da danniya da suka gabata da shekaru ba a je. A lokacin "Khrushchev narke" ya zama daya daga cikin dace da wani marubuci ta aiki. A sa'an nan Soviet jagoranci, ba kawai ba ya hana daukan hotuna na da laifi manufar da wanda ya riga, amma kuma a yarda a buga labari "Wata rana a cikin Ivana Denisovicha." Aikin rubuta sauƙi m ga yawan jama'a, ya samar haƙi fashewa: shi ne wata magana game da wani rana a sansanin fursunonin. Buga da labarin ya fara a nahiyar Turai, duk da sukar yaba da aikin da yarda da shi ba ta dakatar da aika na yau da kullum da labaru ga ɗaba'ar.

Haramtawar na Solzhenitsyn ayyukan a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

The canji na jagorancin jihar Elite tsakiyar 70s sake taka leda ba a hannunka zuwa Solzhenitsyn. Kafin Nobel Prize marubuci kokarin tura zuwa shiri na kasa lambar yabo - da Lenin Prize. Duk da haka, ya takarar a lokacin wani jefa kuri'a a asirce na kwamitin da aka share. Af, wannan shi ne a wata hanya ba, zai iya shafar shahararsa na marubuci: karanta Solzhenitsyn, dukan aji na Soviet kawo dukkan. Saya litattafaina a kantin sayar da littattafai da aka ba zai yiwu ba, amma yana aiki a zahiri tafiya a kan hannayensa, da barin kowane karatu na tsawon ba fiye da kwanaki uku. Wasu labaru da aka buga ba tare da inuwõyi, kamar yadda wani ɗan littafi - shi ya dace da kuma sa shi sauki boye dakatar marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo da almara idan ya cancanta.

Siyasa danniya da marubuci

A shekarar 1965, gwamnatin fara zuwa halin sa baki a cikin aikin na marubuci. Kwata na rubuce-rubucen, da wallafe-wallafen marubuci ta archive, wani ban a kan masu karatu 'marece featuring na marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, da kuma littafin da wani sabon labari "Cancer Ward", wanda shi ne zargin da "gurbata gaskiya" da kuma aka gane a matsayin anti-Soviet, kuma a karshe fitar daga Writers' Union - irin matakan hana wallafe-wallafen aikin, amma suka kasa dakatar da kasashen waje edition na litattafan. Akwai wani abin da ba a buga a gida, sai ta shiga wurare dabam dabam a kasar waje. Duk da haka, marubucin bai ba da kanta ta amsa to irin wannan mataki, ba su gane nauyin da sikelin.

Nobel Prize: lashe kyautar ba tare da

Lokacin da Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn lashe kyautar Nobel, Soviet talabijin kokarin rufe daga jama'a da labarai da lambar yabo na "bourgeois" awards zuwa 'yan kasarta. Da ƙarfin hali da marubucin ayyukansu a cikinsa daga gaskiya da rai ya tafi bayan "gurguzu hakikanci", ya cancanci gaskiya girmamawa. A gaskiya, da ƙarfin hali da ƙarfi a cikin bin jama'a adalci - wannan shi ne daidai abin da Solzhenitsyn lashe kyautar Nobel. Amma, maimakon kyautar bikin a Stockholm, wanda Aleksandr Isaevich aka gayyata, taron da aka yi bikin a wani kusa da'irar wadanda kusa da shi mutanen da suka sauraron watsa shirye-shirye daga Sweden a rediyo a kasar aboki kuma mawaki Mstislav Rostropovich. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da wani ban sha'awa aya game da Nobel Prize for ayyukan Solzhenitsyn da marubuci ya zama zakara na ta irin, kamar yadda daga ranar bazawa na farko labarin to da kyautar dauki kawai 8 years old - a cikin tarihi na awards ne ya fi sauri riba amincewar kasashen duniya.

Da tsoron cewa a cikin hali na tafiya kasashen waje, da hukumomi ƙi shi sake shigarwa, zauna a gida. Direct bayarwa na Solzhenitsyn, da Nobel Prize ne kawai a shekara ta 1974, shekaru hudu bayan da awarding bikin.

marubuci matsaloli bayan da Nobel Prize

Nan da nan bayan da sanarwa na nasara da babbar Duniya marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo kyautar a baya tura yaƙi da shi ya fara hanzari samun lokacinta. Kan gaba biyu shekaru a gida duk da bugu na marubucin an hallaka, da kuma Paris littafin "tarin tsiburai Gulag" kawai ya fusatar da wakilan kwaminisanci shugabannin.

A bazawara marubucin, Natalia, na tabbata da mahada, da kuma kurkuku lokaci ajiye Solzhenitsyn ta Nobel Prize for Wallafe-wallafe. Wannan lambar yabo da ya rike da marubuci ba kawai 'yanci da kuma rayuwa, amma kuma sanya shi yiwu ya halicci duk da Soviet katsalandan. Lokacin da Alexander Solzhenitsyn lashe kyautar Nobel, wani mummunan shiryayye shugabanni na Tarayyar Soviet ba ya da wani shakka cewa m masauki "agitator" da kuma "anti-Soviet farfagandar ra'ayoyi" a kasar za su kawai karfafa matsayinsa.

Fitar maimakon gaskiya: 16 shekaru yana gudun hijira

Ba da da ewa Andropov, sa'an nan kai da KGB da m Janar Rudenko aikin ga fitar da marubuci na kasar da aka shirya. A karshe shawarar da hukumomin ba da jima a zuwa: A 1974, da Presidium Koli Soviet da Tarayyar Soviet "domin din hukumar ayyukan da suke yi hannun riga da na ga dan kasa na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma tareda žata da Tarayyar Soviet", Solzhenitsyn aka tube wa dan kasa da kuma tura zuwa Jamus.

Shugaban umurnin 1990 dan kasa marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo da iyalinsa suna mayar da su. Bugu da kari, a cikin kaka na wannan shekara na Nobel Prize Solzhenitsyn sake na tuna da dukan ƙasar. Da aka buga a "Komsomolskaya Pravda" ya shirin labarin jari hujja tsari na Rasha da aka samu da kyau da jama'a. Bayan 'yan watanni Solzhenitsyn aka bayar da Jihar Prize for buga a Faransa a shekarar 1973, "The Gulag tarin tsiburai." Ba da da ewa, duk ayyukan da aka buga a waje na Rasha da aka buga a mahaifarsa, da kuma a cikin tsakiyar 90s tare koma gida tare da matarsa da kuma 'ya'yansa maza, sa'an nan zuwa ga rayayye tafiyar da zamantakewa.

A dawowar Solzhenitsyn ta zamantakewa a cikin '90s

Nobel Prize lashe Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, Rasha ya zama personification na demokra] iyya da'irori da iko, wani mai goyon bayan gina sabon, anti-kwaminis jihar. Abin mamaki, da marubuci samu dama Offers, har zuwa a guje don shugabancin.

A halin yanzu, jama'a magana Solzhenitsyn nuna amfaninsa da ya wuce ideas a cikin al'umma. Da yake ina da live wakilin cewa epoch, classic na kasa adabi da kuma a lokaci guda da shaida a kan rashin tausayi Stalinist gwamnatin, Aleksandr Isaevich sa a gaba ideas cewa har abada motsi daga cikin rãyuwar suke da su, yayin da sauran wani ban tausayi page na Rasha tarihi a baya.

Criticism na karshe ayyukan ta Nobel

A daukan hankali misali na savanin na Solzhenitsyn yanzu, bisa ga sukar, shi ne littafin "shekara ɗari biyu Tare". A aikin da aka buga a 2001. Amma sakamakon na tsawon shekaru goma daga aiki da marubucin kawai gigice wakilan da kimiyya da kuma tarihi Sphere. Numbness kira kansa mai marubuci ta ra'ayin - tarihin Yahudawa da mutane a Rasha. A samfurin ya sa wani flurry na sukar na perplexity da haushinka - me ya sa Solzhenitsyn sake tada riga matsala topic na dangantakar dake tsakanin kasashen biyu?

Ra'ayin game Solzhenitsyn ta ayyukan da aka raba, amma saboda wasu dauke da wani fitacciyar aiki, gaskiya manifesto na Rasha kasa shawara, yayin da wasu sa har a gauraye kima da aikin marubucin, ya ce cewa marubuci kusan yabon Yahudawa, da kuma zai yi rubuta daban game da su tougher. Wani aikata, kuma tarar samfurin jerin frankly anti-Semitic litattafan. Solzhenitsyn kansa ba sau daya jaddada mafi haƙiƙa kuma unbiased ɗaukar hoto na topic.

Summing up: darajar Solzhenitsyn a duniya adabi

Don yin hukunci da kerawa da marubucin, duba ga tabbatacce kuma korau al'amurran na littafinsa ne ma farkon - da littafin ba a kammala. Amma, a fili munasaba da jigo na aikin da aka ba tukuna sa da kalaman na tattaunawa.

Domin Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Prize ba abin yabo a rayuwa. Marubucin ya dauka a cancantar wuri a cikin tarihi na Rasha da kuma duniya adabi, da inganta ideas ga talakawa game da gaskiya halin da ake ciki a kasar, tsunduma a aikin jarida da kuma zamantakewa aiki. Mafi yawa daga cikin ayyukan da marubucin samar da miliyoyin kofe biyu a Rasha da kuma kasashen waje. "The Gulag tarin tsiburai", "A farko Circle", "Cancer Ward" da kuma wasu ayyukan da suka zama misalta duniya-marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, wanda rabo fadi da yawa wuya gwaji na rayuwa.

Ka tuna, ba za ka iya manta!

Babban marubuci ya rasu a watan Agusta 2008. A sabili da mutuwar 89-shekara Solzhenitsyn aiki a matsayin congestive zuciya rashin cin nasara. A ranar da ban kwana da mawallafin wasannin kwaikwayo, Dmitry Medvedev ya bayar da umurnin da ya shafi harkar ƙwaƙwalwar na marubuci, kuma jama'a adadi. A daidai da shugaban kasa shawara ga mafi dalibai na Rasha jami'o'i da aka kafa sukolashif Solzhenitsyn, daya daga cikin babban birnin kasar ta titunan yanzu ma Bears sunan girmama na Aleksandra Isaevicha, kuma Rostov-on-Don kuma Kislovodsk ne Monuments, bude plaques.

Yau, wasu daga Solzhenitsyn ta ayyuka suna kunshe a cikin m m janar ilimi shirin for Rasha wallafe-wallafe. Dalibai karanta labarin "Wata rana a cikin Ivana Denisovicha," da labarin "Matryona", a biography na marubuci koyi darussa daga tarihi, da kuma tun 2009 a jerin ayyukan art, shawarar domin karatu, kuma ru ta "The Gulag tarin tsiburai." Duk da haka, da dalibai karanta bai cika version of labari - rage samfurin sau da yawa, Solzhenitsyn ta bazawara ya rike tsarin da kaina tattalin bugu.