I-180 (Fighter): tarihin jirgin sama, da mutuwa da Valery Chkalov

Jirgin Sama-180 (mayakan da kai harin) da aka ɓullo da a OKB Polikarpov. By cewa lokaci shi yana da kyau kwarai jirgin halaye, iya kawo a kan jirgin 200 kg bam da aka sanye take da hudu synchronously da harbe-harben bindigogi.

Tarihi na halitta

Sanannun Soviet zanen Nikolay Nikolaevich Polikarpov taba zauna a can. Ya fili gane cewa ya muhimmanci inganta jirgin data yana bukatar mai iko engine. Fighter-monoplane I-16, ci gaba da shi a 1932 da kuma a sabis na Soviet Air Force, bayan shekaru 5 daina saduwa zamani da bukatun.

Polikarpov, a 1936, ya fara tunani game da yadda za a yi tsanani gyara na I-16 da tushe engine M-62. Amma ya ba su aiwatar da wannan ra'ayin, da zaran Zaporozhye shuka lamba 29, kafa da kaddamar da sabon injuna M-88, wanda yana da damar da yawa kusa da ake so. Kamar wancan akwai ayyukan I-164 da kuma 165. A daidai wannan lokaci da dunƙule factory aka umurce su da su samar da wani m farar propeller. Duk da wannan, da sai shugaban na Air Force bai nuna wata 'yar alamar sha'awa a cikin jirgin sama. Saboda haka, akwai wani yanke shawara a kan zane na wani jirgin saman soja.

A sabon jirgin sama

Polikarpov Design ofishin fara zanawa. Wannan sabon ci gaba da aka tsara na-180. A jirgin saman soja, a shirye ta Fabrairu 1938, dole ne in ce cewa a general da zane na I-180 ne da yawa kamar na-16, amma ya dan kadan ya fi girma a cikin size. Da farko sun shirya ya ba da jirgin sama tare da hudu synchronously da harbe-harben bindigogi, da kuma daga baya maye gurbin su ko manyan zamo bindigogi.

Bayan da canja wurin da OKB Polikarpov, da shuka lambar 156 akwai wani m halin da ake ciki, wanda ba ya da taimako zuwa ga inganci da m samar da ake bukata sassa. Gaskiyar cewa a farkon wannan sha'anin yafi tsunduma a cikin saki manyan jiragen sama, da kuma yanzu da ya yi gaggawa wajen samar da fasahar, don samar da karin haske jirgin saman soja.

A farko gazawar

Saki wannan na'ura da yake a cikin cajin Cif Belyaykin management. Dole ne in ce cewa ya ko da yaushe ya gaggauta gama da taron jama'ar da sauri, kuma akwai sau lokacin da ya ko ta shãmakace kai tsaye a samar da tsari. Wadannan ayyuka sun sanya karin nervousness a aiki a matsayin hukumar da kuma na shuka a matsayin dukan. A gagarumin taimako ga hanzari na aikin da kuma sanya wani darektan kamfanin MA Usachev. Saboda haka, jirgin sama da aka gina a cikin Nuwamba 1938

A farkon watan Disamba na mota da aka sosai binciki, bayan da ta samu ba balle a kasa, kuma kamar yadda mutane da yawa kamar 190 lahani (!), 40 wadda ake samu a motooborudovanii. Amma tare da haka da yawa flaws da aka saki a kan na-180. Fighter har yanzu dauka ga Airfield, bayan kawar a cikin shaguna, mafi yawansu ba su.

Dole ne in ce cewa designers kansu jirage ne ko da yaushe sosai m, kuma m hali zuwa su ayyukan, da suka, fiye da kowa, san farashin mai fasaha kuskure. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa Polikarpov kamar yadda ya iya rashin amincewa da sauri a cikin shirye-shiryen da zũriyarsu da farko gwajin, wanda ya sa aka dakatar da daga m aiki.

fatal daidaituwa

Winter 1938 Valeriya Pavlovicha Chkalova gaggawa tuno daga hutu. Sa: gwajin wani sabon jirgin sama-180. Fighter shirya ya gwada a kan Disamba 15, amma ta farko da jog gudanar kwanaki uku a baya. Yana gano wata lambar illoli, ciki har da breakage da aka samu da kuma gogayya kula da Gaza. Matsala warware, da kuma kwanan wata na farko jirgin ya zauna canzawa. A saitin, bayar Tchkalov aka umurce ka tashi a kan Airfield a 600 m ga 10-15 minti kuma ƙasar ba tare da cire shasi, wanda haka ma sun Kulle Hauwa'u.

Dole ne in ce cewa da cewa fateful rana a Moscow 'yan makonni, da yanayin da aka bad. Da safe, a birnin da aka saukar zuwa m hazo, wani lokacin da aka yin kankara. Iska yanayin zafi jeri daga 0 to -2⁰C. Duk da haka, da gwajin rana sama barrantar. Bright sunshine, amma da yawan zafin jiki ya ragu zuwa -27 ⁰ C. Wannan canji da aka ba a sa ran, amma wani shirya jirgin ba soke.

Disamba 15, kamar yadda ya saba a farko gwajin prototypes, duk tasowa da aka tsayar, kuma Airfield ayyukan da aka ba da za'ayi a kan wannan rana. I-180 tsaya a rumfar ajiye jiragen sama. A karshe shirye-shirye domin gwajin jirgin na jirgin sama: saka iko da na'urorin da kuma dole raka'a, ciki har da blinds. Za su yi aiki, Chkalov tambayi tsawon lokacin da zai dauka shigar su. Ya ce cewa kimanin 2-3 hours, kuma watakila ya fi tsayi. Irin wannan m amsar bai yarda Valery Pavlovich, wanda ya gane cewa jirgin da cewa rana na iya ba sun faru tun da shi ne hunturu, da kuma shi da aka samun duhu sosai da wuri. Ya yanke shawarar tashi ba tare da installing blinds, tabbas fatan a m sakamako na gwaje-gwaje.

Mutuwa matukin № 1

A zagaye na farko matukin jirgin bai abin da aka umurce: mafitar cikin iska, shi ya tashi a kan Airfield a tsawon 500-600 m Sa'an nan, ya tafi zuwa zagaye na biyu, amma a tsawon 2-2.5 dubu mita da kuma a wata babbar nesa daga filin jirgin sama .. . Lokacin da ya ragae da gas fara samun koma baya, don ya kasa da jirgin sama, da engine stalled. A Airfield ya ma nisa, kuma za a iya gani a kasa daga cikin na zama barikin da kuma high rediyo eriya.

Kamar yadda aka sani, da jirgin sama sun Kulle da shasi, da kuma lokacin da ya fara fada, Chkalov fahimci cewa su shãfi rufin daya daga cikin barikin, inda a wancan lokaci, mafi m, akwai mutane. Wani matukin jirgi iya game da shi, kuma ba tunani game da shi, kuma rufin zai yiwuwa sha da duka. Duk da haka, Chkalov ya yanke shawarar ya kau da kai, da kuma a jirgin sama tare da wani inoperative engine ya fado a cikin wani high-ƙarfin lantarki karfe goyon baya.

Chkalov iko naushi jefa daga cikin taksi da controls. Fadowa, matukin jirgin buga kansa. A raunin sun yi hannun riga da rai, da kuma bayan 2 hours, ya mutu a Botkin Hospital. Chkalov jana'izar da ya faru a Moscow. A akwatin jefa kuri'a tare da toka ne har yanzu a cikin Kremlin bango.

A Sanadin da bala'i

The mutuwar Valery Chkalov nan da nan ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa wani babban yawan jita-jita, da kuma Legends. Duk da cewa akwai wani jami'in ƙarshe sanya ta musamman hukumar gudanar da bincike da bala'i, akwai sauran versions cewa sun sauko daya tambaya: shin shi ne wani m hade da hali ko matukin jirgin ya zama wani mugaye da kuma ya kawai ya kashe?

. Kwamitocin aiki a 1938 da kuma shekarar 1955, aka sanya daban-daban karshe, amma abu daya da suka kasance sunyi baki daya: hatsarin mota ya faru saboda engine jirgin saman soja hypothermia, kazalika da kurakurai a cikin maƙura iko na'urar. Bugu da kari, a karo na biyu da bincike ya bayyana cewa, da yawa sassa na inji aka samu da bai taba aka gwada a cikin iska. Daga dukkan wannan Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa jirgin Polikarpov I-180 a lokacin da ya fara tashi aka underfulfilled saboda matsanancin sauri iko da aiwatar da hakan jikinsu, wanda ya kai ga wani irreparable bala'i.

Na biyu hadarin jirgin sama

Duk da haka, da tarihi na jirgin sama na-180 bai kare a can. Da gwaje-gwaje ci gaba. By Fabrairu 1939 na biyu samfur da aka gina jirgin saman soja. Shi ne kusan indistinguishable daga baya daya, sai dai cewa share yankin da kuma fukafukinsa an dan kadan ya karu, kuma maimakon a motor M-88 da aka shigar a kan jirgin yana dauke mafi m M-87A.

A farko jirgin na kyautata inji aka gudanar a ranar Afrilu 27 na wannan shekarar. Ya piloted S. P. Suprun. Wannan lokaci kome ya tafi ba tare da wani gudunmawata comments. Saboda wannan amana a cikin jirgin sama Polikarpov ya karu don haka da cewa jirgin saman soja ko halarci bikin May 1, ya tashi sama a kan Red Square. Duk da haka, a farkon watan Satumba, na-180 ya fado ne a sake, wannan lokaci ya kashe gwajin matukin Tomas Pavlovich Suzi. Lokacin da jirgin sama ya fara shiga cikin wani juya, matukin jirgin tsalle daga cikin mota ba tare da ya bude laima.

Ba da da ewa bayan da bala'i, musamman hukumar an yi a cikin abin da hanyar da hadarin da aka kira halakar da mai sanyaya na zobe, kamar yadda dukan gida, kazalika da fuska da kuma matukan jirgin, overalls aka splashed da man fetur.

Cire daga samarwa

daya jirgin sama da aka gina da wadannan shekara, amma ya fitina ya kan sauri. A farkon Yuli 1940 gwajin matukin Proshakov yi kuskure a lokacin da piloting da aka tilasta su bar cikin jirgi tare da wata laima. Wani hukumar, wannan lokaci ba su sami wani lahani, da kuma laifi ga mutuwa na na'ura da aka cikakken sanya wa matukin jirgi.

Bayan wannan ya faru, mun gina duk da haka wani canji da jirgin sama - "I-180 Standard". Ya ya halartar da dama daga canje-canje, ciki har da a kan shi aka maye gurbinsu da tsofaffin motor M-87A kan sabon M-88A. Its kiyasta gudun zai zama 590 km / h, da kuma lokacin da installing wani ƙarin iko engine M-89, da kuma duk sun kai 650 km / h. Amma da labarin ya kan I-180, kamar yadda a watan Disamba na wannan shekara akwai wani tsari domin lõkacin fatara daga aiki a kan wannan jirgin sama. Duk wanda ba a kare inji, wanda aka saka a cikin samarwa a baya, ya tafi a tarwatsa. By lokacin ya fara bayyana wasu iri Soviet mayakan wanda hambararren da kasa aikin.

A sabon jirgin saman soja

A gaba raya shi ne jirgin sama Polikarpov OKB-185. Jimlar dukan halaye na wannan jirgin saman soja ya m zuwa biyu Soviet da kuma kasashen waje fistan inji na lokaci. da dama da jirgin sama da aka gina tare da daban-daban injuna. Nuwamba 18, 1942, sai suka tafi a kan jihar gwaje-gwaje, wanda aka gudanar da matukan jirgi P. M Stefanovsky. A lokacin da jirgin da jirgin sama ya nuna kyakkyawan sakamako da kuma an shawarar da jefa cikin samarwa.

5 ga watan Afrilu, 1943 a lokacin da gwaje-gwaje ya faru tsayawa engine, haddasa mutuwar matukin jirgin VA Stepanchonok. By duk asusun, wannan bala'i ya zama m ga jirgin sama na-185 - shi aka taba saka a cikin samarwa, amma maimakon ya fara tara a factory La-5FN. Bayan da cewa Edo tasowa wani jirgin sama - I-188, amma nan da nan duk aikin da aka tsaya saboda mutuwar shugaban zanen N. N. Polikarpova.