Magabatan da Slavs: wanda su ne, inda suka zauna, addini, adabi da kuma al'adun

Modern Slavic mutane da aka kafa na dogon lokaci. Sun yi yawa na kakanninsu. Wadannan sun hada da ainihin Slavs da maƙwabtansu, muhimmanci rinjayi rayuwa, al'ada da kuma addini na wadannan kabilu a lokacin da suke da rai bisa ga tushe na tribal al'umma.

Antes da sklaviny

Har yanzu, masana tarihi da kuma archaeologists sun sa a gaba wani iri-iri theories game da wanda zai iya zama cikin magabatan Slavs. Ethnogenesis na mutane da ya faru a zamanin daga wanda kusan babu rubuta kafofin. Masana sun yi sake gina farkon tarihin Slavs a kan karami crumbs. Great darajar farin cikin Byzantine tarihin. A da Eastern Roman Empire ya jimre da matsa lamba na kabilu, wadda daga ƙarshe ta kafa Slavic al'umma.

A farko shaidar su kasance a cikin VI karni. Magabatan da Slavs a Byzantine kafofin kira Antes. Game da su ya rubuta sanannen tarihi Prokopiy Kesariysky. A farko, da Ants zauna a yankin tsakanin Dniester da Dnieper River a cikin ƙasa na zamani Ukraine. A Yuan, suka zauna a matakan daga Don zuwa Balkans.

Idan Antes mallakar gabashin kungiyar na Slavs, sa'an nan zuwa yamma na su alaka da su sklaviny rayu. A farko ambatar su bar a cikin littafin na Jordan "Getik" da aka rubuta a cikin tsakiyar VI karni. Sklaviny wani lokacin ma kira Veneti. Wadannan kabilun rayu cikin abin da yake a yanzu da Jamhuriyar Czech.

ginin zamantakewa

Mazauna Rum yi imani da cewa magabatan da Slavs - wanda bai san dabbanci da wayewa. Shi sosai shi ne saboda haka. Kuma sklaviny, Antes kuma zauna a ƙarƙashin mulkin demokra] iyya. Ba su da wani guda m da kuma jiha. Farkon Slavic jama'a kunshi wani iri-iri na al'ummomi, da zuciyar kowane daga abin da yake a wasu irin. Irin wannan kwatancin da ake samu a Byzantine kafofin da kuma tabbatar da gudanar da binciken na zamani archeologists. A ƙauyuka kunshi manyan gidajen da suka rayu a cikin manyan iyalai. A daya kauyen iya zama game da 20 gidaje. A sklaviny shi aka rarraba wa hearth, a Antes - tanda. A arewa da Slavs gina log bukkokin.

Kwastan dace m patriarchal mores. Alal misali, aikata al'ada kisan da mata a kabarin mijinta. Magabatan da Slavs aka tsunduma a aikin noma, wanda shi ne babban tushen abincinsu. Alkama, gero, sha'ir, hatsi, hatsin rai. Cattle: tumaki, aladu, ducks, kaji. Craft da aka talauci ɓullo da a kwatanta da wannan Rum. Amma, shi hidima na gida sakawa.

Army da kuma bauta

A hankali, da al'umma suka tsaya daga zaman sashen dutsen warriors. Su sukan shirya hare-hare a kan Rum da kuma sauran kasashe makwabta. Manufar ya kasance kullum guda - ganima da kuma bayi. Tsohon Slavic squads iya hada da dama da mutane dubu. Yana bayyana gwamnonin da sarakuna a cikin soja yanayi. A farko magabatan da Slavs yi yaƙi da māsu (da wuya takuba). Sulitsa - kuma amai da makamai da aka rarraba. Yana da aka yi amfani da ba kawai a cikin fama amma kuma a cikin farauta.

An sani cewa bauta aka kowa a Antes. Number of bayi iya isa dubban mutane. Sun kasance mafi yawa fursunoni kama a yaki. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa tsakanin antskih bayi da yawa Rumawa. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, Antes kiyaye bayi, don samun diyya. Duk da haka, wasu daga cikinsu suka tsunduma a noma da kuma sana'o'i.

Mamayewa na Avars

A tsakiyar karni na VI ƙasa Ants kasance a ƙarƙashin hari hatsari. Wadannan sun nomadic kabilu, wanda shugabanni sun Kagan title. Su kabilanci da ya rage rigima: wasu la'akari da su Turks, wani - a 'yan qasar Iran harsuna. Magabatan na zamanin d Slavs kuma ko da ta bayyana a cikin hõrarru matsayi da yawa ɓaci kamar Avars a lambar. Wannan rabo sa a rikice. A Rumawa (misali, Ioann Efessky da Konstantin Bagryanorodny) da kuma gano dukkan Slavs da Avars, ko da yake wannan kima kuskure.

Mamayewa daga Gabas kai ga gagarumin hijirarsa na yawan jama'ar, musamman na dogon lokaci zauna a wannan wuri. Tare da Avars Antes farko koma Pannonia (zamani Hungary), kuma daga baya ya zo mamaye Balkan na Byzantine.

Slavs ya zama tushen Khanate sojojin. Mafi shahara episode na adawa da daular zama kewaye da Konstantinoful a 626. A tarihin zamanin da Slavs a san takaice dai aukuwa na da hulda da Helenawa. The Siege na Konstantinoful zama kamar irin wannan wani misali. Duk da hari, da Slavs da Avars bai sarrafa dauki birnin.

Duk da haka arna mãsu alãma ci gaba a nan gaba. Back a 602, da Lombard sarki ya aika zuwa ga Slavs na iyayengijinsu for Shipbuilding. Suka zauna a Dubrovnik. A wannan tashar jiragen ruwa, akwai na farko Slavic jiragen ruwa (monoksily). Sun dauki bangare a cikin riga aka ambata, yaƙi ya kewaye na Konstantinoful. A karshen VI karni da Slavs farko yaƙi Thessaloniki. Ba da da ewa dubban Majusawa koma Thrace. A daidai wannan lokaci da Slavs bayyana a cikin ƙasa na zamani Croatia da kuma Serbia.

gabas Slavs

M, yaƙi ya kewaye ta da Konstantinoful a shekara 626 da ya gurgunta ƙarfi daga cikin Avar Khanate. Slavs ko'ina fara rabu da karkiya daga baki. A Moravia, da fitina tãyar da kanta. Ya zama na farko da aka sani da sunan Slavic yarima. Sa'an nan mutane suka fara bazuwa zuwa gabas. A VII karni mulkin mallaka ya zama makwabta na Khazars. Suka kutsa har zuwa Crimea da Caucasus to kai. Inda magabatan da Slavs kuma su mazauna aka tushen, Na tabbata akwai wani kogi ko tafki, kazalika da arable ƙasar rayu.

Yana bayyana a kan Dnieper Kyiv birni, mai suna a cikin girmamawa Prince Kyi. A nan sai ya kafa wani sabon tribal alliance filayen da cewa sun hada da dama irin wannan ƙawance maye gurbin Antes. A VII-Sabunta karni karshe kafa uku kungiyoyin na Slavic mutane cewa wanzu a yau (Yamma, kudanci da gabashin). Last zauna a cikin ƙasa na zamani Ukraine, Belarus, da kuma tsakanin Volga da Oka ƙauyukansu su ne a cikin iyakokin na Rasha.

A Rum, sau da yawa gano Slavs da Scythians. Wannan wani tsanani kuskure na Greek. Scythians mallakar kasar Iran kabilu da kuma ya yi magana Iran harsuna. A heyday shi aka sanaki ciki har da Dnieper steppe da Crimea. Lokacin da na samu akwai Slavic mulkin mallaka, na yau da kullum rikice-rikice ya barke tsakanin sabuwar makwabta. Tsanani hadari wakilta sojojin doki, wanda mahaukaci Scythians. Magabatan da Slavs shekaru da yawa, ya kange ta mamayewa, har a karshe, da makiyaya ba a shafe ta Goths.

Tribal ƙawance da kuma birnin na Eastern Slavs

A arewa maso gabashin, da Slavs sun yawa da makwabta na Finno-Ugric kabilu, ciki har da cika kuma Meria. Akwai ƙauyuka Rostov Beloozero da Staraya Ladoga. Wani birni na Novgorod ya na da muhimmanci siyasa cibiyar. A 862 shi ya ci sarauta Vikings Rurik. Wannan taron ya zamo farkon Rasha statehood.

A birnin na gabashin Slavs bayyana mafi yawa a wuraren da hanyar gudu daga Vikings ga Helenawa. Wannan cinikin jijiya manyan daga Baltic Sea zuwa Rum. A hanya, da 'yan kasuwar da aka shari m kaya: .. Ambergris, Whale fata, amber, furs, martens da sables, zuma, da kakin zuma, da dai sauransu A kayan da aka tsĩrar da su da jirage. Hanyar jiragen ruwa sa a kan waɗansu kõguna. Sashe na daga cikin hanya gudanar tare ƙasa. A waɗannan shafuka, jirgin ruwan hawa portage, don haka da cewa filin bayyana Perevolok birni Toropets da Smolensk.

Eastern Slavic kabilu sun dogon rayu baya ga juna, kuma sau da yawa ba feuded kuma suka yi jihãdi a tsakãninsu. Wannan ya sa su m zuwa ga makwabta. A saboda wannan dalili, a farkon IX karni, wasu Gabas Slavic tribal kungiya ta kashin fara biya haraji ga Khazars. Sauran dauke da dogara a kan Vikings. "Tale of bygone Years" ambaci da dama tribal ƙawance: Burza, volynyan, Dregovichi, Drevlyane, Krivichy, glades, Polotsk, 'yan Arewa, Radimichi Tivertsy, White Croats da Ulichi. United Slavic rubuce-rubuce da kuma al'adu a duk su, kawai ya wanzu a XI-XII ƙarni. bayan samuwar Kievan Rus da kuma tallafi na kiristanci. Daga baya wannan kabila ya kasu kashi Rasha, Ukrainians da Belarusians. Wannan ne amsar wannan tambaya da wanda kakanninsa su ne Eastern Slavs.

Kudu Slavs

Slavs da suke zaune a cikin Balkans, sannu a hankali ya zama saniyar ware daga sauran 'yan'uwanmu kabilu da kuma kai ta Kudu Slavic kabilu. Yau, da zũriyarsu ne Serbs, Bulgarians, Croatians, Bosnians, Makidoniya, Montenegrins da Slovenians. Idan magabatan Eastern Slavs zaunar da kagaggun wõfintattu ƙasa, sa'an nan su kudancin 'yan'uwansa suka tafi gefen, inda akwai da yawa ƙauyuka kafa ta Romawa. Daga zamanin d wayewa, da kuma bar hanya a kan abin da Majusawa don matsawa da sauri a kan Balkans. Kafin su sashin mallakar Rum. Duk da haka, da Empire ya ba da gefen don bare saboda m wars a gabas da Farisa da ciki jayayya.

A sabon ƙasashe na Kudu Slavs Magabatan garwaye da autochthonous (gida) Greek yawan jama'a. A cikin duwatsu, da mulkin mallaka da fuska da juriya na Vlachs da Albanians. Kamar yadda baki a rikicin da Greek Kiristoci. A sake ma su matsugunni da Slavs a cikin Balkans ƙare a 620-s.

Da kusanci da Kiristoci da kuma na yau da kullum lamba tare da su yana da wani babban tasiri a kan sabon masu na Balkans. Pagan Slavs a cikin wannan yankin da aka kauda fi sauri. Christianization ya biyu na halitta da kuma karfafa ta Rum. Farko da Helenawa, kokarin gane wanda da Slavs, ya aiko masa da ofishin jakadancin, sa'an nan ya bi su wa'azi. Sarakuna aka kai a kai, ta aika wa m makwabta mishaneri, fatan game da shi, don su kara tasiri a dabbanci. Alal misali, baftismar da Serbs fara karkashin Heraclius, wanda ya yi mulki a 610-641 shekaru. A tsari ya kasance sauka a hankali. A sabon addini ya kafa kansa a cikin ta Kudu Slavs a cikin biyu da rabi na IX karni. Sa'an nan musu baftisma sarakuna Raska, sa'an nan tuba zuwa ga bangaskiyar Kirista na talakawansa.

Sha'awa, idan Serbs fara garken Eastern Church a Konstantinoful, da 'yan'uwansu Croats juya su da hankali zuwa yamma. Yana da alaka da cewa a cikin shekara 812 da Frankish Sarkin sarakuna Karl Veliky sanya wani yarjejeniya tare da Sarkin Rum Michael Na Rangave, bisa ga abin ɓangare na Adriatic Coast na Balkans kasance a cikin wani dogara matsayi na Franks. Sun kasance sũ ne Katolika, da kuma a lokacin da taƙaitacciyar sarautar a yankin baftisma Croats a yammacin hadisin. Kuma ko da yake a cikin IX karni, da Kirista coci ne har yanzu a dauke su guda, babban sãɓãni kawai sabõda a 1054 muhimmanci nisanta daga juna Katolika da kuma Orthodox.

yammacin Slavs

A yammacin kungiyar na Slavic kabilan lugar sararin ƙasa daga Elbe da Carpathians. Yana yi mini iso, a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland, Czech da kuma Basulake al'ummai. West duk rayu bodrichi, lutici, Sorbs da pomoryane. A VI karni, wannan rukuni na Polabian Slavs shagaltar game da wani uku na yankin ba-rana Jamus. Rikice-rikice tsakanin daban-daban kabilanci kabilan kaya yi wa haƙuri. A sabon mulkin mallaka tura daga gaba na Baltic Sea Lombards, Varin da Rugova (magana a kan Harsunan Jamus).

An ban sha'awa nuni gaban Slavs a halin yanzu Jamus ƙasa ne sunan Berlin. Masana harshe sun gano yanayin asalin kalmar. A harshen Polabian Slavs "Burlin" nufi da dam. Da yawa daga cikinsu a cikin arewa-gabashin Jamus. Wannan yadda nisa da Slavs tsinkãyi kakanninsu. Back a 623, wadannan guda mulkin mallaka shiga yarima ke a cikin tayarwa da Avars. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a karkashin dangi Karla Velikogo Polabian Slavs kawance da Franks a yakin neman zabensu a kan Khanate.

Jamus mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji kaddamar da wani farmakin a kan baki a cikin IX karni. A hankali, da Slavs da suka rayu a kan bankunan na Elbe, suka yi biyayya da su. Yau, daga gare su akwai kawai kananan kungiyoyin na zama ruwan dare, wanda sun hada da dama da mutane dubu a kiyaye da nasu musamman yare, sabanin ko da Yaren mutanen Poland. A tsakiyar zamanai, da Jamus kira duk makwabtaka da yammacin Slavs Wendy.

Harshe da kuma Writing

Don gane wanda da Slavs, shi ne mafi kyau a dubi tarihin na harshe. Da zarar, a lokacin da al'umma shi ne har yanzu guda, ya yi magana daya. Yana da aka kira da Proto-Slavic harshe. Babu rubuce ta zauna ita. An sani kawai cewa ya kasance da sararin Indo-Turai iyali na harsuna, wanda ya sa ya yi kama da wasu harsuna .. Jamus, Romance, da dai sauransu Wasu masana ilimin harsuna da masana tarihi sun sa a gaba, da kuma ƙarin theories game da asalin. A cewar daya daga cikin jarrabawa, da Proto-Slavic harshe a wani batu a cikin ci gaban da aka ɓangare na Proto-Balto-Slavic harshe, yayin da Baltic harsuna ba su ware kansu a nasu kungiyar.

A hankali, kõwace al'umma bayyana a namu harshe. A kan tushen da daya daga wadannan yaruka, magana da Slavs da suka rayu a cikin kusanci na birnin Tasalonika, da 'yan'uwa Kirill na Mefody a cikin IX karni halitta Slavic Kirista wallafe-wallafe. A kan haske sanya shi ta hanyar domin na Byzantine sarki. Writing ya zama dole ga fassarar Kirista littattafai da kuma yin wa'azi ga al'ummai. A tsawon lokaci, yana zama da aka sani da QFontDatabase haruffa. Wannan haruffa ne a yau tushen da Belarushiyanci, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Rasha, Serbian, Ukrainian kuma Montenegrin harsuna. Sauran Slavic, Katolika ya dauki amfani da Roman haruffa.

A XX karni, archaeologists fara samun da yawa kayayyakin gargajiya cewa sun zama Monuments na zamanin d QFontDatabase haruffa. A key batu na wadannan tono zama Novgorod. Godiya ga binciken a kewaye yankin, masana sun koyi abubuwa da yawa game da abin da ne daɗaɗɗe Slavic Wallafe-wallafe da Al'adu.

Alal misali, tsoho Eastern Slavic QFontDatabase rubutu ne da ake kira Gnezdovo rubutu a kan jar daga lãka a tsakiyar X karni. The mutum ke sanya aka gano a shekarar 1949 da kayan tarihi Daniilom Avdusinym. Dubban kilomita daga can a 1912 a zamanin d coci na Kiev samu wani gubar hatimi da QFontDatabase rubutu. Archaeologists sun deciphered shi, da kuma yanke shawarar cewa shi ne sunan Prince Svyatoslav, wanda ya yi mulki a 945-972 shekaru. Abin sha'awa, a lokacin a Rasha shi ne babban addini na kafirci, Kiristanci, ko da yake wannan QFontDatabase haruffa ya kasance a Bulgaria. Slavic sunayen irin wannan tsoho inscriptions taimaka more daidai gane sanya shi.

The tambaya na ko Slavs nasu rubutu kafin tallafi na Kristanci, ya zauna bude. Fragmentary nassoshi da shi da ake samu a wasu daga cikin mawallafa a wancan zamanin, amma wadannan m shaida ne kasa domin jawo sama cikakken hoto. Zai yiwu, da Slavs ga watsa bayanai ta hanyar hotunan ta amfani da cuts da kuma siffofin. Irin wannan haruffa iya sa wani al'ada hali da kuma amfani a duba.

Addini da al'adu

Pre-Kirista arna Slavs samo asali kan dama ƙarni da ya samu zaman kanta musamman fasali. Wannan imani ya spiritualization yanayi, animism, animatism daba allahntaka iko, bauta wa kakanni a da sihiri. The asali mythological texts cewa zai taimaka dauke da labulen halin asiri a kan Slavic kafirci, to wannan rana ba a kiyaye su. Masana tarihi yi hukunci da cewa addini ne kawai a littafin tarihin, tarihin, da shaidunka daga kasashen waje da kuma sauran sakandare kafofin.

A cikin mythology na Slavs za a iya gano siffofin muhimmi a cikin sauran Indo-Turai asiri. Alal misali, a cikin pantheon akwai gunkin da tsawa da yaki (Perun), gunkin da underworld da dabbõbi (Velez), tare da siffar da abin bautãwa, da Sky Uba (Stribog). Duk wannan a daya nau'i ko wata, kuma akwai Iran, Baltic da kuma Jamus mythology.

Gumakan Slavs sun m alfarma yake. Su jin daɗi dogara da rabo daga kowane mutum. A mafi muhimmanci, alhakin da kuma m lokacin, kowace kabila tana nufin ta allahntaka patrons. A Slavs sculptures alloli (gumaka) aka rarraba. Su aka yi da itace da dutse. Mafi shahara episode shafe gumaka da aka ambata a cikin tarihin dangane da Baftisma na Rasha. Prince Vladimir shiga tallafi na sabon addini umurce su da su zubar da gumakan da haihuwa alloli a cikin Dnieper. Wannan harka bayyananna zanga-zanga na farkon wani sabon zamanin. Ko da yake Christianization, wanda ya fara a karshen X karni, kafirci ya ci gaba da rayuwa, musamman a cikin m kusurwa Rasha da beyar. Wasu daga cikin siffofin blended tare da Orthodox Church da kuma kiyaye su a cikin nau'i na jama'a hadisai (misali, kalanda holidays). Sha'awa, da Slavic sunayen bayyana akai-akai a matsayin tunani koyarwar addini (misali, Bogdan - "Allah ya ba" da dai sauransu ...).

Don bauta wa arna ruhohi musamman Hurumi wanzu da aka kira a ɗakin. A rayuwa da magabatan da Slavs da aka hankali hade da wadannan alfarma wurare. Haikali gabatarwa kawai wanzu a yammacin kabilu (Dogayen sanda, Czechs), yayin da cewa na su Eastern takwarorinsu irin gine-gine ba. Tsohon Rasha da Haikalina sigar bude ɗan kurmi. A gidajen ibada na alloli bikin shirya.

Baya daga cikin gumaka, da Slavs, kamar Baltic Jĩkõki, sun kasance mãsu alfarma duwatsu-boulders. Watakila, wannan al'ada aka dauka a kan ta Finno-Ugric al'ummai. Suna bauta wa kakanni da aka hade da Slavic jana'izar ayyukan hajji. A lokacin jana'izar, shirya al'ada raye-raye da kuma Chants (Funeral idin). A jikin marigayin ba a aikata wa duniya, sai ya ƙone a kan gungumen azaba. Toka da sauran ƙasusuwa tattara a cikin wani jirgin ruwa na musamman, wanda ya bar su a cikin post a kan hanya.

A tarihin zamanin da Slavs dã ya kasance daban-daban idan dukan al'ummai da ba zai yarda da Kiristanci. Kuma Orthodoxy, Katolika da kuma hada da su a cikin na kowa Turai na da wayewa.