Crawler tarakta Tarayyar Soviet. History of tractors a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

A Tarayyar Soviet tarakta biya da hankali. Farming ne a gaggawa bukatar na mechanization da nasu shuke-shuke da aka ba a cikin kasar. Sane da bukatar kara yawan aiki a cikin karkara, V. I.Lenin hannu da umarni a 1920 "A cikin guda farm tarakta." Tuni a cikin shekara ta 1922, shi ya fara kananan-sikelin samar na cikin gida da model "Kolomenets" da "Zaporozhets." A farko Soviet tarakta ya zahiri gurgunta da kuma na bakin ciki, amma bayan da biyu na shekaru biyar nasara zo a cikin shiri na musamman Enterprises.

"Rasha" ɗan fari

Rasha ya kasance kullum domin ta shahara? Ir, amma ba dukan ra'ayoyin masu iya saka a cikin yi. A cikin XVIII karni agronomist I. M. Komov tada fitowar ta mechanization na aikin noma. A tsakiyar karni XIX V. P. Gurev, sa'an nan DA Zagryazhsky ɓullo da tururi tractors domin plowing. A 1888 F. A. Blinov sanya da kuma gwada na farko tururi tarakta crawler. Duk da haka, da na'urar zo ma amfani da tsauraran matakan. Duk da haka, a hukumance da shekara haihuwa yana dauke su Rasha tarakta 1896-th, a lokacin da duniya ta fari tururi hanya-type tarakta da aka bayyane ya nuna a Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

A bakin kofa daga cikin XX karni zanen Ya. V. Mamin (dalibi Blinov) beskompressorny ƙirƙira high-matsawa engine cewa gudanar a kan m man fetur. Shi ne kamar babu sauran dace don amfani a wheeled sa ido motocin. A 1911, shi ma aka yi harhada farko m tarakta da 18-kilowatt mota na ciki konewa da cewa samun m sunan "Rasha". Bayan zamani ya bayyana a mafi iko engine - 33 kW. Su kananan-sikelin samar An kafa a Balakovo shuka - har zuwa shekara ta 1914 samar wajen ɗari raka'a.

Baya Balakovo, al'ada-sanya tarakta samar a Bryansk, Kolomna, Rostov, Kharkov, Barvinkove, Kichkasse da kuma da dama sauran ƙauyuka. Amma jimlar samar da duk tractors a cikin gida Enterprises da aka haka kananan cewa kusan babu wani sakamako a kan halin da ake ciki a fannin aikin gona. A 1913, jimlar adadin wannan dabara aka kiyasta ya zama 165 kofe. Amma rayayye sayen waje kayan aiki: a 1917 a Rasha Empire a 1500 da aka shigo da tractors.

History of tractors a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

A shirin na Lenin ta ci gaba da kuma samar da mechanized gona kayan da aka ba musamman da hankali. Ka'idar guda tarakta noma yakan haifar ba kawai a saki "baƙin ƙarfe dawakai", kamar yadda suka kira da tarakta, amma kuma a sa na matakan ga kungiyar na gudanar da bincike da gwaji da wurin, shirya da wadata da kayayyakin gyara da kuma gyare-gyare, da bude daga cikin darussa Masters, malamai da kuma tarakta.

A farko tarakta a cikin Tarayyar Soviet bayar Kolomna factory a 1922. aikin darektan shi ne ya kafa na kasa makaranta tarakta E. D. Lvov. Wheeled motocin da ake kira "Kolomenets-1" da kuma nuna alamar farkon wani sabon zamanin a cikin karkara. Lenin, duk da tsanani da rashin lafiya, da kaina ya taya designers nasara.

A cikin wannan shekara a Kichkasse sha'anin "Red ci gaba" sanya tarakta "Zaporozhets." A tsarin da aka ma'ana. Gubar daya kadai da ya raya wheel. A low-ikon biyu-bugun jini engine da 8.8 kW clocked "baƙin ƙarfe doki" to 3.4 km / h. Canja wuri daya kadai da ya gaban. Ikon a ƙugiya - 4,4 kW. Amma wannan abin hawa ne ƙwarai gudanar da aikin na kyauyen.

I, kada ku zauna a kusa da almara ya kirkiro Mamin. Ya kyautata da pre-neman sauyi tsarin. A 1924, Tarayyar Soviet kuma ru tarakta model na iyali "Dwarf":

• Tricycle "Dwarf-1" da yaduwa, da kuma gudun 3-4 km / h.
• Hudu-dabaran "Little 2" da baya.

Al'amurra da waje kwarewa

Yayin da tarakta Tarayyar Soviet "gina tsoka", kuma Soviet designers ƙware da sabon Trend, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar kafa samar da waje fasahar lasisi. A shekarar 1923 a Kharkov shuka fara up a cikin jerin waƙa "Kommunar", shi ne magaji na Jamus model "Z-50 Ganomag". Suna amfani da mafi yawa a cikin sojojin for shari manyan bindigogi guda har 1945 (kuma daga baya).

A 1924, da Birnin Leningrad, ya shuka "Red Putilovets" (daga baya Kirov) ya ƙware da samar da cheap da fasali mai sauki "American" kamfanin "Fordson". Tsohon Soviet tarakta da wannan alama tabbatar da quite mai kyau. Su shugaban da m halaye da kuma "Zaporozhets", da kuma "Kolomenets". Kananzir engine carburetor (14.7 kW) ɓullo da wani gudun 10.8 km / h, da ikon a ƙugiya - 6,6 kW. gearbox - uku-gudun. Yana samar model har 1932. A gaskiya, shi ne na farko da manyan-sikelin samar da kayan aiki.

Yi tarakta shuke-shuke

Yana ta bayyana cewa for gama gonaki m tractors bukatar gina musamman masana'antu, hadawa kimiyya da aikin injiniya da ofisoshin da kuma masana'antu da wuraren. A Mafarin aikin ya F. E. Dzerzhinsky. Bisa ga ra'ayi, da sabon Enterprises shirya ya ba da kayayyakin zamani da kuma samar da massively cheap kuma abin dogara model na wheeled da kuma sa ido gogayya.

A farko-manyan sikelin samar da tractors a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da aka kafa a Stalingrad. A nan gaba, da ikon Kharkov, kuma Leningrad shuke-shuke da aka muhimmanci kumbura. Manyan kamfanonin sun bayyana a Chelyabinsk, Minsk, Barnaul da kuma sauran birane na Tarayyar Soviet.

Stalingrad tarakta factory

Stalingrad zama birni inda daga karce gina farko manyan tarakta factory. Saboda da dabarun matsayi (a rarrabawa da wadata da na Baku mai, Ural karfe da kuma Donbass ci) da kuma gaban da sojojin na gwani aiki, ya lashe gasar a Kharkov, Rostov, Zaporozhye, Voronezh, Taganrog. A shekara ta 1925 shi soma wani ƙuduri a kan yi na zamani sha'anin, kuma a 1930 taron line gangara almara Soviet iri dabaran tractors STZ-1. A nan gaba, a nan shi samar da fadi da kewayon wheeled da kuma sa ido model.

By Soviet lokaci sun hada da:

• STZ-1 (dabaran, 1930).
• SKHTZ 15/30 (Rim, 1930).
• STZ-3 (matafila, 1937).
• SKHTZ Nati (Track, 1937).
• Dt-54 (matafila, 1949).
• Dt-75 (matafila, 1963).
• Dt-175 (Track, 1986).

A shekarar 2005, da Volgograd Hoor (tsohon FCZ) ayyana fatara. Da magaji ya zama VgTZ.

Dt-54

Crawler tarakta Tarayyar Soviet a cikin tsakiyar karni XX, ya zama tartsatsi, yawan model da suka kasance mafiya dabaran. A m misali na noma kayan aiki , janar manufa shi ne ya bari daga cikin shekaru 1949-1979 tarakta dt-54. Mun sarrafa shi a Stalingrad, Kharkov, kuma Altay masana'antu total na 957.900 raka'a. Ya "alamar tauraro" a da yawa fina-finan ( "Ivan Brovkin a kan budurwa ƙasar," "wanda ya faru a Penkovo", "Kalina Krasnaya" da sauransu), ya kafa a matsayin tunawa da dama, ƙauyuka.

Engine sa D-54 a-line, hudu-Silinda, hudu-bugun jini, ruwa-sanyaya, saka rigidly a kan firam. Speed (ikon) engine 1300 Rev / min (54 l. C.). A biyar-gudun uku-hanyar watsa tare da babban kama da alaka driveline. Aiki gudun: 3,59-7,9 km / h, gogayya: 1000-2850 kg.

Kharkov Hoor Shuka

Yi HTZ su. Sergo Ordzhonikidze ya fara a 1930 a tazarar kilomita 15 zuwa gabas na Kharkov. Total domin gina da giant dauki watanni 15. A farko tarakta bar na'ura 1 Oktoba 1931 - shi aka aro daga model shuka SKHTZ Stalingrad 15/30. Amma babban maƙasudin ya haifar da wani m tarakta type "Caterpillar" 50 horsepower. Akwai kuma wata tawagar zanen PI Andrusenko wajen raya alamar dizal engine, wanda za a iya sa a kan duk crawler tarakta Tarayyar Soviet. A 1937 da shuka ta kai wani jerin modernized matafila model dangane SKHTZ Nati. Babban bidi'a ya more tattali da haka ya fi dacewa dizal engine.

Tun da farkon yakin da ma'aikata da aka kwashe zuwa Barnaul, inda ya halicci Dalili na Altai Hoor Shuka. Bayan kwata 'yanci na Kharkov, a 1944, samar aka koma a kan wannan site - almara Soviet tarakta model SKHTZ Nati sake shiga cikin jerin. Basic model HZT Soviet lokaci:

• SKHTZ 15/30 (Rim, 1930).
• SKHZT Nati Ita (Track, 1937).
• HTZ-7 (dabaran, 1949).
• HTZ-dt-54 (matafila, 1949).
• Dt-14 (matafila, 1955).
• T-75 (matafila, 1960).
• T-74 (matafila, 1962).
• T-125 (matafila, 1962).

A m maimaitawa da aka za'ayi shekaru 70 a HTZ, da samar da ba a tsaya. Girmamawa da aka sanya a saki "trehtonnikov" T-150K (wheel) da kuma T-150 (matafila). A high-ikon T-150K a kan shari'a a cikin United States (1979) ya nuna mafi kyau yi tsakanin duniya takwarorina, tabbatar da cewa tarakta tun rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet sun ba na baya zuwa kasashen waje. A cikin marigayi '80s model aka ɓullo da HTZ-HTZ-180 da kuma 200: su ne 20% inganci fiye da 150 Series, da kuma 50% mafi m.

T-150

Tractors Tarayyar Soviet sun mashahuri domin su AMINCI. Wannan a duniya high-gudun tarakta T-150 (T-150K) ya sanã'anta suna mai kyau. Ya na da wani m kewayon aikace-aikace: sufuri, aikin gina hanya, aikin gona Sphere. An har yanzu amfani da su safarar kaya a wuya kashe-hanya, a cikin filayen (plowing, peeling, namo, da sauransu. D.), A cikin rami. Iya safarar Trailers dauke da damar 10-20 tons. T-150 (C) musamman tsara turbonaduvnoy 6-Silinda dizal engine tare da V-dimbin yawa sanyi da ruwa sanyaya.

Bayani dalla-dalla T-150K:

• Nisa / tsawon / tsawo, m -. 2.4 / 5.6 / 3.2.
• Ma'auni, m. - 1.7 / 1.8.
• Mass, m -. 7.5 / 8.1.
• Power, HP - 150.
• Iyakar gudu, km / h - 31.

Minsk Hoor Works

Bisa MTZ May 29, 1946, da kuma aka dauke su watakila mafi nasara a wannan lokaci yanzu, riƙe ikon tun Soviet sau. A karshen shekarar 2013 akwai fiye da 21.000 mutane. A shuka gaba da rike 8-10% na duniya kasuwar domin tractors kuma shi ne na dabarun muhimmancin da Belarus. Yana samar da mai fadi da kewayon motoci a karkashin "Belarus" alamar kasuwanci. By lokacin da Soviet auka da aka samar kusan miliyan 3 raka'a art.

• KD-35 (matafila, 1950).
• CT-12 (matafila, 1951).
• MTZ-1 da kuma MTZ-2 (wheel, 1954).
• TDT-40 (matafila, 1956).
• MTZ-5 (dabaran, 1956).
• MTZ-7 (dabaran, 1957).

Manyan-sikelin maimaitawa na Minsk shuka ya fara a 1960. A layi daya da shigarwa na sabon kayan aiki designers aiki a kan gabatarwar m model na tractors MTZ-50 da kuma karin iko MTZ-52 tare da duk-dabaran drive. A cikin jerin suka tafi, bi da bi, a 1961 da kuma 1964. Tun da 1967, shi ƙãga sa ido gyara na T-54B a daban-daban versions. Idan muka magana game da sabon abu tarakta Tarayyar Soviet, to, don haka za a iya dauke da wani canji na auduga MTZ-50X tare da dual gaban ƙafafun da jigãwa yarda, wanda aka samar a 1969, kazalika da m MTZ-82K.

A mataki na gaba shi ne mai mulkin MTZ-80 (1974) - mafi m, a cikin duniya, kuma musamman canji na MTZ-82R, MTZ-82H. Tun da tsakiyar 80s MTZ ƙware dabara kan mutum ɗari horsepower: MTP-102 (100 HP), MTP-142 (150 HP.)., Kuma low-ikon mini-tarakta: 5, 6, 8, 12, 22 l. wani.

KD-35

Crawler tarakta cultivator ne m, mai sauƙi ga aiki da kuma gyara. Yadu a yi amfani da aikin noma a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Warsaw yarjejeniya kasashe. Nufa - aiki tare da garma da sauran aiwatarwa. Tun 1950, da shuka samar da wani canji na KDP 35, cikinsa da karami nisa takalma, fadi hanya, kuma Ya ƙãra ƙasa yarda.

Isa iko engine D-35, bi da bi, ya 37 lita. s., gearbox da 5, saukarwa (daya baya-biyar a gaba). Engine ne tattali: da talakawan amfani da man dizal da 1 ha ya 13 lita. Fuel tank ishe 10 hours na aikin - shi ya isa ga yankan 6 kadada. C sanye take da 1959 model shekara kyautata powertrain D-40 (45 l. C.) Kuma ya karu gudun (1600 Rev / min). Har ila yau inganta AMINCI da shasi.

Chelyabinsk Hoor Shuka kafin yaki

Magana game da tarakta Tarayyar Soviet ba zai iya watsi da tarihi na Chelyabinsk shuka, ya sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga batun zaman lafiya art, kuma a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya zama smithy tankuna da kuma "kai-propelled". Famous CTZ gina a cikin wani bude filin daga, hanyõyi, ta amfani da na zaba, da manyan cokula, da crowbars. A yanke shawarar gina da aka dauka a watan Mayu 1929 a 14 Congress of Soviets da Tarayyar Soviet. A cikin watan Yuni 1929 da Leningrad GIPROMEZ fara aiki a kan shuka aikin. CTZ zane da aka yi da za'ayi tare da lissafi na da gwaninta na American mota da kuma tarakta kamfanonin, yafi Caterpillar.

Daga Fabrairu zuwa Nuwamba 1930 da aka gina matukin jirgi shuka da aka sa a cikin aiki. A da bakwai Nuwamba 1930. CTZ kafa kwanan wata aka dauke su Agusta 10, 1930, lokacin da akwai wani kwanciya na farko tushe na foundry. Yuni 1, 1933 farko crawler tarakta Chelyabinsk ma'aikata tafi zuwa ga shiri layi - "Stalinets-60." fiye da 61.000 tractors da aka samar a 1936. Yanzu yana da bege tarakta Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma a cikin 30s model C-60 ya m, a halaye analogues Stalingrad da Kharkov shuke-shuke kusan ninki biyu.

A 1937, lokaci guda Mastering samar da dizal injuna C-60, pereshѐl shuka, don samar da karin man fetur-ingantaccen tractors C-65. A shekara daga baya, wannan tarakta aka bayar da mafi kyautar da "Grand Prix" a wani nuni a Paris, da kuma aka yi amfani da yin fim na daba Soviet film "tarakta." A 1940, da Chelyabinsk Hoor Shuka aka umurce su da su je yaki samar - tankuna, kai-propelled raka'a, injuna, kayayyakin gyara.

A post-yaki tarihi

Duk da matsaloli na wartime, da tarakta ba su manta game da kuka fi so kasuwanci. Dã wani ra'ayin: me ya sa ba sa amfani da irin abubuwan da na Amirkawa? Lalle ne, a cikin United States lokacin yakin duniya na II bai dakatar da samar da tractors. A analysis ya nuna cewa mafi kyau na American tarakta model ne D-7. A shekarar 1944 ya fara ci gaban da takardun da zane.

Bayan shekaru 2, tare da maimaitawa na shuka, Janairu 5, 1946 da farko tarakta S-80 da aka saki. By 1948, kamfanin kammala da sake fasalin kudin a ranar saki 20-25 raka'a sa ido motocin. A shekarar 1955 da zane ofisoshin sun fara aiki a kan wani sabon, mafi iko tractors da 100 da kuma ci gaba da kara yawan longevity na wani tarakta S-80.

model:

• C-60 (matafila, 1933).
• C-65 (matafila, 1937).
• C-80 (matafila, 1946).
• C-100 (matafila, 1956).
• Det-250 (matafila, 1957).
• T-100m (matafila, 1963).
• T-130 (matafila, 1969).
• T-800 (matafila, 1983).
• T-170 (matafila, 1988).
• Det-250M2 (Track, 1989)..
• T-10 (matafila, 1990).

Det-250

A ƙarshen 50 na aikin an saita: don tsara da kuma samar don gwajin gwaji na mai tarakta tare da damar ƙarfin doki 250. Daga matakai na farko da mawallafin sabuwar ƙirar suka bar al'adun gargajiya da kuma sanannun hanyoyi. A karo na farko a cikin aikin yakin tarkon Soviet suka gina gidaje mai kwakwalwa da kwantar da hankali. Mairar direba zai iya motsa hannu daya. A sakamakon haka, mai kyau TT-250 mai kwakwalwa ya juya waje. Kwamitin Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Harkokin Harkokin Harkokin Harkokin Harkokin Harkokin {asashen Duniya na {asar Amirka ya ba da ita ga wannan samfurin tare da Medal Zinariya da Daliban na farko.

Wasu masana'antun

Hakika, ba dukkanin masana'antun kera motoci ba. An kuma samar da magunguna na Rundunar Harkokin Jirgin ta Amirka da Rasha da kuma samar da su a Altai (Barnaul) da Kirov (Petersburg), Onega (Petrozavodsk), Uzbek (Tashkent) TZ, a Bryansk, Vladimir, Kolomna, Rasha, Moscow, Cheboksary, Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine), Tokmak ( Ukraine), Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) da wasu birane.