Kasimov Khanate tarihi, ƙasa, shugabanci

Wannan jama'a ilimi, wanda ya tashi a cikin 15th karni da kuma dade fiye da biyu da shekara ɗari, shi ne har yanzu batun mai tsanani tattaunawa, mahalarta daga waxanda suke da iko masana tarihi. Kasimov Khanate - a gaske musamman sabon abu na baya. Lokacin da ta tashi? Abin da matsayi kasance? Mene ne muhimmancin sanya shi a cikin Rasha tarihi? Me mulkin "Genghisides" rushewarta? A nan ne babban al'amurran da suka shafi da suke rigima ga malaman da suka gabata. A rashin kai tsaye kafofin da paucity na shaida tilasta masana tarihi gabatar da kawai hasashe a matsayin abin da aka 'yan ƙarni da suka wuce Kasimov Khanate. Yau, da wannan sabon abu da aka ba karatu har zuwa karshen. Bari mu yi kokarin takaita babban koyo theories da kuma bincika, abin da zai iya zama da labarin Kasimov Khanate.

nucleation cibiyar

A bisa tsarin da aka bi da halayen statehood fito, bisa ga masana kimiyya, a yankin inda kabilar rayu Meshchera. Its wakilan, magana da daya daga cikin Finno-Ugric harsuna, Semi-nomadic mutane. A farkon da na biyu Millennium, da yankin kabilar mamaye Slavic krivichi. Ba za mu iya ce cewa meschertsy murna suke uninvited baƙi, amma fitar da su daga yankin ƙasarsu, da suka aikata ba.

Kuma krivichi tsaye a kan mafi girma mataki na ci gaba, don haka taimakawa yan asali mutane su sa su rayuwa mafi m al'adu. Duk da haka, da waɗansu rundunõni mamaki, kamar yadda Slavs yi tsawon rai a wuri guda. Meschertsy farko ga gidajen oshkurennyh rajistan ayyukan da ake so a rayuwa ya kasance yafi dadi fiye da a cikin dugouts. Bayan wani lokaci, da kuma "mazauni" ya fara gina kanta bukka, bin misali Krivichy. Kuma har yanzu yana da ciyar da aikin noma, kazalika da tsunduma a kasko, da kuma blacksmithing. Babu wannan tsere da hankalin masu. Qarshe, biyu iyalan podruzhatsya da rock tare. Su jini ne gauraye, a yan asali ja da baya a cikin bango arna kwastan, harshe da al'adu. Za su rungumi dukan "m" a cimma Slavs da kuma rayuwa da su misali.

Gorodets Meshchersky

Bayan shekaru meschertsy krivichi da za a iya hadedde. Kauyensu an canza kama zuwa wani zaman jama'a-yankin al'umma tare da wani kyakkyawan sunan Gorodets Meshchersky. A sa'an nan, kuma akwai Kasimov Khanate. Yankin shiri ya kusa da wurin da kogin gudana a cikin Oka Babenka.

A cewar wasu kafofin, a cikin tsakiyar 12th karni, Gorodets Meshchersky ziyarci Grand Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Ya sa'an nan ya kula da karfafa kan iyakoki na zamanin d Rasha, da kuma tabbatar da cewa shiri na Slavs Krivichy da wani m wuri, Gorodets Meshchersky umurce su da su juya a cikin wani sansanin soja.

Shi ne a cikin 1152, da kuma a hukumance an yi imani da cewa, birnin da aka kafa a lokaci guda. The yarjejeniya da aka kiyaye shi ta wani katako, shinge, a moat kuma kasko cike babbar katanga. Saboda haka Gorodets Meshchersky zama babban mai kula da Suzdal-Vladimir sarauta. Shiri tsananin jimre da ayyuka sanya har a 1376 bai zo Rasha da Mongol-Tatars. The maƙiyi ya washe kuma sa wuta a Gorodets Meshchersky.

sabon gari

Duk da haka, bayan dan lokaci da wadanda suka tsira daga mamayewa meschertsam gudanar ya sāke gina birnin, amma a cikin wani daban-daban wuri. Yanzu da mazauna (wanda daga baya samu wani sunan - New Nizovoy birni) is located tsakanin biyu manyan ravines, wanda sun kasance daga yammacin da kuma gabashin bangarorin na warkarwa shingen da abokan gaba. Daga arewa da birnin da aka rimmed impenetrable gandun daji, da kuma daga kudu - kogi da wani babban duwatsu Coast. Don karfafa kariya daga birnin kusurwoyi aka shigar a kan kõwane wuri, a saman wanda yakan wani katako bango. A tsari na gina wani sabon ciyawa-tushen birnin da aka za'ayi a zamanin mulkin Prince Dmitry Donskoy na Moscow da kuma Prince Vasili. Dukansu gudanar Rasha ƙasar Abubakar siyasa, kuma nan da nan wani sabon shiri meschertsev da Krivichy, mulki cewa Alexander Ukovich Prince, ya zama wani ɓangare na Moscow sarauta. Kuma New Nizovoy birni, kamar yadda kafin, da za'ayi da iyakoki na tsaro aiki, saboda unguwa ya da wani iko Kazan Khanate, wanda a zamanin mulkin Ivan IV ya zama wani ɓangare na Rasha.

Policy Kazan shugabanni

Ikon da Kazan mulkinsa alternately shige shi hannu da hannu na daban-daban iyalansu. Daya daga cikin 'ya'yan jam'iyyar daular mai suna Mahmutek domin samun kursiyin dauki rayuwar mahaifinsa da ɗan'uwansa.

Nasa biyu, matasa, 'yan'uwa (da Qasim Yakub), tserewa, an tilasta musu gudu daga ƙasarsa ta Khanate. Nan da nan, suka sami kansu a cikin Moscow sarauta, wanda ya tambayi Prince Basil II kariya da kuma mafaka. Duk da haka, da Rasha m, a tsakiyar karni na 15th ba ya so ya tafi zuwa ga wani bude adawa da shugabanni na Kazan. A lokacin rani 1445 Vasiliy Temny rasa a yaki kusa Suzdal zuriya Khan Ulu-Muhammed. Kuma da Prince of Moscow, tare da dan uwan ya bayyana yayin da a bauta. Amma bayan 'yan watanni na Vasily II aka saki a gare babbar fansa. Rasha m aka tilasta gama da Ulu-Mohammed kwangila a kan onerous sharuddan. Prince ta yi alkawarin daukar mai yawa da Tatars, zo daga mai daraja iyali, kuma domin sanin Moscow sarauta "domin ciyar." Babu shakka, da Rasha, mutane ne fushi da cewa 'yan kasashen waje za su dauke. Amma a lokacin da 'ya'yan da Kazan Khan ya zo tambaye Basil Dark taimaka, ya yi murna da wannan al'amarin. Kuma 'ya'yan Ulu-Muhammed gaske bauta a kai a kai. Prince Kasim ya taimaka a yaki da Dmitry Shemyaka, ya kuma dauki gefe na Rasha soja kamfen a kan khans na Golden taro. Domin mazakuta, ƙarfin hali kuma addini a gare Basil II ya Qasim gado, wanda shi ne cibiyar da Gorodets Meshchersky. Saboda haka a kan iyakar Muscovy kafa Kasimov Khanate (lokaci na asalin - 1452), ta yi aiki wanda shi ne daya daga cikin matasa, 'ya'yan Khan Ulu-Muhammed.

Duk da haka, wasu masana tarihi ayan zaton cewa Tartars bayyana a Mescherskaya ƙasa a gabansa shi da aka bai wa management na Kashima. Wannan, musamman, magana game da wakilan da 'ya'yan sarakuna iyali Shira. A cewar labari, suka bar wannan ƙasa ya raunana Golden taro, da kuma motsa zuwa wani sabon wurin zama, wanda aka territorially dake kusa da gaba da waɗansu kõguna Oka da CNA. Kuma daya daga cikin sarakunan da Shira yanke shawarar shirya a Mescherskaya ƙasa, kuma ko da Kristanci, samu wani sabon sunan - Michael. Wasu malaman yi imani da cewa shi ne m daga cikin sarakunan Meshchersky. Amma ko shi, a gaskiya ma ba a sani ba.

Qasim mulki

Ko a zamanin mulkin Kashima wakkala a gare shi da yawa Gorodets Meshchersky aka sake masa suna. Ya samu sunan garin Kasimov da Kashima City. Bayan dan Khan Ulu Muhammadu ya mutu, babban birnin kasar na tsohon shiri da kuma Meshcherov Krivichy aka kira Kasimov. Amma bayan 'yan shekaru da mazauna "sāke" da masana tarihi a Kasimov khanate (mulkin). Da zarar kafa, wannan gwamnati naúrar, wanda aka bisa ga tsoho Rus, shi ya fara bayyana majestic gine-gine na Musulmi gine.

al'ada

Ya kamata a jaddada cewa, ba kawai na musamman tarihi na Kasimov Khanate, amma kuma ta al'ada.

A cikin rabi na biyu na 15th karni, gine-ginen sun gina wani real fitacciyar gine - dutse masallaci tare da wani minaret, wanda aka kiyaye su, idan ba a ainihin version, wa yau. Kuma a yau za ka iya hawa minaret da kuma ganin picturesque yanayin da Ryazan yankin daga wani tsuntsu ta jirgin. Dome ne m tsarin da bude baranda, da na dutse karkace bene. A kan baranda akwai wani filin wasa, hawa a kan wanda Mullah kira a kan jama'a da su yi addu'a. Duk da haka, yankin a kan baranda hasumiyar ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin wani wuri inda shugabannin binciki sojojin. Ba da nisa daga masallaci ne kabarin na Khan Shah Ali (Tekie), gina na fari dutse.

Isar da gagarumar tambaya na ko minted cikin gādon da ƙaramin yaro na Ulu-Mohammed karfe kudi. Abin da zai iya da kyau a tarihin masana suka ce. A kalla har da 16th karni. Duk da haka numismatists shakka cewa tsabar kudin Kasimov Khanate wanzu a manufa. Duk da haka, a kasa da m N. Shishkin a wallafe-wallafen aikin, ya rubuta cewa ya yi sa'a ya rike a hannunka karfe kudi tsakiyar 16th karni. A tsabar kudin m gan Larabci inscriptions, wanda fassara a matsayin: "Shah Ali / sarki Kasimov, shekarar 1553". Amma numismatists tabbata Shishkin samu wani karya ne, saboda irin wannan siffar da Tatar tsabar kudi ya unacceptable. Real Kudi nuna mai mulkin sunan, wuri da kuma shekara na release.

Hakika, da samuwar Kasimov Khanate - Multi-mataki tsari da wanda sha'awar mashawarta masana tarihi da kuma marubuta. Alal misali, a tarihin Rasha jihar gado karatu a daki-daki, a rabi na biyu na karni na 19th masanin kimiyya B. Velyaminov - hatsi. A sakamakon bincike da aka hudu-girma "Nazarin kan Kasimov sarakuna da masu mulki." Marubuci Vladimir Soloviev a cikin wannan karni na 19th, da aka buga wani labari, "Kasimov amarya." To, a 'yan shekaru baya da m N. Shishkin, wanda ya rayu a kan ƙasa na Mescherskaya ƙasar, ya rubuta wani littafi a cikin abin da cikakkun bayanai da kuma cikakken bayani bayyana yadda shi ya Kasimov Khanate ilimi.

Rawa a cikin tarihi na Rasha

Ko ta wani hanya, amma ƙasa, wanda a zamanin da, akwai wani shiri Krivichy da Meshcherov zama for Rasha dabarun States yawa har a zamanin mulkin Yuriya Dolgorukova. A karni daga baya, shi ya ci gaba a cikin wani al'adu da siyasa sharuddan Kasimov Khanate. 1445-1552 shekaru kasance mafi muhimmanci a cikin tarihi domin shi. Yana duk ya fara da Ulu-Mohammed, wanda ya taimaka Basil Dark sake samu kursiyin, rasa a sakamakon wannan yunkuri. Dmitry Shemyaka aka kifar. Kuma a godiya ga taimakon sarkin Moscow ba Meshcherskaya ƙasar mallakarsu Qasim.

Kuma ya yi aiki a Vasily Dark aminci musharaka cikin soja fadace-fadace a gefe na Rasha jihar. Saboda haka, Kasimov Khanate, wanda shugabanni ci gaba da manufofin da autansa Ulu-Mohammed bayan mutuwarsa, shi ne mai real karfi na zamanin d Rasha.

Shahghali

Musamman a cikin wannan girmamawa, ya kamata a lura da isa yabo na Khan Shah Ali. Kamar yadda wani yaro ya An embroiled a wani m siyasa game, inda Kazan alternately daukan gefe na Grand Duchy na Moscow, cikin Crimean Khanate. Shahghali zama akai-akai mai mulkin na mulkin Kazan, amma kowane lokaci da aka kifar (a daya faru, a kan shirin na Ivan IV). A ƙarshe zai samu Kasimov Khanate (babban birnin - birnin Qasim).

A 1552-m-Ali Shah tare da sojojinsa ya taimaka Ivanu Groznomu zuwa nasara da Kazan.

Na ƙwarai da dangantaka na gaba mai mulkin Qasim Khanate da Suimbeki kyakkyawa wanda ya matar marigayin khan na Kazan. A yarinya bai son takaice da kuma kauri Shahghali, amma Ivan IV yi nufin ya aure kamar wata a duk abin da kudin, da kuma gane mafarkansu. Amma da farin ciki na aure kuma Suimbeki ko Shah-Ali bai kawo. Beautiful bazawara ya rayu duk rayuwarsa, kamar tsuntsu a cikin wani keji, ba tare da barin Kasimov Palace da kuma Khan ko da yaushe nauyin da cewa matarsa da aka kyama.

Feats makamai Kasimov Khan ganin darajarsa ta da yawa Rasha maza. Shahghali taimake kashe da tawaye a Kazan a 1554, sa'an nan ya halarci yakin kusa Vyborg da Swedes, sa'an nan ya tafi zuwa ga soja yaƙi da Livonia. Kuma a cikin 1562 da ya yi yaƙi a kan Rasha gefen kan Yaren mutanen Poland King Sigismund, a cikin wannan soja aiki Shah kama Polotsk. A shekara daga baya, sarki ya umarta ka je Khan Lithuania. A wannan yakin da Shah-Ali na tare da ubangijina Ivan Wolski.

Ko ta wani hanya, amma Tatar yaki taimake muhimmanci fadada iyakoki na Rasha jihar. A babban ko shi Kasimov Khanate? A shagaltar da yankin na gado kunshi, ban da babban birnin kasar, da dama fiefs daga m cin gashin, wanda sun hada da: Temnikov, ENKA, Shack, Kadom.

A cikin sharuddan kabila, "mulkin" ya wakilta uku kungiyoyin: Mordovians, Kasimovskoye Tatars da Tatars-Mishars. To, ka ce ethnographers, masana tarihi, wanda ya dade da karatu da sabon abu kira Kasimov Khanate. A harshen da suka yi magana da mazaunan? A daya daga Tartar yaruka da abubuwa Mishar adverbs.

Ali Shah ya mutu a 1567, da kuma mulki ta jiki da aka binne shi a kabarin da Kasimov.

Da dama ƙarni daga baya da tarihi V. Velyaminov - Zernov rubuta cewa, ban da Khan, da jikin su ne Tekie, ma'auranta Bulak-Shal da Suimbek kuma da dama dangi.

Magaji ga Shah-Ali

To, wãne samu a cikin mallaki Kasimov Khanate? Historical kwatancin nuna cewa wannan rabo da aka bayar da wata m zumunta na Shah-Ali, kuma a lokaci guda da babba-jikan Akhmat Khan na Golden taro. Ya aka kira sain-Bulat. Management Mescherskaya ƙasar ya danƙa kansa Ivan Grozny. Kuma sabon mai na Kasimov Khanate fara taimaka da Rasha tsar zuwa nasara da sabon ƙasa.

A 1573, Khan ya yi masa baftisma a cikin Orthodox Church, kuma ya dauki sunan Saminu. Bayan da cewa Ivan IV ya dauka daga sain-Bulat Meshchersky baki, amma bar masa lakabi. Bayan shekaru biyu, da bisa ga abke, Munin ayyana Saminu Bekbulatovich "Tsar kuma Grand Prince of All Rasha." Babu shakka, duk wannan ya juya ga zama talakawa jingina: Ivan IV ga wani abu ba zai daina kursiyin. Bayan 'yan watanni da Munin hana Khan na babban suna, amma maimakon a ba da mallaka na gadon Tver. Amma abin da Kasimov Khanate? Shagaltar da ƙasa da wannan, daga ra'ayi na wakilan da Tatar aristocracy, mulkin kai, tun 16th karni hankali rage-rage. All saboda gaskiyar cewa aiki na Musulmi talakansa na Rasha da aka za'ayi riga uku-bariki, da kuma Ivan VI yanzu ba a gani a mulkin, tushen ƙaramin ɗan Ulu-Mohammed, mai yiwuwa.

Mulkin a cikin Lokaci da matsaloli

Lokacin da kursiyin a Rasha, kokarin cafke ta arya Dmitry II, a Mescherskaya ƙasa yake mallakar Khan Kazakh daular Uraz-Mohammed. Wannan ya ba shi wani fiefdom a 1600. Boris Godunov kansa. Lokacin da a Rasha nastupiliSmutnye sau, Khan shigar a cikin "Tushino barawo" na yanzu m. Uraz-Mohammed koma Tushino. Domin wannan aiki sarki Vasiliy Shuysky kewaye babban birnin kasar Kasimov Khanate. A mayaudarin aka tilasta musu gudu, kuma baya bayyana a Kaluga. Ba da da ewa Kazakh Khan ma ya fita daga iyaka gādonsu, kuma shi ne na farko a sansanin Polish sarki, sa'an nan ya tafi zuwa ga Kaluga, zama a kotu na Sigismund III. Dan mai mulkin Kasimov mulki a lokacin shi ma a Kaluga. Kuma bayan wani lokaci zuriya Uraz-Mohammed ya ce arya Dmitry II, wanda Khan son bāshe shi. A sakamakon haka, Tushino barawo lured Uraz-Mohammed farautar, sa'an nan ya kashe shi. Amma nan da nan guda ƙaddara ta sãme da mayaudarin, wanda zai mutu a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin Nogai Prince Peter Urusova.

Meschera a cikin 17th karni

A farkon rabin na 17th karni dauki kursiyin a Kasimov Araslan Aleevich, wanda da farko suka bauta wa a ta biyu mayakan yaki da kuma umarci Tartar sojojin a kan Vologda River. A zamanin mulkinsa, Moscow ya zama ƙara tsoma baki a cikin harkokin na Khanate. Rasha gwamnonin sarki zarar ya fara sulhunta jayayyar da ke tsakanin wakilan da Tatar nobility. M kafin jummai (Kasimov Khanate da kuma Rasha) a zamanin mulkin Mikhail Romanov ya zama wanda aka rabu amfani kusan xari bisa dari.

Amma ya kamata a jaddada cewa, har da 20s na 17th karni da Tatars ci gaba da shiga rayayye a gefe na Muscovite sarki a soja kamfen da da Lithuania, Dogayen sanda, da kuma "Rasha Likhodeev". Sai suka tsaron iyakar Rasha daga barazanar hari daga cikin Crimean Tatars. Bayan rasuwar Meshchersky Araslana ƙasar Aleevicha ya koma ofishin da ɗa Seyid-Burhan. Duk da haka, hukumomin da wakilin Siberian daular kasance kadan. Kasimov Khanate, wanda tattalin arzikin ne a gaskiya juya a kira su, a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin Moscow Jihar zama daya daga cikin manyan kafofin cika Rasha taskar. Amma qananan m aka yarda don sadarwa tare da waje kasuwa da jakadu. Kamar yadda ya fara tasawa, Seid-Burhan soma Orthodoxy zama Basil Araslanovichem. Kasimov ya zauna a mulki ba, ko da yake da shi zai dogara ne a kan sosai kadan. Seid-Burhan ya mutu a 1679.

faɗuwar rana mulki

A karshe Azĩzu zama Meshcherskys Fatima Sultan (matar Khan Araslana Aleevicha). Da yake ina da tsakiyar-shekaru, tana kan kursiyin kawai 2 years, kuma ta gwamna kuma ya m. Its m hana rai. Dalilin da kisan da aka cewa m so ya maida zuwa Orthodoxy.

Kasimov Khanate, wanda ƙasa bayan mutuwar Fatima Sultan ƙarshe ya zo karkashin iko na Moscow shugabanninmu, suka daina wanzuwa a 1681. Sa'an nan Meshcherskys ƙasar ziyarci Tsar Bitrus I, wanda a yarda da "poteshniku" - wawa Balakirev - kira "kasinovskim Khan." Daga baya, Empress Catherine Na ba Kasimov a manajan daya daga cikin confidants.

Da katako Kasimov akai-akai idan akwai wuta, wanda rinjayar da farko cikin tarihi bayyanar da birni. Kawai a cikin marigayi 18th karni shi ya zama dutse godiya ga kokarin m I. Gagina. Modern Kasimov, dake a cikin Ryazan yankin, shi ne wani wuri na maida hankali na yawon bude ido daga ko'ina Rasha.