Makamai-sa plutonium: da amfani, samar, sake amfani

Al'ummar duniya ne ko da yaushe a search na sabon kafofin samar da makamashi da za su iya warware matsaloli da yawa. Amma ba ko da yaushe, suna lafiya. Kamar wancan ne, musamman, ake amfani da yadu a yau nukiliya reactors ko da yake iya samar da kawai irin wannan gagarumin adadin dukan zama dole na'urar samar da makamashi ne har yanzu a cikin mutum hadari. Amma, ban da yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya na zaman lafiya dalilai, wasu kasashen duniya sun koyi su yi amfani da shi, kuma a cikin soja, musamman ga halittar nukiliya warheads. Wannan labarin da za a tattauna a kan tushen da wannan hallakaswa da makamai, wanda sunansa - makamai-sa plutonium.

Fage

A wannan m siffan karfe da shi ya ƙunshi akalla 93,5% 239Pu isotope. Makamai-sa plutonium aka mai suna haka domin sa shi yiwuwa a rarrabe daga "dan'uwan da reactor." A ka'ida, da plutonium ne ko da yaushe kafa a cikakken da wani makaman nukiliya reactor, wanda, bi da bi, gudanar a low-wadãtar ko na halitta uranium, dauke da, domin mafi yawan bangare, da isotope 238U.

Amfani a cikin soja kansu

Makamai-sa plutonium 239Pu - Dalili na makaman nukiliya. A wannan yanayin, da yin amfani da isotopes da taro lambobi 240 da 242 ne m, tun da sun nuna matukar high neutron bango, abin da kyakkyawan impedes da halittar kuma da zane na high-yi nukiliya load. Bugu da ƙari kuma, plutonium isotopes 240Pu da 241Pu ne muhimmanci karami rabin-rai idan aka kwatanta da 239Pu, duk da haka plutonium karfi mai tsanani sassa. Shi ne a cikin wannan dangane da makamin nukiliya injiniyoyi suna tilasta su ƙara ƙarin abubuwa don cire wuce haddi da zafi. Af, 239Pu tsarki warmer jiki. Daya iya ba amma la'akari da cewa da kayayyakin da lalata da nauyi isotopes ne hõre cutarwa canje-canje a cikin crystal raga na karfe, da kuma shi ne quite halitta reconfigures sassa na plutonium, wanda a karshen zai iya sa a total gazawar da makaman nukiliya fashewar na'urar.

By kuma manyan, duk wadannan matsaloli za a iya shawo kan. Kuma, a yi, mun akai-akai wuce gwajin na nakiyoyin a kan tushen da shi ne "reactor" plutonium. Amma ya kamata a gane cewa makamin nukiliya ne ba na karshe matsayi ne shagaltar da su Compactness, low tsare nauyi, karko da kuma aminci. A wannan batun, sun yi amfani da kawai makamai-sa plutonium.

Design fasali na samar reactors

Kusan duk plutonium a Rasha aka generated a cikin reactor sanye take da wani graphite outcumeser. Kowace daga cikin reactors aka gina a kusa da wani cylindrically taru tubalan na graphite.

Taru tsakanin graphite tubalan da musamman Ramin domin samar da ci gaba da wurare dabam dabam na coolant, wanda aka yi amfani a matsayin nitrogen. A taru tsarin, da kuma suna tsaye shirya tashoshi halitta da nassi na sanyaya ruwa a kansu da a man fetur. By kanta, taron da aka rigidly goyon baya a kan tsarin da ramukan don tashoshi amfani ga kaya riga irradiated man fetur. Kamar haka kowane daga cikin tashoshi a cikin bakin ciki-walled tube ne wanda ya canja daga wata hur da kuma karin karfi aluminum gami. Mafi yawa daga cikin bayyana tashoshi na da 70 man fetur sanduna. Sanyaya ruwa gudana kai tsaye a kusa da man fetur da sandunansu, cire wuce haddi da zafi daga gare su.

Kara ikon samar reactors

Da farko, da farko reactor "Faro" da aka aiki da damar 100 MW thermal. Duk da haka, babban shugaban kasar Rasha da makaman nukiliya shirin bunkasa, Igor Kurchatov sanya wani tsari, abin da yake cewa cikin reactor ne a cikin hunturu ya yi aiki da damar 170-190 MW, kuma a lokacin rani lokaci - 140-150 MW. Wannan dabarar kunna cikin reactor don samar game da 140 grams masu daraja plutonium da rana.

A shekara ta 1952, da cikakken kimiyya-bincike ayyukan da aka za'ayi a domin kara samar da damar aiki da reactors irin hanyoyin:

• By kara ruwa ya kwarara amfani don sanyaya kuma sunã gudãna da aiki sashi na nukiliya da kafuwa.
• By kara juriya ga lalata sabon abu da ke faruwa a kusa da Saka tashoshi.
• Ragewa da kudi na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na graphite.
• Zazzabi buildup ciki da man fetur Kwayoyin.

A sakamakon haka, damar da ake zagawa da ruwa da aka muhimmanci ƙara a bãyan an karu da rata tsakanin man fetur tashar katangu. Lalata ma gudanar da su rabu da. A saboda wannan dalili, za mu zabi mafi dace aluminum gami da aka rayayye kara sodium dichromate, abin da kyakkyawan inganta da softness na sanyaya ruwa (PH ya daidaita game da 6.0-6.2). Hadawan abu da iskar shaka na graphite ya daina zama ainihin matsalar, bayan karfe tambaya nitrogen (a baya amfani kawai iska) don sanyaya.

A faɗuwar rana 1950 sababbin abubuwa da aka cikakken gane a yi, ta haka ne rage radiation-jawo kumburi na uranium musamman ba dole ba, ƙwarai rage thermal hardening dũka na uranium don inganta membrane juriya da kuma inganta samar da ingancin iko.

Production a "mayak"

"Chelyabinsk-65" - daya daga cikin mafi m shuke-shuke a kan wanda shi aka samar da makamai-sa plutonium. A sha'anin kasance mafi reactors, kowanne daga abin da za mu dauki mukalli.

A reactor

A shigarwa da aka tsara da kuma gina karkashin jagorancin almara N. A. Dollezhalya. Ta yi aiki da damar 100 MW. A reactor ya 1.149 tsaye shirya iko da kuma man fetur tashoshi a cikin graphite block. Complete tsarin nauyi ne game da 1.050 tons. Kusan duk tashoshi (sai 25) an ɗora Kwatancen da uranium, jimlar taro na 120-130 tons. 17 tashoshi ana amfani da iko sandunansu, kuma suka 8 - ga gwaje-gwajen. Matsakaicin zafi saki kudi na zane na man fetur cell daidai 3,45 kW. A farko reactor samar game da 100 grams na plutonium da rana. Da farko plutonium karfe da aka sanya Afrilu 16, 1949.

fasaha shortcomings

Kusan quite babbar matsala, wadda ke da lalata da aluminum abun da ake sakawa da kuma coatings na man fetur cell da aka nan da nan gano. Har ila yau, sun swelled kuma lalace man fetur sandunansu, kuma suka zuba kai tsaye a cikin sanyaya ruwa daga cikin reactor core. Bayan kowane yayyo reactor da za a tsaya ga up to 10 hours to iska bushe graphite. A Janairu 1949 abun da ake sakawa cikin tashoshi an maye gurbinsu. Bayan haka, fara shigarwa ya faru Maris 26, 1949.

Grade plutonium samarwa a reactor A wadda aka tare da dukan matsaloli bada haske a lokacin shekaru 1950-1954, da wani talakawan ikon 180 MW naúrar. M aikin da farkon na reactor bi ta a mafi m amfani da shi, wanda shi ne quite halitta da kuma ya haddasa mafi m Tashoshi (har zuwa 165 sau da watan). A sakamakon haka, a watan Oktoba shekara ta 1963, reactor aka rufe da sake buɗe kawai a cikin bazara na shekarar 1964. Yakin da aka gaba daya gama a shekarar 1987 da kuma cikin dukan zamanin da dadewa aiki samar 4.6 ton na plutonium.

reactors AB

A sha'anin "Chelyabinsk-65" uku reactors AB aka yanke shawarar gina a cikin kaka na shekara ta 1948. Su samar iya aiki ne 200-250 grams na plutonium da rana. Cif zanen na aikin ya Savin. Kowane reactor kunshi 1 996 tashoshi, 65 daga wanda suka controls. kowane tashar aka kawota tare da wani musamman injimin gano illa coolant yayyo - The fasaha sabon abu shuke-shuke da aka yi amfani da. Irin wannan mataki zai ba da damar ni kunne ba tare da shiga tsakanin zumunta da aiki na reactor.

A shekarar farko na aiki na reactors bayyana cewa sun janye game da 260 grams na plutonium da rana. Duk da haka, daga shekara ta biyu ta aiki ikon ne a hankali kara, da kuma riga a 1963 ta kudi ya 600 MW. Bayan na biyu overhaul da aka gaba daya warware matsalar tare da abun da ake sakawa, da kuma ikon ya riga ya kai 1,200 MW da wani shekara-shekara samar da plutonium 270 kilo. Wadannan Manuniya sun tsira don kammala ƙulli daga nukiliya.

Reactor AI-IR

Chelyabinsk Enterprises don amfani da wannan saitin a cikin lokaci daga 22 Disamba 1951 har 25 May 1987. Bugu da kari ga uranium, da reactor samar da cobalt-60, da kuma polonium-210. Da farko, da makaman samar tritium, amma daga baya ya fara samun da kuma plutonium.

Har ila yau sarrafa shuka makamai-sa plutonium ya gina reactors aiki a kan m ruwa da kawai haske-ruwa reactor (sunansa - "Ruslan").

Siberian giant

"Tomsk-7" - da cewa shi ne sunan da kai da shuka, wanda yana da biyar reactors don ƙirƙirar plutonium. Kowace daga cikin aggregates na graphite amfani da su rage neutrons, da kuma talakawa ruwa don tabbatar da isasshen sanyaya.

Kuma da reactor-1 aiki tare da sanyaya tsarin a cikin abin da ruwa da aka wuce sau daya. Duk da haka, da sauran raka'a hudu da aka sanye take da rufaffiyar farko kewaye sanye take da zafi exchangers. Wannan zane damar ci gaba da kara har yanzu da tururi, wanda ya bi da bi taimaka a samar da wutar lantarki da kuma dumama daban-daban gabatarwa.

"Tomsk-7", kuma reactor aka kuma kira Karna Maiya-2, wanda, bi da bi, yana da dual manufar: don samar da plutonium a kudi na samar da tururi generated da wutar lantarki na 100 MW da kuma 200 MW zafi makamashi.

muhimmanci bayanai

A tabbaci na masana kimiyya, da rabin-rai da makamai-sa plutonium ne game da 24 360 shekara. A babbar adadi! A wannan batun, musamman m tambaya zama: "Yaya daidai ya yi tare da sharar gida samar da abu" The mafi kyau zaɓi an dauke su da gina musamman Enterprises domin kara aiki da makamai-sa plutonium. Dalilin shi ne, a cikin wannan yanayin, da kashi iya ba a yi amfani domin soja dalilai da za su iya sarrafawa da mutum. Wannan shi ne yadda za a zubar da makaman-sa plutonium a Rasha, amma United States of America tafi da sauran hanyar da, game da shi, keta ta kasa da kasa da alkawura.

Saboda haka, gwamnatin {asar Amirka ta gabatar don ya hallakar da sosai don inganta makaman nukiliya da man fetur da aka ba industrially samar, da kuma ta dilution na plutonium da kuma adana shi a musamman kwantena a zurfin mita 500. Bukatarsa ce, cewa a cikin wannan harka, da kayan iya zama a kowane lokaci don cire daga ƙasa, kuma a sake sa shi a kan soja hari. A cewar shugaban kasar Rasha Vladimir Putin, kasar farko amince da kada su halakar plutonium a cikin wannan hanya, da kuma gudanar da juyin a masana'antu wurare.

Musamman da hankali ne ba da darajar da makamai-sa plutonium. Masana sun kiyasta cewa dubun ton na wannan kashi na iya zama daraja da dama dalar Amurka biliyan. Amma wasu masana a cikin E bai yi kiyasta 500 ton na makamai-sa plutonium kamar yadda 8 tiriliyan daloli. The adadin da gaske ban sha'awa. Don yin shi bayarda, kamar yadda kudi mai yawa, bari mu ce cewa a cikin wannan ƙarnin na karni na 20th da talakawan shekara-shekara kudi na Rasha GDP da aka $ 400 biliyan. Wannan shi ne, a gaskiya, da real farashin makami-sa plutonium ne daidai da ashirin shekara-shekara GDP na Rasha Federation.