Atomic crystal raga

Duk wani abu a cikin yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani, aka hada da karami barbashi. Su, bi da bi, suna da alaka ta samar da wata takamaiman tsarin, wanda kayyade Properties na musamman abu.

A atomic crystal raga halayyar daskararru da ya auku a low yanayin zafi da kuma high matsin lamba. A gaskiya, shi ne godiya ga wannan tsarin, lu'u-lu'u, karafa da kuma sauran kayan zama halayyar ƙarfi.

A tsarin da irin wannan abubuwa a matakin kwayoyin, kama wani crystal raga, kowane zarra na wanda aka bonded tare da maƙwabcinsa mafi m fili data kasance a cikin yanayi - a covalent bond. Duk da karami abubuwa kafa tsarin ana shirya a wani ma'ana da kuma na yau da kullum jinkiri. Wakiltar wani layin wutar a cikin abin da sasanninta na kwayoyin halitta suna located, kewaye da yaushe wannan adadin da tauraron dan adam, atomic crystal raga kusan ba ya canja tsarinta. Sananne ne cewa canji na m karfe ko gami tsari, zai iya dumama shi. Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ne mafi girma, da karfi shaidu a cikin raga.

A wasu kalmomin, da atomic crystal raga ne key zuwa da ƙarfi, kuma taurin na kayan. A wannan yanayin, duk da haka, ya kamata ya yi la'akari da cewa da tsari na kwayoyin halitta a daban-daban kayan iya zama daban-daban, wanda bi da bi, rinjayar da digiri ƙarfi. Alal misali, lu'u-lu'u da kuma graphite, da abun da ke ciki guda carbon zarra, to mafi girma har bambanta da juna a cikin sharuddan ƙarfi: lu'u-lu'u - mafi wuya abu a duniya, da graphite iya exfoliate da kuma karya. Gaskiyar cewa a cikin crystal raga na graphite atoms shirya a yadudduka. Kowane Layer yayi kama da kudan zuma cell a cikin abin da carbon atoms suna da alaƙa quite rauni. Irin wannan tsarin sa mai lebur niƙẽwa fensir kaiwa: a yanayin saukan breakage na graphite ne kawai peeled kashe. Wani abu - da lu'u-lu'u crystal raga wanda ya ƙunshi m carbon atoms, Ina nufin waɗanda waxanda suke iya samar da 4 karfi bond. Hallaka cewa hadin gwiwa zai yiwu ba.

Metal raga, haka ma, mallaka wasu halaye:

1. raga Period - da darajar fassara da nisa tsakanin cibiyoyin biyu m kwayoyin halitta auna ta raga haƙarƙari. Common tsarin rubutu daga gare shi ne daban-daban daga cikin ilmin lissafi: a, b, c - da tsawon, nisa, tsawo daga cikin raga, bi da bi. Babu shakka, da girman da Figures ne don haka kananan cewa nesa aka auna a cikin karami raka'a - daya daga cikin goma na wani nanometer ko angstrom raka'a.

2. - da daidaituwa da lambar. Nuna alama cewa kayyade shiryawa yawa daga cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin wannan tsararru. Haka kuma, ta yawa ya fi girma, mafi girma da lambar K. A gaskiya, wannan adadi kuma wakiltar da yawan sunadaran da suke kusa yadda ya kamata da kuma a daidai nesa daga karatu zarra.

3. Tushen raga. Darajar characterizing raga yawa. Yana wakiltar jimlar yawan sunadaran cewa suna cikin wani musamman cell a karkashin binciken.

4. Compactness factor aka auna da kirgawa da total raga girma raba da girma cewa sun mamaye dukan sunadaran a cikinsa. Kamar baya biyu, wannan darajar nuna da yawa daga cikin karatu grating.

Mun gani, kawai 'yan abubuwa, wanda shi ne halayyar da atomic crystal raga. A halin yanzu, mai girma yawan su. Duk da] imbin bambancin, crystalline atomic raga ya hada da raka'a suna ko da yaushe da alaka da wani covalent bond (iyakacin duniya, ko nonpolar). Bugu da ƙari kuma, irin wannan abubuwa kusan insoluble a ruwa kuma suna da low thermal watsin.

A yanayi, akwai iri uku crystal lattices: da cubic jiki-tsakiya, fuska-tsakiya cubic, kyakkyawan kusa-cushe.