Fage ka'idar Darwin. A ka'idar The Origin of Species

By na biyu da rabi daga cikin XIX karni sun balaga da duk preconditions ga zargin ka'idar Darwin. Abin da ake bukata a mai haske da kuma m masanin wanda zai iya kirkiro wani sabon ra'ayi game The Origin of Species. A general, wadannan yanayi za a iya raba kungiyoyin biyu - da kimiyya da kuma zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.

zargi na creationism

Charles Darwin tsara ainihin theses na da ka'idar juyin halitta a cikin littafinsa "The Origin of Species," da aka buga a 1859. Akwai ya fara amfani da kalmar "zabin yanayi". Darwin ta ideas zama real juyin juya halin a kimiyya da kuma jama'a sani. Wadanda mutane jama'a ne nacewa jãyayya, da wani ya tare da masana kimiyya yarda, waɗansu suka yi shakka. Church of ka'idar juyin halitta an nan da nan hukunta.

Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda mutane da yawa ƙarni yi imani da cewa dukan duniya da kuma populate ta halittun da aka halitta da Allah. Kiristoci da labarin da aka bayyana a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. A ka'idar game da hannu na wasu daga cikin Mawadãci ga halittar rayuwa a cikin harshen kimiyya da aka mai suna creationist. Wadannan ra'ayoyi sun ba a tambayar Sa ga mutane da yawa ƙarni. Kuma kawai a cikin XVIII karni creationism kamar yadda ka'idar da aka farko mai tsanani soki masana falsafa da kuma manazarta. Sa'an nan ya zo na farko preconditions ka'idar Darwin.

game da yanayin da canzawa daga ideas

A cikin XVIII karni Falsafa Immanuel Kant zo ga ƙarshe cewa duniya bai wanzu, kuma akwai wani lokaci. "Universal Natural History da Theory sammai," ra'ayinsa ya aka saukar a daki-daki, a cikin littafin. Yana daya daga cikin hare-hare na farko a kan Church, kuma ta creationist views.

A 1830, wanda ya kafa na zamani a fannin binciken kasa - halittu Charlz Layel - to substantiate da ka'idar cewa duniya a surface canje-canje a kan lokaci, dangane da sauyin yanayi da hawa da sauka, volcanic aiki da kuma wasu dalilai. Lyell farko timidly nuna cewa kwayoyin duniya ba ko da yaushe guda. Ya ra'ayin da aka tabbatar da bincike akan burbushin halitta bincike na Faransa halittu Zhorzha Kyuve. Wadannan abubuwan da ake bukata ka'idar Darwin ya kai ga sabon bincike.

A ka'idar da hadin kan da suke kewaye da yanayi

A farkon rabin na XIX karni aka alama ta binciken, tabbatar da cewa yanayi ne daya. Alal misali, Swedish Himik Yens Berzelius tabbatar da cewa shuke-shuke da dabbobi an hada da guda abubuwa a matsayin inorganic jiki. Jamus sunadarai Fridrih Veler da kuma wani likita a lokaci guda samu da farko samu farko oxalic acid sa'an nan urea. Wadannan bincikensa, sun nuna cewa kwayoyin mahadi iya hada daga inorganic. Domin su bayyanar bai bukatar wani allahntaka bada rai-da karfi, kamar yadda ya yi da creationists.

By da XIX karni Turawa tsinkãyi cikin kusurwoyi mafi nisa na duniya. A cikin wurare masu zafi da gandun daji na Afirka da kuma na iyakacin duniya tundra America aika bincike expeditions. Masana kimiyya suna dawo gida, shared su lura. A Turai, kafa mafi fili fahimci yadda bambancin da hadaddun duniya. Wadannan preconditions for fitowan ka'idar Darwin sun yarda Birtaniya masanin kimiyya tara da wata babbar tafki na bayani game da daban-daban irin dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke daga ko'ina cikin duniya.

ilimin Halittar Jiki bude

A 1807, Jamus dabbobi Alexander von Humboldt shi ne ya kafa ka'idar cewa sarari rarraba rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ya dogara da yanayi da su zama. Mabiyansa sun ci gaba da nazarin dangantaka tsakanin fauna da kuma muhalli.

Akwai sabon kimiyya predictors ka'idar Darwin. New tarbiyya sun taso, ciki har da kamanta ilimin halittar jiki. Anatomy, karatu da ciki tsarin jinsuna daban zo Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa suna da, a na kowa. Botanists a lokaci guda sanya wani nasara a embryology.

Development of noma kiwo

Bugu da kari ya gudanar da bincike, akwai kuma zamantakewa da kuma tattalin arziki preconditions ga zargin ka'idar Darwin. Birtaniya masanin kimiyya kafin littafin da ya fi shahara littafin "The Origin of Species" koyi abubuwa da yawa daga m kiwo. Yana samo asali a cikin XIX karni godiya ga ci gaban tattalin arziki na Birtaniya Empire.

Its mulkin mallaka ganĩmõmi karu. Wannan yarda manoma su yi amfani da a da dama gona da al'adu. Zamantakewa da tattalin arziki abubuwan da ake bukata ka'idar Darwin ne cewa musamman enterprising masu gonaki sun zama artificially inganta amfanin gona don samun karin amfanin gona. Wannan ya yi ta wajen selection. Canza al'adu don su girma adaptability da sabon yanayi a cikin tattalin arzikin prompted Darwin da ra'ayin cewa wani irin tsari iya faruwa a yanayi.

Rinjayar da koyarwar kasuwar tattalin arzikin

A cikin Turanci masanin kimiyya yana da wani babban tasiri ra'ayoyi na Adam Smith da tattalin arziki. Ya halitta ka'idar da kasuwar tattalin arzikin. Yana jaddada muhimmancin gasar tsakanin daban-daban masana'antun. Saboda gasar kamfanonin bukatar kullum inganta ingancin kayayyakin miƙa saya su.

A irin wannan manufa domin gina ka'idar Darwin ta Origin of mutumin da duk sauran nau'in. Wannan mulki da aka kira zabin yanayi. Darwin ya lura da cewa a cikin yanayi tsira kawai ne ga waɗanda jinsunan da aka saba da canza yanayi. A yanayi, shi ne, kamar yadda a cikin wata kasuwar tattalin arzikin. Na nace a kan wannan ka'idar Darwin (mutum asalin).

Alƙaluma Malthusian ka'idar

Sanannun matsayin ka'idar Darwin ta fara bayyana, da kuma godiya ga bincike na Turanci demographer Thomas Ra'ayinsa. Wannan masanin kimiyya a cikin rubuce-rubucen zuwa substantiate da ra'ayin cewa lalle mutane suna ne na girma da sauri kuma idan aka kwatanta da karuwa a samar da abinci. Ra'ayinsa zaton shi cewa wannan sabani ƙarshe zai kai ga taro yunwa da kuma wani karu a yawan.

Origin of Species ka'idar daukawa wannan manufa domin dukan yanayi a general. Limited albarkatun jima ko daga baya kai ga wani yaki tsakanin rayuwa duniya - Charles Darwin kammala, dangane da ra'ayoyi samarwa da Thomas Ra'ayinsa. Masana kimiyya yi imani cewa, yanayin nasu ya kula da wani ma'auni tsakanin jinsuna, sabõda haka, duk da isasshen abinci, karkararta, da sauransu. D.

Darwin ta lura

A karshe, na karshe da ake bukata kafun bayyanar ka'idar Darwin ya nasa tafiya a kusa da duniya a kan ta "Beagle". Tafiya dade kusan shekaru biyar (1831-1836). A bincike da suka sashi a cikin balaguro, wanda manufarsa shine don nazarin coastlines Kudancin Amirka. Kamar wancan Darwin yana na musamman da damar gani da idanuwan da yanayin da ya fi m, kuma m wurare a duniya.

A Banasare ya tattara a babba yawan facts cewa a yarda da shi don tabbatar da na daidaitar da ka'idar juyin halitta. Na farko, ya samu kamance tsakanin armadillos da sloths na Kudancin Amirka da kuma m burbushin, wanda masana kimiyya ya gano a lokacin Tashoshi a ɓangaren duniya. Na biyu, Darwin da kaina gamsu da cewa, tare da canji na yanayin yankunan canza da kuma fauna. Wasu jinsunan da suka rayu a kan ta Kudu American gaba, ba kama a yammacin sahara, kusa da ekweita.

A cikin Galapagos tarin tsiburai, Darwin ya gano wani abin kwaikwaya. A kowane daga cikin tsibiran a cikin wannan kungiya da a kalla daya nasu musamman jinsunan dabbobi (owls, kadangaru da sauransu. D.). Wannan kallo kunna Birtaniya masanin kimiyyar ya ɗauka cewa a cikin kowane ware zone ci gaban da ke a. Duk da karshe Darwin ta aita ta bayarwa su a matsayin wani sabon ka'idar a cikin littafinsa "The Origin of Species" (1859). Ya akidar juyin halitta ne ya jũyar da duniyar kimiyya.