Ka'idar juyin halitta Darwin

A ka'idar juyin halitta daga Charles Darwin ne ya dauki mafi muhimmanci aiki a ilmin halitta a cikin past fiye da shekara ɗari. Duk da haka, da shawara game da wannan aikin da za'ayi tun ranar da ta ɗaba'ar.

Darwin ta ka'idar juyin halitta ɓullo da a ƙarƙashin rinjayar tartsatsi a Ingila, ideas, nuna da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yanayi na lokaci - 'yanci na gasar da kuma duniya gwagwarmayar zama a cikin al'umma. A wannan lokacin, aka mai da su a duniya a ka'idar yanayi.

Darwin ta ka'idar juyin halitta da aka kafa a bisa tare da kansa binciken, cewa masanin kimiyyar ya sanya a lokacin tafiya a jirgin cikin "Beagle". Bayan nazarin binciken kasa na Kudancin Amurka ƙasar, ya kafa kansa a cikin imani cewa halitta dalilai ne na bayar da muhimmanci a cikin tarihin duniya ta surface, da kuma asalin da shuke-shuke da dabbobi da cewa zauna duniya.

Akan burbushin halitta iske shi zai yiwu domin sanin kama tsakanin dabbobi inhabiting cikin ƙasa a lokacin da a kudancin Amurka, da kuma dadaddun nau'in. Darwin ya sami wasu "tsaka-tsakin yanayi", hada da halaye da dama raka'a.

Da irin muhimmancin da aka a haɗe, da kuma Gwargwadon rarraba kwayoyin. Saboda haka, Darwin samu cewa fauna daga South America yana dauke da siffofin waxanda suke da ba ya nan a cikin fauna daga Arewacin Amirka. Amma wani masanin kimiyya tare da tunanin cewa kama dabba halittu biyu daga cikin wadannan yankuna wanzu kafin. Rufi fauna, bisa ga shi, ya faru daga baya dangane da zuwan na kan tudu a kan kudancin ƙasar Mexico.

Na musamman sha'awa su ne bayanan da aka tattara ta Darwin a cikin Galapagos Islands, ya ta'allaka 950 kilomita daga yammacin kudancin Amurka coast a cikin tekun Pacific. Wadannan tsibirai ne na volcanic asalin, kuma suna geologically matasa yankin. A lokacin binciken masana kimiyya ya lura da wani kama da su fauna da fauna Kudancin Amirka. Duk da haka, akwai bambance-bambance ma.

Saboda haka, da farkon karni na sha tara a kan tushen da tattara gaskiyane abu da aka tsara wasu karshe kuma generalizations, wanda dogara ne a kan Darwin ta ka'idar juyin halitta. da kayan abinci na canzawa daga jinsuna da kuma hadin kai cikin sharuddan da tsarin kwayoyin da aka bred a kan halitta kungiyoyin don ƙarfafa kamance da kuma canza siffofin, da tarihi ci gaban da duniya ta surface, kazalika da kama na tãyuna na zuwa tsare m kungiyoyin dabbobi.

A ka'idar juyin halitta na Darwin ya zama mafi girma a generalizations na halitta kimiyya na XIX karni. Wannan koyaswar da aka ɓullo da janar Hakika na ci gaba kimiyya akida da tattalin arziki yanayi.

Ya kamata a lura cewa kafin zuwan Darwiniyanci, masana kimiyya da dama sun bayyana ra'ayoyin kama da bayyana cikinta. Amma duk da m cigaban halitta kimiyya da kuma jari na facts, ya saba wa sashe na koyarwar, da ra'ayoyi na halitta immutability ci gaba da mamaye. Darwin magabata bai shirya babban al'amurran da suka shafi. Saboda haka, shi ya ba da tabbatar da yiwuwar daya irin sabon nau'in form. Yana ba a warware da kuma matsalar ya dace da adaptability na sabon kwayoyin form ga muhalli. Kuma, a karshe, shi ya bude tambaya na ta cusa da kuma ci gaban da dalilai.

Evolution, bisa ga Darwin, magance munanan al'amurran da suka a cikin ci gaban da yanayin cikin sharuddan halitta-kimiyya jari-hujja. Yana da wani tasiri a kan ci gaban kimiyya, da koyarwa taimaka wajen karfafa fahimtar yanayi a matsayin dukan, da ake ji da bayanin zahiranci da mamaki na expediency. Darwin a ka'idarsa ba kawai amfani da m bayanai, amma kuma kafofin yada shan laya nasu karshe, shan la'akari da nasarorin da aikin noma da kuma ilmin halitta a general.